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Jankowska A, Satała G, Partyka A, Wesołowska A, Bojarski AJ, Pawłowski M, Chłoń-Rzepa G. Discovery and Development of Non-Dopaminergic Agents for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Overview of the Preclinical and Early Clinical Studies. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4885-4913. [PMID: 31291870 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190710172002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that affects about 1 in 100 people around the world and results in persistent emotional and cognitive impairments. Untreated schizophrenia leads to deterioration in quality of life and premature death. Although the clinical efficacy of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists against positive symptoms of schizophrenia supports the dopamine hypothesis of the disease, the resistance of negative and cognitive symptoms to these drugs implicates other systems in its pathophysiology. Many studies suggest that abnormalities in glutamate homeostasis may contribute to all three groups of schizophrenia symptoms. Scientific considerations also include disorders of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic and serotonergic neurotransmissions as well as the role of the immune system. The purpose of this review is to update the most recent reports on the discovery and development of non-dopaminergic agents that may reduce positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and may be alternative to currently used antipsychotics. This review collects the chemical structures of representative compounds targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, glycine transporter type 1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 as well as results of in vitro and in vivo studies indicating their efficacy in schizophrenia. Results of clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of the tested compounds have also been presented. Finally, attention has been paid to multifunctional ligands with serotonin receptor affinity or phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity as novel strategies in the search for dedicated medicines for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jankowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Slobodyanyuk EY, Berezowska YL, Solomin VV, Volochnyuk DM, Rozhenko AB, Ryabukhin SV, Grygorenko OO. Formation of 10/12/14-Membered Rings is Favored over 5/6/7-Membered. An Unexpected Result from Oxazole Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Y. Slobodyanyuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Yulia L. Berezowska
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Alexander B. Rozhenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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Litim N, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets in Parkinson's disease: An update from the last 5 years of research. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:166-179. [PMID: 27055772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Disturbance of glutamate neurotransmission in Parkinson's disease (PD) and l-DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID) is well documented. This review focuses on advances during the past five years on pharmacological modulation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in relation to anti-parkinsonian activity, LID attenuation, and neuroprotection. Drug design and characterization have led to the development of orthosteric agonists binding the same site as glutamate and Positive and Negative Allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs) binding sites different from the orthosteric site and offering subtype selectivity. Inhibition of group I (mGlu1 and mGlu5) receptors with NAMs and activation of group II (mGlu2 and 3 receptors) and group III (mGlu 4, 7 and 8 receptors) with PAMs and orthosteric agonists have shown their potential to inhibit glutamate release and attenuate excitotoxicity. Earlier and recent studies have led to the development of mGlu5 receptors NAMs to reduce LID and for neuroprotection, mGlu3 receptor agonists for neuroprotection while mGlu4 receptor PAMs and agonists for antiparkinsonian effects and neuroprotection. Furthermore, homo- and heterodimers of mGlu receptors are documented and highlight the complexity of the functioning of these receptors. Research on partial allosteric modulators and biased mGlu receptor allosteric modulators offer new glutamatergic drugs with better therapeutic effects and less off target adverse activity. Thus these various mGlu receptor targets will enable the development of novel drugs with improved clinical effects for normalization of glutamate transmission, treat PD and LID relief. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhir Litim
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
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Conde-Ceide S, Alcázar J, Alonso de Diego SA, López S, Martín-Martín ML, Martínez-Viturro CM, Pena MA, Tong HM, Lavreysen H, Mackie C, Bridges TM, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Macdonald GJ, Steckler T, Conn PJ, Stauffer SR, Lindsley CW, Bartolomé-Nebreda JM. Preliminary investigation of 6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4-one derivatives as a novel series of mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulators with efficacy in preclinical models of schizophrenia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:429-434. [PMID: 26684851 PMCID: PMC4835042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of our efforts to identify a suitable back-up compound to our recently disclosed mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) clinical candidate VU0490551/JNJ-46778212, this letter details the investigation and challenges of a novel series of 6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4-one derivatives. From these efforts, compound 4k emerged as a potent and selective mGlu5 PAM displaying overall attractive in vitro (pharmacological and ADMET) and PK profiles combined with in vivo efficacy in preclinical models of schizophrenia. However, further advancement of the compound was precluded due to severely limiting CNS-related side-effects confirming the previously reported association between excessive mGlu5 activation and target-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Conde-Ceide
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Sergio A Alonso de Diego
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Silvia López
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Luz Martín-Martín
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Miguel-Angel Pena
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Han Min Tong
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Claire Mackie
- Discovery Sciences ADME/Tox, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gregor J Macdonald
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Wierońska JM, Zorn SH, Doller D, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for new antipsychotic drugs: Historical perspective and critical comparative assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:10-27. [PMID: 26549541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present, discuss and clarify our current understanding regarding the prediction of possible antipsychotic effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. The number of preclinical trials clearly indicates, that this group of compounds constitutes an excellent alternative to presently used antipsychotic therapy, being effective not only to positive, but also negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the results of clinical trials that were performed for the group of mGlu2/3 agonists were not so enthusiastic as in animal studies, they still showed that mGlu ligands do not induced variety of side effects typical for presently used antipsychotics, and were generally well tolerated. The lack of satisfactory effectiveness towards schizophrenia symptoms of mGlu2/3 activators in humans could be a result of variety of uncontrolled factors and unidentified biomarkers different for each schizophrenia patient, that should be taken into consideration in the future set of clinical trials. The subject is still open for further research, and the novel classes of mGlu5 or mGlu2/3 agonists/PAMs were recently introduced, including the large group of compounds from the third group of mGlu receptors, especially of mGlu4 subtype. Finally, more precise treatment based on simultaneous administration of minimal doses of the ligands for two or more receptors, seems to be promising in the context of symptoms-specific schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Malosh C, Turlington M, Bridges TM, Rook JM, Noetzel MJ, Vinson PN, Steckler T, Lavreysen H, Mackie C, Bartolomé-Nebreda JM, Conde-Ceide S, Martínez-Viturro CM, Piedrafita M, Sánchez-Casado MR, Macdonald GJ, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Stauffer SR. Acyl dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinones as metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 positive allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5115-20. [PMID: 26475522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the optimization of a series of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) from an acyl dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinone class. Investigation of exocyclic amide transpositions with this unique 5,6-bicyclic core were conducted in attempt to modulate physicochemical properties and identify a suitable backup candidate with a reduced half-life. A potent and selective PAM, 1-(2-(phenoxymethyl)-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-4(5H)-yl)ethanone (9a, VU0462807), was identified with superior solubility and efficacy in the acute amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AHL) rat model with a minimum effective dose of 3mg/kg. Attempts to mitigate oxidative metabolism of the western phenoxy of 9a through extensive modification and profiling are described.
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