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Marchini T. Redox and inflammatory mechanisms linking air pollution particulate matter with cardiometabolic derangements. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:320-341. [PMID: 37852544 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the largest environmental risk factor for disease and premature death. Among the different components that are present in polluted air, fine particulate matter below 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) has been identified as the main hazardous constituent. PM2.5 mainly arises from fossil fuel combustion during power generation, industrial processes, and transportation. Exposure to PM2.5 correlates with enhanced mortality risk from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Over the last decade, it has been increasingly suggested that PM2.5 affects CVD already at the stage of risk factor development. Among the multiple biological mechanisms that have been described, the interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation has been consistently highlighted as one of the main drivers of pulmonary, systemic, and cardiovascular effects of PM2.5 exposure. In this context, PM2.5 uptake by tissue-resident immune cells in the lung promotes oxidative and inflammatory mediators release that alter tissue homeostasis at remote locations. This pathway is central for PM2.5 pathogenesis and might account for the accelerated development of risk factors for CVD, including obesity and diabetes. However, transmission and end-organ mechanisms that explain PM2.5-induced impaired function in metabolic active organs are not completely understood. In this review, the main features of PM2.5 physicochemical characteristics related to PM2.5 ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation will be presented. Hallmark and recent epidemiological and interventional studies will be summarized and discussed in the context of current air quality guidelines and legislation, knowledge gaps, and inequities. Lastly, mechanistic studies at the intersection between redox metabolism, inflammation, and function will be discussed, with focus on heart and adipose tissue alterations. By offering an integrated analysis of PM2.5-induced effects on cardiometabolic derangements, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and potential interventions of air pollution-related CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Marchini
- Vascular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular Prof. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Costa-Beber LC, Guma FTCR. The macrophage senescence hypothesis: the role of poor heat shock response in pulmonary inflammation and endothelial dysfunction following chronic exposure to air pollution. Inflamm Res 2022. [PMID: 36264363 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been associated with high exposure to fine particulate air pollutants (PM2.5). Alveolar macrophages are the first defense against inhaled particles. As soon as they phagocytize the particles, they reach an inflammatory phenotype, which affects the surrounding cells and associates with CVD. Not coincidentally, CVD are marked by a depleted heat shock response (HSR), defined by a deficit in inducing 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) expression during stressful conditions. HSP70 is a powerful anti-inflammatory chaperone, whose reduced levels trigger a pro-inflammatory milieu, cellular senescence, and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, whether macrophage senescence is the main mechanism by which PM2.5 propagates low-grade inflammation remains unclear. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN In this article, we review evidence supporting that chronic exposure to PM2.5 depletes HSR and determines the ability to solve the initial stress. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION When exposed to PM2.5, macrophages increase the production of reactive oxygen species, which activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). NF-κB is naturally a pro-inflammatory factor that drives prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and causes fever. PGE2 can be converted into prostaglandin A2, a powerful inducer of HSR. Therefore, when transiently activated, NF-κB can trigger the anti-inflammatory response through negative feedback, by inducing HSP70 expression. However, when chronically activated, NF-κB heads a set of pathways involved in mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response, inflammasome activation, and apoptosis. During chronic exposure to PM2.5, cells cannot properly express sirtuin-1 or activate heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), which delays the resolution phase of inflammation. Since alveolar macrophages are the first immune defense against PM2.5, we suppose that the pollutant impairs HSR and, consequently, induces cellular senescence. Accordingly, senescent macrophages change its secretory phenotype to a more inflammatory one, known as SASP. Finally, macrophages' SASP would propagate the systemic inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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Sauvain JJ, Hemmendinger M, Suárez G, Creze C, Hopf NB, Jouannique V, Debatisse A, Pralong JA, Wild P, Canu IG. Malondialdehyde and anion patterns in exhaled breath condensate among subway workers. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:16. [PMID: 35216613 PMCID: PMC8876786 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underground transportation systems can contribute to the daily particulates and metal exposures for both commuter and subway workers. The redox and metabolic changes in workers exposed to such metal-rich particles have yet to be characterized. We hypothesize that the distribution of nitrosative/oxidative stress and related metabolic biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are modified depending on exposures. RESULTS Particulate number and size as well as mass concentration and airborne metal content were measured in three groups of nine subway workers (station agents, locomotive operators and security guards). In parallel, pre- and post-shift EBC was collected daily during two consecutive working weeks. In this biological matrix, malondialdehyde, lactate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, formate, pyruvate, the sum of nitrite and nitrate (ΣNOx) and the ratio nitrite/nitrate as well as metals and nanoparticle concentrations was determined. Weekly evolution of the log-transformed selected biomarkers as well as their association with exposure variables was investigated using linear mixed effects models with the participant ID as random effect. The professional activity had a strong influence on the pattern of anions and malondialdehyde in EBC. The daily number concentration and the lung deposited surface area of ultrafine particles was consistently and mainly associated with nitrogen oxides variations during the work-shift, with an inhibitory effect on the ΣNOx. We observed that the particulate matter (PM) mass was associated with a decreasing level of acetate, lactate and ΣNOx during the work-shift, suggestive of a build-up of these anions during the previous night in response to exposures from the previous day. Lactate was moderately and positively associated with some metals and with the sub-micrometer particle concentration in EBC. CONCLUSIONS These results are exploratory but suggest that exposure to subway PM could affect concentrations of nitrogen oxides as well as acetate and lactate in EBC of subway workers. The effect is modulated by the particle size and can correspond to the body's cellular responses under oxidative stress to maintain the redox and/or metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Sauvain
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Maud Hemmendinger
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Suárez
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camille Creze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Jouannique
- Service Santé-Travail, Autonomous Paris Transport Authority (RATP), 88 Boulevard Sébastopol, 75003, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Debatisse
- Service Santé-Travail, Autonomous Paris Transport Authority (RATP), 88 Boulevard Sébastopol, 75003, Paris, France
| | - Jacques A Pralong
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Wild
- Division of Research Management, National Research and Safety Institute (INRS), Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Garcés M, Marchini T, Cáceres L, Calabró V, Mebert AM, Tuttolomondo MV, Vico T, Vanasco V, Tesan F, Salgueiro J, Zubillaga M, Desimone MF, Valacchi G, Alvarez S, Magnani ND, Evelson PA. Oxidative metabolism in the cardiorespiratory system after an acute exposure to nickel-doped nanoparticles in mice. Toxicology 2021; 464:153020. [PMID: 34740673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern over the harmful effects that metallic nanoparticles (NP) may produce on human health. Due to their redox properties, nickel (Ni) and Ni-containing NP are particularly relevant. Hence, the aim of this study was to establish the toxicological mechanisms in the cardiorespiratory oxidative metabolism initiated by an acute exposure to Ni-doped-NP. Mice were intranasally instilled with silica NP containing Ni (II) (Ni-NP) (1 mg Ni (II)/kg body weight) or empty NP as control, and 1 h after exposure lung, plasma, and heart samples were obtained to assess the redox metabolism. Results showed that, NP were mainly retained in the lungs triggering a significantly increased tissue O2 consumption rate, leading to Ni-NP-increased reactive oxygen species production by NOX activity, and mitochondrial H2O2 production rate. In addition, an oxidant redox status due to an altered antioxidant system showed by lung GSH/GSSG ratio decreased, and SOD activity increased, resulting in an increased phospholipid oxidation. Activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes, along with GSH/GSSG ratio decreased, and phospholipid oxidation were found in the Ni-NP-group plasma samples. Consequently, in distant organs such as heart, Ni-NP inhalation alters the tissue redox status. Our results showed that the O2 metabolism analysis is a critical area of study following Ni-NP inhalation. Therefore, this work provides novel data linking the redox metabolisms alterations elicited by exposure to Ni (II) adsorbed to NP and cardiorespiratory toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Garcés
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - Lourdes Cáceres
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Calabró
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - Andrea M Mebert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - María Victoria Tuttolomondo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - Tamara Vico
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Argentina.
| | - Virginia Vanasco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Argentina.
| | - Fiorella Tesan
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Cátedra de Física, Argentina.
| | - Jimena Salgueiro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Cátedra de Física, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Zubillaga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Cátedra de Física, Argentina.
| | - Martín F Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, United States; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Argentina.
| | - Natalia D Magnani
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
| | - Pablo A Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
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Zhang L, Ou C, Magana-Arachchi D, Vithanage M, Vanka KS, Palanisami T, Masakorala K, Wijesekara H, Yan Y, Bolan N, Kirkham MB. Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:11055. [PMID: 34769574 PMCID: PMC8582694 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-based standards for outdoor air have been promoted (e.g., the National Ambient Air Quality Standards formulated by the U.S.). Due to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, the chemical composition of indoor particulate matter is related to the sources and components of outdoor PM. However, PM in the indoor environment has the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Indoor PM includes particles of outdoor origin that drift indoors and particles that originate from indoor activities, which include cooking, fireplaces, smoking, fuel combustion for heating, human activities, and burning incense. Indoor PM can be enriched with inorganic and organic contaminants, including toxic heavy metals and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds. As a potential health hazard, indoor exposure to PM has received increased attention in recent years because people spend most of their time indoors. In addition, as the quantity, quality, and scope of the research have expanded, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review of indoor PM. This review discusses the sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation of indoor PM. Practical solutions and steps to reduce exposure to indoor PM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
- School of Health, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai’an 223003, China
| | - Changjin Ou
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
| | - Dhammika Magana-Arachchi
- Molecular Microbiology and Human Diseases Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka; (D.M.-A.); (M.V.)
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Molecular Microbiology and Human Diseases Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka; (D.M.-A.); (M.V.)
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Kanth Swaroop Vanka
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Thava Palanisami
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Kanaji Masakorala
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 80000, Sri Lanka;
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka;
| | - Yubo Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia;
| | - M. B. Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
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Ré A, Rocha AT, Campos I, Keizer JJ, Gonçalves FJM, Oliveira H, Pereira JL, Abrantes N. Cytotoxic effects of wildfire ashes: In-vitro responses of skin cells. Environ Pollut 2021; 285:117279. [PMID: 33971424 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a complex environmental problem worldwide. The ashes produced during the fire bear metals and PAHs with high toxicity and environmental persistence. These are mobilized into downhill waterbodies, where they can impair water quality and human health. In this context, the present study aimed at assessing the toxicity of mimicked wildfire runoff to human skin cells, providing a first view on the human health hazardous potential of such matrices. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were exposed to aqueous extracts of ashes (AEA) prepared from ash deposited in the soil after wildfires burned a pine or a eucalypt forest stand. Cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and changes in cell cycle dynamics (flow cytometry) were assessed. Cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of AEA, regardless of the ash source, the extracts preparation method (filtered or unfiltered to address the dissolved or the total fractions of contaminants, respectively) or the exposure period (24 and 48 h). The cells growth was also negatively affected by the tested AEA matrices, as evidenced by a deceleration of the progress through the cell cycle, namely from phase G0/G1 to G2. The cytotoxicity of AEA could be related to particulate and dissolved metal content, but the particles themselves may directly affect the cell membrane. Eucalypt ash was apparently more cytotoxic than pine ash due to differential ash metal burden and mobility to the water phase. The deceleration of the cell cycle can be explained by the attempt of cells to repair metal-induced DNA damage, while if this checkpoint and repair pathways are not well coordinated by metal interference, genomic instability may occur. Globally, our results trigger public health concerns since the burnt areas frequently stand in slopes of watershed that serve as recreation sites and sources of drinking water, thus promoting human exposure to wildfire-driven contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ré
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Isabel Campos
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jan Jacob Keizer
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J M Gonçalves
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Garcés M, Magnani ND, Pecorelli A, Calabró V, Marchini T, Cáceres L, Pambianchi E, Galdoporpora J, Vico T, Salgueiro J, Zubillaga M, Moretton MA, Desimone MF, Alvarez S, Valacchi G, Evelson P. Alterations in oxygen metabolism are associated to lung toxicity triggered by silver nanoparticles exposure. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:324-336. [PMID: 33596456 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Along with the AgNP applications development, the concern about their possible toxicity has increasingly gained attention. As the respiratory system is one of the main exposure routes, the aim of this study was to evaluate the harmful effects developed in the lung after an acute AgNP exposure. In vivo studies using Balb/c mice intranasally instilled with 0.1 mg AgNP/kg b.w, were performed. 99mTc-AgNP showed the lung as the main organ of deposition, where, in turn, AgNP may exert barrier injury observed by increased protein content and total cell count in BAL samples. In vivo acute exposure showed altered lung tissue O2 consumption due to increased mitochondrial active respiration and NOX activity. Both O2 consumption processes release ROS triggering the antioxidant system as observed by the increased SOD, catalase and GPx activities and a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. In addition, increased protein oxidation was observed after AgNP exposure. In A549 cells, exposure to 2.5 μg/mL AgNP during 1 h resulted in augment NOX activity, decreased mitochondrial ATP associated respiration and higher H2O2 production rate. Lung 3D tissue model showed AgNP-initiated barrier alterations as TEER values decreased and morphological alterations. Taken together, these results show that AgNP exposure alters O2 metabolism leading to alterations in oxygen metabolism lung toxicity. AgNP-triggered oxidative damage may be responsible for the impaired lung function observed due to alveolar epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Garcés
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Natalia D Magnani
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, USA
| | - Valeria Calabró
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Cáceres
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Erika Pambianchi
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, USA
| | - Juan Galdoporpora
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Tamara Vico
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Argentina
| | - Jimena Salgueiro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Cátedra de Física, Argentina
| | - Marcela Zubillaga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Cátedra de Física, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Moretton
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin F Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Silvia Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Argentina
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, USA; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Kyung Hee University, Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
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8
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Sharofova M, Abdullaev S, Maslov V, Sagdieva S, Shikh EV, Mirshahi M. First main series of transition elements with atomic numbers from 22 to 29, found in air pollution and detected in the plants from Tajikistan areas. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:127. [PMID: 33587193 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
According to several reports, the presence of transition metal elements in the atmosphere was associated with adverse health effects. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the presence of transition metal particles with atomic numbers 22-29 on some medicinal plants (n = 22) from various regions of the Republic of Tajikistan and their content in the atmosphere. Samples (n = 43) of individual plant organs, such as seeds, flowers, leaves, trunks, and plant roots, were examined for their elemental composition using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Selection of particles contained in the atmosphere was carried out for 24 h/3 days by the aspiration method using fiberglass filters GF 10 in an apparatus installed at an altitude of 864 m on the periphery of the capital. For the analysis of plant samples, measurements were carried out on a SPECTROSCAN MAX-G wave-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. For samples containing filtered atmosphere elements, a high-resolution PANanalytical Epsilon 5 high-resolution energy-dispersive spectrometer was used. Eight transition elements from the 1st main series of metals with atomic numbers 22-29, such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt nickel, and copper, were found in plant organs, as well as in the atmosphere samples. Our results showed that the distribution of metals on plants varied depending on plants and their organs. We did not find any correlation between the region of plant collection and their absorption of metal elements. The distribution of metals varied in various plant organs. In the atmosphere samples, we found all the metals that were found in plants. In conclusion, medicinal plants can adsorb and accumulate some harmful chemical elements in their organs, are involved in the recirculation of these metals, and contribute air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharofova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Innovation and Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, 33 Rudaki Av, Dushanbe, 734025, Tajikistan
- Paris University, Lariboisier Hospital, CAP-Paris Tech, INSERM U1275, Paris, France
| | - S Abdullaev
- S.U. Umarov Physical-Technical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - V Maslov
- S.U. Umarov Physical-Technical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Sh Sagdieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Innovation and Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, 33 Rudaki Av, Dushanbe, 734025, Tajikistan
- Paris University, Lariboisier Hospital, CAP-Paris Tech, INSERM U1275, Paris, France
| | - E V Shikh
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education First Moscow State Medical University Named After I.M. Sechenov (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Mirshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Innovation and Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, 33 Rudaki Av, Dushanbe, 734025, Tajikistan.
- Paris University, Lariboisier Hospital, CAP-Paris Tech, INSERM U1275, Paris, France.
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9
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Cáceres L, Paz ML, Garcés M, Calabró V, Magnani ND, Martinefski M, Martino Adami PV, Caltana L, Tasat D, Morelli L, Tripodi V, Valacchi G, Alvarez S, González Maglio D, Marchini T, Evelson P. NADPH oxidase and mitochondria are relevant sources of superoxide anion in the oxinflammatory response of macrophages exposed to airborne particulate matter. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 205:111186. [PMID: 32853868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. In this context, alveolar macrophages exhibit proinflammatory and oxidative responses as a result of the clearance of particles, thus contributing to lung injury. However, the mechanisms linking these pathways are not completely clarified. Therefore, the oxinflammation phenomenon was studied in RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to Residual Oil Fly Ash (ROFA), a PM surrogate rich in transition metals. While cell viability was not compromised under the experimental conditions, a proinflammatory phenotype was observed in cells incubated with ROFA 100 μg/mL, characterized by increased levels of TNF-α and NO production, together with PM uptake. This inflammatory response seems to precede alterations in redox metabolism, characterized by augmented levels of H2O2, diminished GSH/GSSG ratio, and increased SOD activity. This scenario resulted in increased oxidative damage to phospholipids. Moreover, alterations in mitochondrial respiration were observed following ROFA incubation, such as diminished coupling efficiency and spare respiratory capacity, together with augmented proton leak. These findings were accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, NADPH oxidase (NOX) and mitochondria were identified as the main sources of superoxide anion () in our model. These results indicate that PM exposure induces direct activation of macrophages, leading to inflammation and increased reactive oxygen species production through NOX and mitochondria, which impairs antioxidant defense and may cause mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Cáceres
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina
| | - Mariela L Paz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Inmunología, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Mariana Garcés
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina
| | - Valeria Calabró
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Natalia D Magnani
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Manuela Martinefski
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Argentina
| | - Pamela V Martino Adami
- Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Laura Caltana
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E. De Robertis (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Argentina
| | - Deborah Tasat
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Centro de Estudios en Salud y Medio Ambiente, Argentina
| | - Laura Morelli
- Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Valeria Tripodi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Argentina
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, USA; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Alvarez
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Argentina
| | - Daniel González Maglio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Inmunología, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Argentina.
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10
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Abstract
Significance: Oxidative stress and oxidative damage are central hypothetical mechanisms for the adverse effects of airborne particulate matter (PM). Activation of inflammatory cells capable of generating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is another proposed damage pathway. Understanding the interplay between these responses can help us understand the adverse health effects attributed to breathing polluted air. Recent Advances: The consequences of PM exposure on different organs are oxidative damage, decreased function, and inflammation, which can lead to the development/exacerbation of proinflammatory disorders. Mitochondrial damage is also an important event in PM-induced cytotoxicity. Critical Issues: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during phagocytosis of the particles, leading to enhancement of oxidative stress and triggering the inflammatory response. The activation of inflammatory signaling pathways results in the release of cytokines and other mediators, which can further induce ROS production by activating endogenous enzymes, leading to a positive feedback loop, which can aggravate the effects triggered by PM exposure. Future Directions: Further research is required to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which PM exposure results in adverse health effects, in terms of the relationship between the redox responses triggered by the presence of the particles and the inflammation observed in the different organs, so the development/exacerbation of PM-associated health problems can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Natalia Magnani
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brittany Woodby
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra María Ferreira
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Abstract
Significance: Air pollution is a considerable global threat to human health that dramatically increases the risk for cardiovascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. An estimated 4.2 million cases of premature deaths worldwide are attributable to outdoor air pollution. Among multiple other components, airborne particulate matter (PM) has been identified as the major bioactive constituent in polluted air. While PM-related illness was historically thought to be confined to diseases of the respiratory system, overwhelming clinical and experimental data have now established that acute and chronic exposure to PM causes a systemic inflammatory and oxidative stress response that promotes cardiovascular disease. Recent Advances: A large body of evidence has identified an impairment of redox metabolism and the generation of oxidatively modified lipids and proteins in the lung as initial tissue response to PM. In addition, the pathogenicity of PM is mediated by an inflammatory response that involves PM uptake by tissue-resident immune cells, the activation of proinflammatory pathways in various cell types and organs, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines as locally produced tissue response signals that have the ability to affect organ function in a remote manner. Critical Issues: In the present review, we summarize and discuss the functional participation of PM in cardiovascular pathologies and its risk factors with an emphasis on how oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity interact and synergize as a response to PM. Future Directions: The impact of PM constituents, doses, and novel anti-inflammatory therapies against PM-related illness is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Marchini
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Graz, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Magnani ND, Marchini T, Calabró V, Alvarez S, Evelson P. Role of Mitochondria in the Redox Signaling Network and Its Outcomes in High Impact Inflammatory Syndromes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:568305. [PMID: 33071976 PMCID: PMC7538663 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.568305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with the release of soluble mediators that drive cellular activation and migration of inflammatory leukocytes to the site of injury, together with endothelial expression of adhesion molecules, and increased vascular permeability. It is a stepwise tightly regulated process that has been evolved to cope with a wide range of different inflammatory stimuli. However, under certain physiopathological conditions, the inflammatory response overwhelms local regulatory mechanisms and leads to systemic inflammation that, in turn, might affect metabolism in distant tissues and organs. In this sense, as mitochondria are able to perceive signals of inflammation is one of the first organelles to be affected by a dysregulation in the systemic inflammatory response, it has been associated with the progression of the physiopathological mechanisms. Mitochondria are also an important source of ROS (reactive oxygen species) within most mammalian cells and are therefore highly involved in oxidative stress. ROS production might contribute to mitochondrial damage in a range of pathologies and is also important in a complex redox signaling network from the organelle to the rest of the cell. Therefore, a role for ROS generated by mitochondria in regulating inflammatory signaling was postulated and mitochondria have been implicated in multiple aspects of the inflammatory response. An inflammatory condition that affects mitochondrial function in different organs is the exposure to air particulate matter (PM). Both after acute and chronic pollutants exposure, PM uptake by alveolar macrophages have been described to induce local cell activation and recruitment, cytokine release, and pulmonary inflammation. Afterwards, inflammatory mediators have been shown to be able to reach the bloodstream and induce a systemic response that affects metabolism in distant organs different from the lung. In this proinflammatory environment, impaired mitochondrial function that leads to bioenergetic dysfunction and enhanced production of oxidants have been shown to affect tissue homeostasis and organ function. In the present review, we aim to discuss the latest insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that link systemic inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in different organs, taking the exposure to air pollutants as a case model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia D. Magnani
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Calabró
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Pablo Evelson
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13
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Abstract
Nanoparticles have gained ground in several fields. However, it is important to consider their potentially
hazardous effects on humans, flora, and fauna. Human exposure to nanomaterials can occur unintentionally
in daily life or in industrial settings, and the continuous exposure of the biological components (cells, receptors,
proteins, etc.) of the immune system to these particles can trigger an unwanted immune response (activation or
suppression). Here, we present different studies that have been carried out to evaluate the response of immune
cells in the presence of nanoparticles and their possible applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mitarotonda
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ecologia y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) UNLu-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Exequiel Giorgi
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ecologia y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) UNLu-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín F. Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Quimica y Metabolismo del Farmaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio C. De Marzi
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ecologia y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) UNLu-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Zhao S, Gao P, Miao D, Wu L, Qian Y, Chen S, Sharma VK, Jia H. Formation and Evolution of Solvent-Extracted and Nonextractable Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10120-10130. [PMID: 31403286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging contaminants occurring in combustion-borne particulates and atmospheric particulate matter, but information on their formation and behavior on fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators is scarce. Here, we have found that MSW-associated fly ash samples contain an EPFR concentration of 3-10 × 1015 spins g-1, a line width (ΔHp-p) of ∼8.6 G, and a g-factor of 2.0032-2.0038. These EPFRs are proposed to be mixtures of carbon-centered and oxygen-centered free radicals. Fractionation of the fly ash-associated EPFRs into solvent-extracted and nonextractable radicals suggests that the solvent-extracted part accounts for ∼45-73% of the total amount of EPFRs. Spin densities of solvent-extracted EPFRs correlate positively with the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ti, and Zn, whereas similar correlations are comparatively insignificant for nonextractable EPFRs. Under natural conditions, these two types of EPFRs exhibit different stabilization that solvent-extracted EPFRs are relatively unstable, whereas the nonextractable fraction possesses a long life span. Significant correlations between concentrations of solvent-extracted EPFRs and generation of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are found. Overall, our results suggest that the fractionated solvent-extracted and nonextractable EPFRs may experience different formation and stabilization processes and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Duo Miao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Lan Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Yajie Qian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Shanping Chen
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 200232 , China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
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15
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Bhargava A, Shukla A, Bunkar N, Shandilya R, Lodhi L, Kumari R, Gupta PK, Rahman A, Chaudhury K, Tiwari R, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Exposure to ultrafine particulate matter induces NF-κβ mediated epigenetic modifications. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:39-50. [PMID: 31146237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ultrafine particulate matter (PM0.1) is positively associated with the etiology of different acute and chronic disorders; however, the in-depth biological imprints that link these submicron particles with the disturbances in the epigenomic machinery are not well defined. Earlier, we showed that exposure to these particles causes significant disturbances in the mitochondrial machinery and triggers PI-3-kinase mediated DNA damage responses. In the present study, we aimed to further understand the epigenomic insights of the ultrafine PM exposure. The higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and depleted Nrf-2 in ultrafine PM exposed cells reconfirmed its potential to induce oxidative stress. Importantly, the observed increase in the levels of NF-κβ and associated cytokines among exposed cells suggested the activation of NF-κβ mediated inflammatory loop which potentially serves as a platform for initiating epigenetic insinuations. This fact was strongly supported by the altered miRNA expression profile of the ultrafine PM exposed cells. These NF-κβ induced miRNA alterations were also found to be associated with other epigenetic targets as the exposed cells showed higher expression levels of DNA methyltransferases which positively corresponded with the global changes in DNA methylation levels. Upon further analysis, significant alterations in histone code were also reported in ultrafine PM exposed cells. Conclusively our results suggested that NF-κβ acts as an inflammatory switch that possesses the potential to induce genome-wide epigenetic modification upon ultrafine PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Anushi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Ruchita Shandilya
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Lalit Lodhi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Akhlaqur Rahman
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Irina Yu Goryacheva
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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16
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Sticozzi C, Pecorelli A, Romani A, Belmonte G, Cervellati F, Maioli E, Lila MA, Cervellati C, Valacchi G. Tropospheric ozone affects SRB1 levels via oxidative post-translational modifications in lung cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:287-295. [PMID: 30059777 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased respiratory morbidities and susceptibility to lung dysfunction. Ozone (O3) is commonly recognized as one of the most noxious air pollutant and has been associated with several lung pathologies. It has been demonstrated that decreased lung disorder severity and incidence are connected with the consumption of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, suggesting that higher intake of dietary micronutrients and phytoactive compounds can be beneficial. However, dietary supplementation - i.e. vitamin E (α-tocopherol) or vitamin A - has not always been effective in improving pulmonary function. Recently, research on the role of nutritional antioxidants on human health has focused more on studying their uptake at the cellular level rather than their effective ability to scavenge reactvive oxygen species (ROS). The Scavenger Receptor B1 (SRB1) has been shown to play a prominent role in the uptake, delivery and regulation of vitamin E in the lung. Given the importance of SRB1 in maintaining lung tissue in a healthy condition, we hypothesize that its expression could be modulated by pollution exposure, which thus could indirectly affect the uptake and/or delivery of lipophilic substances, such as vitamin E. To characterize the molecular mechanism involved in the redox modulation of SRB1, its cellular levels were assessed in human alveolar epithelial cells after O3 exposure. The results demonstrated that O3 induced the loss of SRB1 protein levels. This decline seems to be driven by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a consequence of an increased activation of cellular NADPH oxidase (NOX), as demonstrated by the use of NOX inhibitors or catalase that reversed this effect. Furthermore, O3 caused the formation of SRB1-aldheyde adducts (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) and the consequent increase of its ubiquitination, a mechanism that could account for SRB1 protein loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sticozzi
- Dept. Life Science and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 4121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Arianna Romani
- Dept. Life Science and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 4121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Belmonte
- Dept. Life Science and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 4121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Dept. Life Science and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 4121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maioli
- Dept of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Dept of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Dept. Life Science and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 4121 Ferrara, Italy; NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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17
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Bhargava A, Tamrakar S, Aglawe A, Lad H, Srivastava RK, Mishra DK, Tiwari R, Chaudhury K, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Ultrafine particulate matter impairs mitochondrial redox homeostasis and activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediated DNA damage responses in lymphocytes. Environ Pollut 2018; 234:406-419. [PMID: 29202419 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), broadly defined as coarse (2.5-10 μm), fine (0.1-2.5 μm) and ultrafine particles (≤0.1 μm), is a major constituent of ambient air pollution. Recent studies have linked PM exposure (coarse and fine particles) with several human diseases including cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ultrafine PM exposure induced cellular and sub-cellular repercussions are ill-defined. Since mitochondria are one of the major targets of different environmental pollutants, we herein aimed to understand the molecular repercussion of ultrafine PM exposure on mitochondrial machinery in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Upon comparative analysis, a significantly higher DCF fluorescence was observed in ultrafine PM exposed cells that confirmed the strong pro-oxidant nature of these particles. In addition, the depleted activity of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase suggested the strong association of ultrafine PM with oxidative stress. These results further coincided with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, altered mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity and decline in mtDNA copy number. Moreover, the higher accumulation of DNA damage response proteins (γH2AX, pATM, p-p53), suggested that exposure to ultrafine PM induces DNA damage and triggers phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase mediated response pathway. Further, the alterations in mitochondrial machinery and redox balance among ultrafine PM exposed cells were accompanied by a considerably elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Interestingly, the lower apoptosis levels observed in ultrafine particle treated cells suggest the possibility that the marked alterations may lead to the impairment of mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk. Together, our results showed that ultrafine PM, because of their smaller size possesses significant ability to disturb mitochondrial redox homeostasis and activates phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase mediated DNA damage response pathway, an unknown molecular paradigm of ultrafine PM exposure. Our findings also indicate that maneuvering through the mitochondrial function might be a viable, indirect method to modulate lymphocyte homeostasis in air pollution associated immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Shivani Tamrakar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Aniket Aglawe
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Harsha Lad
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar Mishra
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Narsee Moonjee Institute of Management Studies, Shirpur, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Irina Yu Goryacheva
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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18
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Chuang HC, Hsiao TC, Lee CH, Chun-Te Lin J, Chuang KJ, Feng PH, Cheng TJ. Effects of physical characteristics of carbon black on metabolic regulation in mice. Environ Pollut 2018; 232:494-504. [PMID: 28993026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential adverse effects of human exposure to carbon black (CB) have been reported, but limited knowledge regarding CB-regulated metabolism is currently available. To evaluate how physical parameters of CB influence metabolism, we investigated CB and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and attempted to relate various physical parameters, including the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and particle number concentrations, to lung energy metabolism in female BALB/c mice. A body weight increase was arrested by 3 months of exposure to CB of smaller-size fractions, which was negatively correlated with pyruvate in plasma. There were no significant differences in cytotoxic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after 3 months of CB exposure. However, we observed alterations in acetyl CoA and the NADP/NADPH ratio in lung tissues with CB exposure. Additionally, the NADP/NADPH ratio was associated with the zeta potential of CB. Mild peribronchiovascular and interstitial inflammation and multinucleated giant cells (macrophages) with a transparent and rhomboid appearance and containing foreign bodies were observed in lung sections. We suggest that physical characteristics of CB, such as the zeta potential, may disrupt metabolism after pulmonary exposure. These results, therefore, provide the first evidence of a link between pulmonary exposure to CB and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chii-Hong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Justin Chun-Te Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Romani A, Cervellati C, Muresan XM, Belmonte G, Pecorelli A, Cervellati F, Benedusi M, Evelson P, Valacchi G. Keratinocytes oxidative damage mechanisms related to airbone particle matter exposure. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 172:86-95. [PMID: 29103985 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidences have correlated airbone particulate matter (PM) to adverse health effects, mainly linking to pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, only recently, some studies reported detrimental effects of PM on other organs such as skin. In a recent work, we have reported increased oxidative and inflammatory responses in Reconstituted Human Epidermis (RHE) exposed to ambient particles (CAPs) and we also demonstrated the ability of CAPs to penetrate the skin tissue. The present study was aimed to better understand the cellular mechanisms beyond the oxidative changes induced by CAPs (5-10-25μg/mL) in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). After 24h of treatment, CAPs were able to enter the cells leading to a decrease in viability, increased levels of 4-hydroxinonenal products (4-HNE) and IL-1α release. Overall these data, suggest lipid and protein oxidative damage, as well as an increase of inflammatory response after being challenged with CAPs. In addition, 3h after CAPs exposure we found a significant increase in NF-kB and Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus. In contrast, no differences in gene expression and enzymatic activity of Nrf2 target genes were detected. This last finding could be explained by the ability of CAPs to possibly alter the binding of Nrf2 to the ARE DNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Romani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara Italy
| | - Ximena M Muresan
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Belmonte
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Center, 28081, Kannapolis NC, USA
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Center, 28081, Kannapolis NC, USA.
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