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Cong F, Zhang W, Zhang G, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Wang L. Visible light as a sole requirement for alkylation of α-C(sp 3)-H of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines with alkylboronic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8910-8917. [PMID: 37906093 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01154b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
An alkylation of α-C(sp3)-H at N-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines with alkylboronic acids was developed under visible-light irradiation in the absence of additional photocatalyst. The reaction proceeded well, tolerating a variety of functional groups, and featured low-cost and mild reaction conditions. A preliminary mechanistic study indicated that an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between an electron-rich N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline and an electron-poor alkylboronic acid was involved in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Cong
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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2
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Manolov S, Ivanov I, Bojilov D. N-(2,2-Diphenylethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide. Molbank 2021; 2021:M1257. [DOI: 10.3390/m1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-(2,2-Diphenylethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide was prepared by a reaction between 2,2-diphenylethan-1-amine and naproxen in high yield. The newly obtained naproxen derivative was fully analyzed and characterized via 1H, 13C, UV, IR, and mass spectral data.
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Faheem, Karan Kumar B, Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar K, Chander S, Kunjiappan S, Murugesan S. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) as privileged scaffold for anticancer de novo drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1119-1147. [PMID: 33908322 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1916464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer is a dreadful disorder that is emerging as one of the leading causes of mortality across the globe. The complex tumor environment, supplemented with drawbacks of the existing drugs, has made it a global health concern. The Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) ring holds an important position in medicinal chemistry due to its wide range of pharmacological properties. Several THIQ based natural products have been previously explored for their antitumor properties, making it a vital scaffold for anticancer drug design.Areas covered: This review article addresses the potential of THIQ as anticancer agents. Various medicinal chemistry strategies employed for the design and development of THIQ analogs as inhibitors or modulators of relevant anticancer targets have been discussed in detail. Moreover, the common strategies employed for the synthesis of the core scaffold are also highlighted.Expert opinion: Evidently, THIQs have tremendous potential in anticancer drug design. Some of these analogs exhibited potent activity against various cancer molecular targets. However, there are some drawbacks, such as selectivity that need addressing. The synthetic ease for constructing the core scaffold complimented with its reactivity makes it ideal for further structure-activity relationship studies. For these reasons, THIQ is a privileged scaffold for the design and development of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani, India
| | | | - Subhash Chander
- Amity Institute of Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani, India
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4
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Mottinelli M, Sinreih M, Rižner TL, Leese MP, Potter BVL. N-Phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: An Alternative Scaffold for the Design of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:259-291. [PMID: 33151004 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyse interconversion at the C17 position between oxidized and reduced forms of steroidal nuclear receptor ligands. The type 1 enzyme, expressed in malignant cells, catalyses reduction of the less-active estrone to estradiol, and inhibitors have therapeutic potential in estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast and ovarian cancers and in endometriosis. Synthetic decoration of the nonsteroidal N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) template was pursued by using Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt, Pictet-Spengler and Bischler-Napieralski approaches to explore the viability of this scaffold as a steroid mimic. Derivatives were evaluated biologically in vitro as type 1 enzyme inhibitors in a bacterial cell homogenate as source of recombinant protein. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. THIQs possessing a 6-hydroxy group, lipophilic substitutions at the 1- or 4-positions in combination with N-4'-chlorophenyl substitution were most favourable for activity. Of these, one compound had an IC50 of ca. 350 nM as a racemate, testifying to the applicability of this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mottinelli
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK.,Present address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maša Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea L Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mathew P Leese
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
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5
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Shagufta, Ahmad I, Mathew S, Rahman S. Recent progress in selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) for the treatment of breast cancer. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:438-454. [PMID: 33479648 PMCID: PMC7580774 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) are a novel class of compounds capable of reducing the ERα protein level and blocking ER activity. Therefore, SERDs are considered as a significant therapeutic approach to treat ER+ breast cancer in both early stage and more advanced drug-resistant cases. After the FDA approval of a steroidal drug, fulvestrant, as a SERD for the treatment of breast cancer in patients who have progressed on antihormonal agents, several molecules with diverse chemical structures have been rapidly developed, studied and evaluated for selective estrogen receptor downregulation activity. Here we compile the promising SERDs reported in recent years and discuss the chemical structure and pharmacological profile of the most potent compound of the considered series. Because of the availability of only a limited number of effective drugs for the treatment of breast cancer, the quest for a potent SERD with respectable activity and bioavailability is still ongoing. The goal of this article is to make available to the reader an overview of the current progress in SERDs and provide clues for the future discovery and development of novel pharmacological potent SERDs for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates . ;
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates . ;
| | - Shimy Mathew
- Department of Biotechnology , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates
| | - Sofia Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates
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Carr M, Knox AJS, Nevin DK, O'Boyle N, Wang S, Egan B, McCabe T, Twamley B, Zisterer DM, Lloyd DG, Meegan MJ. Optimisation of estrogen receptor subtype-selectivity of a 4-Aryl-4H-chromene scaffold previously identified by virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115261. [PMID: 31987694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
4-Aryl-4H-Chromene derivatives have been previously shown to exhibit anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-angiogenic activity in a variety of tumor models in vitro and in vivo generally via activation of caspases through inhibition of tubulin polymerisation. We have previously identified by Virtual Screening (VS) a 4-aryl-4H-chromene scaffold, of which two examples were shown to bind Estrogen Receptor α and β with low nanomolar affinity and <20-fold selectivity for α over β and low micromolar anti-proliferative activity in the MCF-7 cell line. Thus, using the 4-aryl-4H-chromene scaffold as a starting point, a series of compounds with a range of basic arylethers at C-4 and modifications at the C3-ester substituent of the benzopyran ring were synthesised, producing some potent ER antagonists in the MCF-7 cell line which were highly selective for ERα (compound 35; 350-fold selectivity) or ERβ (compound 42; 170-fold selectivity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Carr
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew J S Knox
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technology University Dublin, Dublin City Campus, Kevin St., Dublin 8 D08 NF82, Ireland.
| | - Daniel K Nevin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Niamh O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shu Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Billy Egan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thomas McCabe
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David G Lloyd
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152 - 160 Pearse Street Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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7
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O'Boyle NM, Barrett I, Greene LM, Carr M, Fayne D, Twamley B, Knox AJS, Keely NO, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Lead Optimization of Benzoxepin-Type Selective Estrogen Receptor (ER) Modulators and Downregulators with Subtype-Specific ERα and ERβ Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 61:514-534. [PMID: 28426931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is an important target for the design of drugs such as tamoxifen (2a) and fulvestrant (5). Three series of ER-ligands based on the benzoxepin scaffold structure were synthesized: series I containing an acrylic acid, series II with an acrylamide, and series III with a saturated carboxylic acid substituent. These compounds were shown to be high affinity ligands for the ER with nanomolar IC50 binding values. Series I acrylic acid ligands were generally ERα selective. In particular, compound 13e featuring a phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid substituent was shown to be antiproliferative and downregulated ERα and ERβ expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, from series III, the phenoxybutyric acid derivative compound 22 was not antiproliferative and selectively downregulated ERβ. A docking study of the benzoxepin ligands was undertaken. Compound 13e is a promising lead for development as a clinically relevant SERD, while compound 22 will be a useful experimental probe for helping to elucidate the role of ERβ in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Irene Barrett
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Miriam Carr
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Darren Fayne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Andrew J S Knox
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Niall O Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
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8
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) is one of the 'privileged scaffolds', commonly found in nature. Initially, this class of compounds was known for its neurotoxicity. Later on, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline was proved as an endogeneous Parkinsonism-preventing agent in mammals. The fused THIQs have been studied for their role as anticancer antibiotics. The US FDA approval of the trabectedin for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas, is a milestone in the anticancer drug discovery. Areas covered: This review covers the patents on various therapeutic activities of the THIQ derivatives in the years between 2010 and 2015. Patents were collected using a thorough search of Espacenet and WIPO databases. The therapeutic areas covered include cancer, malaria, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, metabolic disorders, and so on. This also includes several patents on specific THIQs of clinical importance. Expert opinion: A large number of the THIQ derivatives have been synthesised for various therapeutic activities, with noticeable success in the area of drug discovery for cancer and CNS. They may also prove to be promising candidates for various infectious diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV-infection, HSV-infection, leishmaniasis, etc. They can also be developed as novel class of drugs for various therapeutic activities with unique mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Pal Singh
- a Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Punjab , India
| | - Purvi Shah
- a Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Punjab , India
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Scott JS, Bailey A, Davies RDM, Degorce SL, MacFaul PA, Gingell H, Moss T, Norman RA, Pink JH, Rabow AA, Roberts B, Smith PD. Tetrahydroisoquinoline Phenols: Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulator Antagonists with Oral Bioavailability in Rat. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:94-9. [PMID: 26819673 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of tetrahydroisoquinoline phenols was modified to give an estrogen receptor downregulator-antagonist profile. Optimization around the core, alkyl side chain, and pendant aryl ring resulted in compounds with subnanomolar levels of potency. The phenol functionality was shown to be required to achieve highly potent compounds, but unusually this was compatible with obtaining high oral bioavailabilities in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Andrew Bailey
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Robert D. M. Davies
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Sébastien L. Degorce
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Philip A. MacFaul
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Helen Gingell
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Thomas Moss
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Richard A. Norman
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jennifer H. Pink
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Alfred A. Rabow
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Bryan Roberts
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter D. Smith
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K
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Eyunni SKVK, Gangapuram M, Redda KK. In-vitro Antiproliferative Activity of New Tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) on Ishikawa Cells and their 3D Pharmacophore Models. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2014; 11:428-436. [PMID: 25506297 DOI: 10.2174/1570180811666131203002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative activities of new substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) are described. Their cytotoxicities against Ishikawa human endometrial cell line were determined after 72 h drug expose employing Celtiter-Glo assay at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100,000 nM. The antiproliferative activities of the compounds understudy were compared to tamoxifen (TAM). In-vitro results indicated that most of the compounds showed better activity than TAM. The most active compounds obtained in this study were 1, 2, 3 and 22 whose IC50 values are 1.41, 0.91, 0.74 and 0.36 μM respectively. This study helped us to evaluate the risk of developing endometrial cancer in the design of non-steroid estrogen receptor modulators with no agonistic effects on uterus. In-silico pharmacophore hypotheses were generated using GALAHAD and PHASE and the best models with a probable bioactive conformation(s) for these compounds were proposed. These conformations and the alignments of the molecular structures give us an insight in designing compounds with better biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar V K Eyunni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307
| | - Madhavi Gangapuram
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307
| | - Kinfe K Redda
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307
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Leese MP, Jourdan FL, Major MR, Dohle W, Hamel E, Ferrandis E, Fiore A, Kasprzyk PG, Potter BVL. Tetrahydroisoquinolinone-based steroidomimetic and chimeric microtubule disruptors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:85-108, 1. [PMID: 24124095 PMCID: PMC3877212 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship (SAR) translation strategy was used for the discovery of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ)-based steroidomimetic and chimeric microtubule disruptors based upon a steroidal starting point. A steroid A,B-ring-mimicking THIQ core was connected to methoxyaryl D-ring ring mimics through methylene, carbonyl and sulfonyl linkers to afford a number of steroidomimetic hits (e.g., 7-methoxy-2-(3- methoxybenzyl)-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (20 c) GI₅₀=2.1 μM). Optimisation and control experiments demonstrate the complementary SAR of this series and the steroid derivatives that inspired its design. Linkage of the THIQ-based A,B-mimic with the trimethoxyaryl motif prevalent in colchicine site binding microtubule disruptors delivered a series of chimeric molecules whose activity (GI₅₀=40 nM) surpasses that of the parent steroid derivatives. Validation of this strategy was obtained from the excellent oral activity of 7-methoxy-6-sulfamoyloxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline relative to a benchmark steroidal bis- sulfamate in an in vivo model of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P. Leese
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Fabrice L. Jourdan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Meriel R. Major
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Eric Ferrandis
- Institut de Recherche Henri Beaufour, 91966 Les Ulis Cedex (France)
| | - Ann Fiore
- IPSEN, 27 Maple St, Milford, MA (USA)
| | | | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
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12
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Manolov S, Nikolova S, Ivanov I. Silica-supported polyphosphoric acid in the synthesis of 4-substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. Molecules 2013; 18:1869-80. [PMID: 23377130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18021869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein an application of an α-amidoalkylation reaction, as an alternative efficient synthesis of 4-aryl- and 4-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. The amides required for this purpose would result from reaction of aminoacetaldehyde dimethylacetal with different substituted benzenes in polyphosphoric acid, followed by acylation of the obtained amines with different acid chlorides or sulfochlorides. We compared the cyclisation step using conventional (milieu of acetic-trifluoracetic acid = 4:1) and solid supported reagents (SiO2/PPA), as recovered, regenerated and reused without loss of its activity catalyst. We found that in comparison to conventional methods, the yields of the reaction are greater and the reaction time is shorter.
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13
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Leese MP, Jourdan F, Dohle W, Kimberley MR, Thomas MP, Bai R, Hamel E, Ferrandis E, Potter BVL. Steroidomimetic Tetrahydroisoquinolines for the Design of New Microtubule Disruptors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:5-9. [PMID: 22247790 PMCID: PMC3256937 DOI: 10.1021/ml200232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
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Structure–activity relationship translation offers
an expeditious
means for discovery of new active series. This approach was applied
to discover tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ)-based steroidomimetic microtubule
disruptors. The two A-ring elements of a three-point steroidal pharmacophore
were incorporated into a THIQ-based A,B-ring mimic to which an H-bond
acceptor was attached as the third motif. Optimization of the representative 6c through conformational biasing delivered
a 10-fold gain in activity and a new series of microtubule disruptors
(e.g., 9c) with antiproliferative activity in the nanomolar
range. The THIQ derivatives match, or surpass, the activities of the
steroidal series and exhibit improved physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P. Leese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Jourdan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Meriel R. Kimberley
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch,
Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and
Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United
States
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch,
Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and
Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United
States
| | - Eric Ferrandis
- IPSEN, Institut de Recherche Henri Beaufour, 91966 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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14
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Möcklinghoff S, van Otterlo WAL, Rose R, Fuchs S, Zimmermann TJ, Dominguez Seoane M, Waldmann H, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L. Design and evaluation of fragment-like estrogen receptor tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands from a scaffold-detection approach. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2005-11. [PMID: 21381753 DOI: 10.1021/jm1011116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A library of small tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands, previously identified via structure- and chemistry-based hierarchical organization of library scaffolds in tree-like arrangements, has been generated as novel estrogen receptor agonistic fragments via traditional medicinal chemistry exploration. The approach described has allowed for the rapid evaluation of a structure-activity relationship of the ligands concerning estrogen receptor affinity and estrogen receptor β subtype selectivity. The structural biological insights obtained from the fragments aid the understanding of larger analogues and constitute attractive starting points for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möcklinghoff
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Stolakis K, Nuti R. Lasofoxifene, from the preclinical drug discovery to the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:205-17. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.547188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is a common disorder in elderly subjects and represents a major public health problem, affecting up to 40% postmenopausal women and 15% of men. Among the several therapeutical interventions, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was traditionally seen as the gold standard for preventing osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women, as well as for the management of menopausal symptoms. However HRT, especially if administered long-term, may lead to an increased risk of breast and, when unopposed by progestins, endometrial cancers. Alternative therapies include bisphosphonates and raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). While the former have been associated with suboptimal adherence, the latter was considerably less potent than estrogen and its effect in the prevention of nonvertebral fractures remain uncertain. Aims: The purpose of this article is to review the clinical trials of lasofoxifene, a new SERM for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The medical literature was reviewed for appropriate articles containing the terms “lasofoxifene” and SERMs”. Evidence review: There are three (phase II or phase III) clinical trials that clearly demonstrate efficacy and safety of this new SERM in the suppression of bone loss and the prevention of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Moreover, lasofoxifene treatment also reduced breast cancer risk and the occurrence of vaginal atrophy. Place in therapy: With its increased potency and efficacy on the prevention of nonvertebral fractures lasofoxifene may be an alternative and cost-effective therapy for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte 53100-Siena, Italy
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17
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Kommidi H, Balasubramaniam S, Aidhen IS. Weinreb amide based synthetic equivalents for convenient access to 4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: focus on lasofoxifene. Clin Interv Aging 2010; 5:19-29. [PMID: 20169039 PMCID: PMC2817938 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) represent a class with a growing number of compounds that act as either estrogen receptor agonists or antagonists in a tissue-specific manner. This article reviews lasofoxifene, a new-generation SERM that has completed phase III development for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Consistent with preclinical observations, this new SERM demonstrated improved skeletal efficacy over raloxifene and at an oral dose of 0.5 mg/day was effective in the prevention of both vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. At the same dosage, lasofoxifene treatment also reduced estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer risk and the occurrence of vaginal atrophy, but, like the other SERMs, was associated with hot flushes and an increased risk of venous thromboembolic events. With its increased efficacy on the prevention of nonvertebral fractures than current available SERMs and its positive effects on the vagina, this new compound may represent an alternative and cost-effective therapy for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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19
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Zhang X, Wang W, Cheng S, Zhao M, Zheng M, Chang HW, Wu J, Peng S. 2,3-Diamino acid modifying 3S-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids: leading to a class of novel agents with highly unfolded conformation, selective in vitro anti-platelet aggregation and potent in vivo anti-thrombotic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1536-54. [PMID: 20122838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the preparation of anti-thrombotic agents the 2- and 3-positions of 3S-tetra-hydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (THIQA) were simultaneously modified with amino acids to form 20 novel N-(3S-N-aminoacyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carbonyl)amino acids (8a-t). On an in vitro platelet aggregation model 8a-t selectively inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation and their IC(50) values are leas than 3.5 nM. On an extracorporeal circulation of arterioveinos cannula model of rats both orally and intraveously effective doses of 8a-t are less than 30 nmol/kg. Cerius(2) based stereoview of explores 8a-t having highly unfolded conformation. 3D QSAR analysis gives the importance of the unfolded conformation to high in vitro anti-platelet aggregation and in vivo anti-thrombotic potency rational understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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20
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Minutolo F, Macchia M, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Estrogen receptor β ligands: Recent advances and biomedical applications. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:364-442. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Cheng S, Zhang X, Wang W, Zhao M, Zheng M, Chang HW, Wu J, Peng S. A class of novel N-(3S-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carbonyl)-l-amino acid derivatives: their synthesis, anti-thrombotic activity evaluation, and 3D QSAR analysis. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:4904-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Renner S, van Otterlo WAL, Dominguez Seoane M, Möcklinghoff S, Hofmann B, Wetzel S, Schuffenhauer A, Ertl P, Oprea TI, Steinhilber D, Brunsveld L, Rauh D, Waldmann H. Bioactivity-guided mapping and navigation of chemical space. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:585-92. [PMID: 19561619 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structure- and chemistry-based hierarchical organization of library scaffolds in tree-like arrangements provides a valid, intuitive means to map and navigate chemical space. We demonstrate that scaffold trees built using bioactivity as the key selection criterion for structural simplification during tree construction allow efficient and intuitive mapping, visualization and navigation of the chemical space defined by a given library, which in turn allows correlation of this chemical space with the investigated bioactivity and further compound design. Brachiation along the branches of such trees from structurally complex to simple scaffolds with retained yet varying bioactivity is feasible at high frequency for the five major pharmaceutically relevant target classes and allows for the identification of new inhibitor types for a given target. We provide proof of principle by identifying new active scaffolds for 5-lipoxygenase and the estrogen receptor ERalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Renner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Dortmund, Germany
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23
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Crecente-Campo J, Vázquez-Tato MP, Seijas JA. Direct syntheses of 4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines and 1-aryl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzoazepines via hydroamination of enol carbamates. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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25
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Zheng M, Zhang X, Zhao M, Chang HW, Wang W, Wang Y, Peng S. (3S)-N-(L-Aminoacyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines, a class of novel antithrombotic agents: synthesis, bioassay, 3D QSAR, and ADME analysis. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9574-87. [PMID: 18835178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To increase antithrombotic activity, 3S-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (1) was modified with natural amino acids to form 19 novel dipeptide analogs, 3S-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxyamino acids (5a-s), targeting the intestinal peptide transport system. In vitro assay of 5a-s indicated that their potencies for inhibiting adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and thrombin (TH)-induced platelet aggregations were higher than that of 1. Additionally, in vivo assay of 5a-s indicated that their potencies for inhibiting thrombogenesis in rats were also higher than that of 1. Among the candidates, 5h with Ser attachment showed the most impressive features for further development. According to molecular field analysis based Cerius(2) QSAR module, two equations (r, 0.961 and 0.988) correlating the structures with both in vitro and in vivo activities of 5a-s were established. ADMET calculations predict higher intestinal absorption for compounds 5a-s. Further investigation with 5h as a lead compound is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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26
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Deng X, Liang JT, Liu J, McAllister H, Schubert C, Mani NS. A Practical Synthesis of Enantiopure 7-Alkoxy-4-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline, a Dual Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor/Histamine H3 Antagonist. Org Process Res Dev 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/op700183q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Deng
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Jimmy T. Liang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Jing Liu
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Heather McAllister
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Carsten Schubert
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Neelakandha S. Mani
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
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27
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Valleggi F, Martini G, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulators for postmenopausal osteoporosis: current state of development. Drugs Aging 2007. [PMID: 17503894 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200724050.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists. These drugs have been intensively studied over the past decade and have proven to be a highly versatile group for the treatment of different conditions associated with aging, including hormone-responsive cancer and osteoporosis. Tamoxifen and toremifene are currently used to treat advanced breast cancer and also have beneficial effects on bone mineral density and serum lipids in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is the only SERM approved worldwide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. However, although these SERMs have many benefits, they may also be responsible for some potentially very serious adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders and, in the case of tamoxifen, uterine cancer. These adverse effects represent a major concern given that long-term therapy is required to prevent osteoporosis. Moreover, both preclinical and clinical reports suggest that tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene are considerably less potent than estrogen. The search for the 'ideal' SERM, which would have estrogenic effects on bone and serum lipids, neutral effects on the uterus, and antiestrogenic effects on breast tissue, but none of the adverse effects associated with current therapies, is currently under way. Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene, which are new SERM molecules with potential greater efficacy and potency than previous SERMs, are currently under investigation for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models of osteoporosis, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. Clinical efficacy data from ongoing phase III trials are awaited so that a true understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy.
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28
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Dodge JA, Richardson TI. Chapter 10 Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry Volume 42. Elsevier; 2007. pp. 147-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists. These drugs have been intensively studied over the past decade and have proven to be a highly versatile group for the treatment of different conditions associated with aging, including hormone-responsive cancer and osteoporosis. Tamoxifen and toremifene are currently used to treat advanced breast cancer and also have beneficial effects on bone mineral density and serum lipids in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is the only SERM approved worldwide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. However, although these SERMs have many benefits, they may also be responsible for some potentially very serious adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders and, in the case of tamoxifen, uterine cancer. These adverse effects represent a major concern given that long-term therapy is required to prevent osteoporosis. Moreover, both preclinical and clinical reports suggest that tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene are considerably less potent than estrogen. The search for the 'ideal' SERM, which would have estrogenic effects on bone and serum lipids, neutral effects on the uterus, and antiestrogenic effects on breast tissue, but none of the adverse effects associated with current therapies, is currently under way. Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene, which are new SERM molecules with potential greater efficacy and potency than previous SERMs, are currently under investigation for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models of osteoporosis, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. Clinical efficacy data from ongoing phase III trials are awaited so that a true understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy.
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30
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Martini G, Nuti R. Lasofoxifene: a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:1091-103. [PMID: 16916275 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.9.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews lasofoxifene, a new-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is currently in Phase III development for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. This compound selectively binds to both of the estrogen receptors with a high affinity and a median inhibitory concentration that is similar to that seen with estradiol and > or = 10-fold higher than those reported for other SERMs (raloxifene and tamoxifen). Lasofoxifene has a remarkably improved oral bioavailability with respect to other SERMs due to increased resistance to intestinal wall glucuronidation. In both preclinical and short-term studies, the compound showed a favourable safety profile and demonstrated a proven efficacy in preventing bone loss and lowering cholesterol levels. Dose modelling from Phase II studies allowed the selection of lasofoxifene 0.25 mg/day as the lowest fully effective dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- University of Siena, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry,Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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31
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32
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Blizzard TA, Morgan JD, Chan W, Birzin ET, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Mosley RT, Yang YT, Rohrer SP, Dininno F, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 14: Application of novel antagonist side chains to existing platforms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5124-8. [PMID: 16203138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two novel side chains which had previously been found to enhance antagonist activity in the dihydrobenzoxathiin SERM series were applied to three existing platforms. The novel side chains did not improve the antagonist activity of the existing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY800-B116, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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33
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Chesworth R, Wessel MD, Heyden L, Mangano FM, Zawistoski M, Gegnas L, Galluzzo D, Lefker B, Cameron KO, Tickner J, Lu B, Castleberry TA, Petersen DN, Brault A, Perry P, Ng O, Owen TA, Pan L, Ke HZ, Brown TA, Thompson DD, DaSilva-Jardine P. Estrogen receptor β selective ligands: Discovery and SAR of novel heterocyclic ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5562-6. [PMID: 16219463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of ligands with varying heterocyclic cores and substituents that display a range of selectivity's (up to >100x) for ER-beta over ER-alpha are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chesworth
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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34
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Blizzard TA, DiNinno F, Chen HY, Kim S, Wu JY, Chan W, Birzin ET, Yang YT, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 13: Dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with an optimized antagonist side chain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3912-6. [PMID: 15993065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An optimized side chain for dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs was discovered and attached to four dihydrobenzoxathiin platforms. The novel SERAMs show exceptional estrogen antagonist activity in uterine tissue and an MCF-7 breast cancer cell assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY800-B116, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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35
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Blizzard TA, Dininno F, Morgan JD, Chen HY, Wu JY, Kim S, Chan W, Birzin ET, Yang YT, Pai LY, Fitzgerald PMD, Sharma N, Li Y, Zhang Z, Hayes EC, Dasilva CA, Tang W, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 9: Dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with alkyl substituted pyrrolidine side chains and linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:107-13. [PMID: 15582421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with alkylated pyrrolidine side chains or alkylated linkers was prepared. Minor modifications in the side chain or linker resulted in significant effects on biological activity, especially in uterine tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY800-B116, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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36
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Liu J, Birzin ET, Chan W, Yang YT, Pai LY, Dasilva C, Hayes EC, Mosley RT, Dininno F, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 11: Synthesis and activity of isochromans and isothiochromans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:715-8. [PMID: 15664843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ring oxygen and sulfur analogs of lasofoxifene, 1a and 1b, were synthesized in an attempt to impart ERalpha selectivity, as found in the closely related dihydrobenzoxathiin compound I, recently discovered in these laboratories. The resulting isochroman and isothiochroman compounds were found to exhibit equipotent binding affinities to the ER isoforms and were less active in the inhibition of estradiol-triggered uterine growth when compared to I and lasofoxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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