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Wang T, Sun S, Zeng X, Li J. ICI-based therapies: A new strategy for oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Oncol 2023; 140:106388. [PMID: 37054586 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are linked with an escalated risk of developing cancers, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Since prevailing therapies cannot effectively forestall the exacerbation and recurrence of OPMDs, halting their malignant progression is paramount. The immune checkpoint serves as a cardinal regulator of the immune response and the primary cause of adaptive immunological resistance. Although the exact mechanism remains elusive, elevated expression of multiple immune checkpoints in OPMDs and OSCC relative to healthy oral mucosa has been ascertained. This review delves into the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OPMDs, the expression of diverse immune checkpoints such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and programmed death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1) in OPMDs, and the potential application of corresponding inhibitors. In addition, synergistic strategies incorporating combined immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as cGAS-STING, costimulatory molecules, cancer vaccines, and hydrogels, are discussed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role and application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Silu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Lorini L, Bescós Atín C, Thavaraj S, Müller-Richter U, Alberola Ferranti M, Pamias Romero J, Sáez Barba M, de Pablo García-Cuenca A, Braña García I, Bossi P, Nuciforo P, Simonetti S. Overview of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: From Risk Factors to Specific Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3696. [PMID: 34359597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a very aggressive cancer, representing one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) regroup a variegate set of different histological lesions, characterized by the potential capacity to transform in OSCC. Most of the risk factors associated with OSCC are present also in OPMDs' development; however, the molecular mechanisms and steps of malignant transformation are still unknown. Treatment of OSCC, including surgery, systemic therapy and radiotherapy (alone or in combination), has suffered a dramatic change in last years, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy. However, most cases are diagnosed during the advanced stage of the disease, decreasing drastically the survival rate of the patients. Hence, early diagnosis of premalignant conditions (OPMDs) is a priority in oral cancer, as well as a massive education about risk factors, the understanding of mechanisms involved in malignant progression and the development of specific and more efficient therapies. The aim of this article is to review epidemiological, clinical, morphological and molecular features of OPMDs, with the purpose to lay the foundation for an exhaustive comprehension of these lesions and their ability of malignant transformation and for the development of more effective and personalized treatments.
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Turner J, Hammond D, Goodson M. Variation in UK Deanery publication rates in the British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: where are the current 'hot spots'? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 59:e48-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tahim A, Sadiq Z. Using decalcified collagen scaffolds to improve healing after transoral partial glossectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 49:39-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Tahim
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery University College London Hospital London UK
| | - Zaid Sadiq
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery University College London Hospital London UK
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Saibene AM, Rosso C, Castellarin P, Vultaggio F, Pipolo C, Maccari A, Ferrari D, Abati S, Felisati G. Managing Benign and Malignant Oral Lesions with Carbon Dioxide Laser: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes for Outpatient Surgery. Surg J (N Y) 2019; 5:e69-e75. [PMID: 31392277 PMCID: PMC6682487 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1694735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose
Because of its affinity for water-based tissues, carbon dioxide (CO
2
) laser has become an instrument of choice for treating oral mucosa conditions, ranging from inflammatory to malignant lesions. The aim of this work is to systematically evaluate the outcomes of laser surgery over a wide range of lesions, while providing a solid and reproducible protocol for CO
2
laser surgery in the outpatient management of oral lesion.
Methods
Seventy-eight patients underwent 92 laser outpatient procedures for treatment of a wide range of benign and malignant lesions. We performed 60 removals, 11 exeretic biopsies, 15 vaporizations, and 3 vaporization/removal combined. We analyzed laser parameters applied for each technique and provided a systematic evaluation of surgical results.
Results
No problems occurred intraoperatively in any of the patients. Five patients complained marginal pain, while 3 patients had postsurgery bleeding. All treatments were successful, with the notable exception of 3 relapsing verrucous proliferative leukoplakias and an infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue requiring radicalization. We did not record any adverse reactions to drugs or lesions due to laser action. Concordance between clinical diagnosis and pathology results was at 94.8%.
Conclusions
Our data indicate that CO
2
laser is a solid choice for outpatient treatment of oral lesions. This technique grants painless and almost bloodless treatment, with negligible recurrence rates. Providing a solid reference for laser settings and operative techniques could provide a foundation for further exploring this tool while offering the basis for a positive comparison between different surgical techniques and options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Rosso
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Castellarin
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Odontostomatology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Vultaggio
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pipolo
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Maccari
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daris Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Abati
- Department of Dentistry, Unit of Oral Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele University Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Felisati
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Thomson
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Dentistry; University of Queensland; Oral Health Centre; QLD Australia
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Gilmartin M, Ali T, Rogers SN. Patients' experience in the early recovery phase after removal of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma with carbon dioxide laser. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 55:388-390. [PMID: 28320586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Laser excision of oral cancer is well established. The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to ask patients about their main symptoms and the severity of them during the first postoperative weeks. We devised a short questionnaire in collaboration with patients, and did a cross-sectional survey of 50 consecutive patients who had laser excision of T1 and T2 oral cancers over a two-year period. The response rate was 76% (38/50). Twenty patients reported that eating was "quite a bit" or "very much of a problem" and 13 reported similar for pain. The main problems were eating (n=27), pain (n=16), numbness (n=14), speech (n=13), and swallowing (n=12). It took 11 patients more than 4 weeks to recover, and 11 of the 20 who were employed needed to take time off work (modal duration 3 or 4 weeks). Thirteen patients sought advice postoperatively from the clinic, ward or secretary's office, general practitioner, or accident and emergency department (or other out-of-hours service). The survey shows that morbidity associated with laser excision is relatively high, and more studies are required to provide a better evidence base that will inform improvements in postoperative recovery and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilmartin
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool L9 1AE, UK.
| | - T Ali
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool L9 1AE, UK.
| | - S N Rogers
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool L9 1AE, UK; Evidence-Based Practice Research Centre (EPRC), Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk.
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Thomson P, Goodson M, Cocks K, Turner J. Interventional laser surgery for oral potentially malignant disorders: a longitudinal patient cohort study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46:337-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Mogedas-Vegara A, Hueto-Madrid JA, Chimenos-Küstner E, Bescós-Atín C. Oral leukoplakia treatment with the carbon dioxide laser: A systematic review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:331-6. [PMID: 26920045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review of the literature to evaluate treatment of oral leukoplakia with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. A comprehensive search of studies published between 1981 and 2015 and listed in the PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI) database yielded 378 articles which were screened in detail. Relevant studies were selected according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 33 articles met the final inclusion criteria and were analysed in detail in accordance with the PRISMA-P statement. These full-text papers were classified as synopses (n = 7), recurrence and malignant transformation studies (n = 17), comparative studies between CO2 laser and cold knife surgery (n = 3) and studies evaluating the efficacy of CO2, Nd:YAG and KTP lasers. According to the literature the CO2 laser is the workhorse of oral leukoplakia treatment due to its effectiveness and low associated morbidity. However, randomized clinical trials are needed to compare CO2 laser with other lasers. The results of our systematic review showed that there is no consensus regarding the factors involved in higher recurrence and malignization rates, so further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Mogedas-Vegara
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan-Antonio Hueto-Madrid
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Chimenos-Küstner
- Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Surgery Department, Universidad de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet Ll., 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coro Bescós-Atín
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Wong DWH, Kamisetty A, Lowe D, Rogers SN. Frequency and outcomes of submandibular gland obstruction following resection of squamous cell carcinomas in the vicinity of the submandibular duct. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2014; 96:602-5. [PMID: 25350183 DOI: 10.1308/003588414x14055925058436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to report rates, associated factors and outcomes of submandibular gland obstruction following surgery for squamous cell carcinoma in the anterior floor of the mouth (FOM) or ventral tongue without a neck dissection where resection has involved (or has been in very close proximity to) the submandibular duct. METHODS A retrospective case note review was carried out for the period January 2007 to December 2011. Only patients who received primary local surgical resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior FOM or ventral tongue were included. RESULTS Fifty-two patients were analysed. Fifteen (29%) developed submandibular gland symptoms following surgery. Symptoms resolved spontaneously for 14 (93%) and 1 patient required the submandibular duct to be repositioned. Comparatively, 2 patients (13%) developed symptoms when the duct was repositioned during primary surgery. No patients had their submandibular gland removed. CONCLUSIONS Resection of small tumours associated with the FOM and ventral tongue in proximity to the submandibular duct is associated with obstructive symptoms in about a quarter of patients; this is reduced by half when redirecting the duct. Symptoms are self-limiting and self-resolving. A prospective clinical trial comparing duct repositioning with subcapsular gland excision would help clarify potential benefits and best treatment modalities.
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Suter VGA, Altermatt HJ, Dietrich T, Warnakulasuriya S, Bornstein MM. Pulsed versus continuous wave CO2 laser excisions of 100 oral fibrous hyperplasias: a randomized controlled clinical and histopathological study. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:396-404. [PMID: 24700467 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In experimental animal studies, pulsing the CO2 laser beam has been shown to reduce the thermal damage zone of excised oral mucosal tissue. However, there is still controversy over whether this is borne out under clinical conditions. OBJECTIVE To compare the outcome following excisional biopsies of fibrous hyperplasias using a pulsed (cf) versus a continuous wave (cw) CO2 laser mode regarding the thermal damage zone, duration of surgeries, intra- and postoperative complications, postoperative pain sensation, scarring and/or relapse during the initial 6 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred Swiss-resident patients with a fibrous hyperplasia in their buccal mucosa were randomly assigned to the cw mode (5 W) or the cf mode (140 Hz, 400 microseconds, 33 mJ, 4.62 W) group. All excisions were performed by one single oral surgeon. Postoperative pain (2 weeks) was recorded by visual analogue scale (VAS; ranging from 0 to 100). Intake of analgesics and postoperative complications were recorded in a standardized study form. The maximum width of the collateral thermal damage zone was measured (µm) in excision specimens by one pathologist. Intraoral photographs at 6-month follow-up examinations were evaluated regarding scarring (yes/no). RESULTS Median duration of the excision was 65 seconds in the cw and 81 seconds in the cf group (P = 0.13). Intraoperative bleeding occurred in 16.3% of the patients in the cw and 17.7% of the cf group. The median value of the thermal damage zone was 161(±228) μm in the cw and 152(± 105) μm in the cf group (P = 0.68). The reported postoperative complications included swelling in 19% and minor bleeding in 6% without significant differences between the two laser modes. When comparing each day separately or the combined mean VAS scores of both groups between Days 1-3, 1-7, and 1-15, there were no significant differences. However, more patients of the cw group (25%) took analgesics than patients of the cf group (9.8%) resulting in a borderline significance (P = 0.04). Scarring at the excision site was found in 50.6% of 77 patients after 6 months, and more scars were identified in cases treated with the cf mode (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Excision of fibrous hyperplasias performed with a CO2 laser demonstrated a good clinical outcome and long-term predictability with a low risk of recurrence regardless of the laser mode (cf or cw) used. Scarring after 6 months was only seen in 50.6% of the cases and was slightly more frequent in the cf mode group. Based on the findings of the present study, a safety border of 1 mm appears sufficient for both laser modes especially when performing a biopsy of a suspicious soft tissue lesion to ensure a proper histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie G A Suter
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders are mucosal diseases with a significantly increased risk of squamous carcinoma development – a lethal and deforming disease with rising incidence, especially in young people. Despite the ability to recognise pre-cancer disorders in patients, clinicians remain unable to predict individual mucosal lesion behaviour or quantify the risk of malignant transformation. No clear management guidelines exist and the available scientific literature is unable to answer the fundamental question: does early diagnosis and interventional management treat pre-cancer effectively and prevent malignant transformation?
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomson
- Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW
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Canis M, Ihler F, Martin A, Wolff HA, Matthias C, Steiner W. Enoral laser microsurgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Head Neck 2013; 36:787-94. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Alexios Martin
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics; University of Berlin; Germany
| | - Hendrik A. Wolff
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Christoph Matthias
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Steiner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; University of Göttingen; Germany
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