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Liang S, Ti Y, Huang J, Li X, Zhou W. Inhibition of Microglial Activation by Delayed Mild Hypothermia Reduced Preoligodendrocyte Injury in a Neonatal Rat Brain Slice Model. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2023; 13:134-140. [PMID: 36862528 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2022.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), characterized by distinctive form of white matter injury, often arises after neonatal cardiac surgery. Proven therapies for PVL are absent. In this study, we designed to quest therapeutic effects of delayed mild hypothermia on PVL and its mechanism in a neonatal rat brain slice model. With the increase of delayed mild hypothermia-treating time, the reduced expression of myelin basic protein and loss of preoligodendrocytes were significantly attenuated after oxygen-glucose deprivation. In addition, the proportion of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cells and the expression of Iba-1 were apparently reduced with the increased duration of mild hypothermia treatment. Furthermore, the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 reduced after the mild hypothermia treatment relative to the control. Inhibition of microglial activation with prolonged mild hypothermia may be a potential strategy for white matter protection during cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suixin Liang
- Department of CICU and Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxing Ti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junrong Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of CICU and Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjia Zhou
- Department of CICU and Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Begum R, Thota S, Abdulkadir A, Kaur G, Bagam P, Batra S. NADPH oxidase family proteins: signaling dynamics to disease management. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:660-686. [PMID: 35585127 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pervasive signaling molecules in biological systems. In humans, a lack of ROS causes chronic and extreme bacterial infections, while uncontrolled release of these factors causes pathologies due to excessive inflammation. Professional phagocytes such as neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages use superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) as part of their arsenal of antimicrobial mechanisms to produce high levels of ROS. NOX is a multisubunit enzyme complex composed of five essential subunits, two of which are localized in the membrane, while three are localized in the cytosol. In resting phagocytes, the oxidase complex is unassembled and inactive; however, it becomes activated after cytosolic components translocate to the membrane and are assembled into a functional oxidase. The NOX isoforms play a variety of roles in cellular differentiation, development, proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal control, migration, and contraction. Recent studies have identified NOX as a major contributor to disease pathologies, resulting in a shift in focus on inhibiting the formation of potentially harmful free radicals. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and the transduction pathways involved in NOX-mediated signaling is essential for the development of new therapeutic agents that minimize the hyperproduction of ROS. The current review provides a thorough overview of the various NOX enzymes and their roles in disease pathophysiology, highlights pharmacological strategies, and discusses the importance of computational modeling for future NOX-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Begum
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Shilpa Thota
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Abubakar Abdulkadir
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.,Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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Abiramalatha T, Ramaswamy VV, Ponnala AK, Kallem VR, Murkunde YV, Punnoose AM, Vivekanandhan A, Pullattayil AK, Amboiram P. Emerging neuroprotective interventions in periventricular leukomalacia: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:305-330. [PMID: 35143732 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a result of various antenatal, intrapartum, or postnatal insults to the developing brain and is an important harbinger of cerebral palsy in preterm neonates. There is no proven therapy for PVL. This calls for appraisal of targeted therapies that have been investigated in animal models to evaluate their relevance in clinical research context. AREAS COVERED This systematic review identifies interventions that were evaluated in preclinical studies for neuroprotective efficacy against PVL. We identified 142 studies evaluating various interventions in PVL animal models. (Search method is detailed in section 2). EXPERT OPINION Interventions that have yielded significant results in preclinical research, and that have been evaluated in a limited number of clinical trials include stem cells, erythropoietin, and melatonin. Many other therapeutic modalities evaluated in preclinical studies have been identified, but more data on their neuroprotective potential in PVL must be garnered before they can be considered for clinical trials. Because most of the tested interventions had only a partial efficacy, a combination of interventions that could be synergistic should be investigated in future preclinical studies. Furthermore, since the nature and pattern of perinatal insults to preterm brain predisposing it to PVL are substantially variable, individualised approaches for the choice of appropriate neuroprotective interventions tailored to different sub-groups of preterm neonates should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Abiramalatha
- Consultant Neonatologist, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital (KMCH).,Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Andelsivj Kumar Ponnala
- Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research (CEFTE), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Yogeshkumar V Murkunde
- Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research (CEFTE), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Alan Mathew Punnoose
- Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Prakash Amboiram
- Department of Neonatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Fang J, Sheng R, Qin ZH. NADPH Oxidases in the Central Nervous System: Regional and Cellular Localization and the Possible Link to Brain Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:951-973. [PMID: 34293949 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The significant role of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) in signal transduction is mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of some neurologic and psychiatric diseases is regulated by ROS, acting as a second messenger or pathogen. Recent Advances: In the CNS, the involvement of Nox-derived ROS has been implicated in the regulation of multiple signals, including cell survival/apoptosis, neuroinflammation, migration, differentiation, proliferation, and synaptic plasticity, as well as the integrity of the blood/brain barrier. In these processes, the intracellular signals mediated by the members of the Nox family vary among different tissues. The present review illuminates the regions and cellular, subcellular localization of Nox isoforms in the brain, the signal transduction, and the role of NOX enzymes in pathophysiology, respectively. Critical Issues: Different signal transduction cascades are coupled to ROS derived from various Nox homologues with varying degrees. Therefore, a critical issue worth noting is the varied role of the homologues of NOX enzymes in different signaling pathways and also they mediate different phenotypes in the diverse pathophysiological condition. This substantiates the effectiveness of selective Nox inhibitors in the CNS. Future Directions: Further investigation to elucidate the role of various homologues of NOX enzymes in acute and chronic brain diseases and signaling mechanisms, and the development of more specific NOX inhibitors for the treatment of CNS disease are urgently needed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 951-973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key player in both chronic and acute brain disease due to the higher metabolic demand of the brain. Among the producers of free radicals, NADPH-oxidase (NOX) is a major contributor to oxidative stress in neurological disorders. In the brain, the superoxide produced by NOX is mainly found in leukocytes. However, recent studies have reported that it can be found in several other cell types. NOX has been reported to regulate neuronal signaling, memory processing, and central cardiovascular homeostasis. However, overproduction of NOX can contribute to neurotoxicity, CNS degeneration, and cardiovascular disorders. Regarding the above functions, NOX has been shown to play a crucial role in chronic CNS diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and in acute CNS disorders such as stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and related cerebrovascular diseases. NOX is a multi-subunit complex consisting of two membrane-associated and four cytosolic subunits. Thus, in recent years, inhibition of NOX activity has drawn a great deal of attention from researchers in the field of treating chronic and acute CNS disorders and preventing secondary complications. Mounting evidence has shown that NOX inhibition is neuroprotective and that inhibiting NOX in circulating immune cells can improve neurological disease conditions. This review summarizes recent studies on the therapeutic effects and pharmacological strategies regarding NOX inhibitors in chronic and acute brain diseases and focuses on the hurdles that should be overcome before their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Midori A Yenari
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, MS 127, San Francisco, CA, 94121, United States
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21, PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
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Huang J, Liu G, Shi B, Shi G, He X, Lu Z, Zheng J, Zhang H, Chen H, Zhu Z. Inhibition of microglial activation by minocycline reduced preoligodendrocyte injury in a neonatal rat brain slice model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 156:2271-80. [PMID: 30121135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periventricular leukomalacia is a common white-matter injury after neonatal cardiac surgery; however, its potential cellular mechanism remains uncertain. There is limited study regarding periventricular leukomalacia treatment. METHODS A neonatal rat brain slice perfusion model was used for reproducing the condition of cardiopulmonary bypass, and oxygen glucose deprivation simulated circulatory arrest. Seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: (1) control group with 36°C; (2) 60 minutes of oxygen glucose deprivation group on 15°C, 25°C, 36°C, respectively; and (3) 60 minutes of oxygen glucose deprivation group on 15°C, 25°C, 36°C, plus minocycline (10 μmol/L), respectively. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and inflammatory mediators were compared after the perfusion procedures in the different groups. RESULTS This neonatal rat brain slice perfusion with oxygen glucose deprivation model could replicate the pathophysiologic process and injury after cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest. With the increase of oxygen glucose deprivation perfusion temperature, we found that both microglia activation and preoligodendrocyte loss increased. The application of minocycline can significantly inhibit microglial activation and preoligodendrocyte cells loss in the normothermic (36°C) and moderate hypothermia (25°C) oxygen glucose deprivation groups (P < .05), with accompanying significant decreasing microglial inflammatory productions; however, no significant improvement was found in the deep hypothermia (15°C) group. CONCLUSIONS The microglial activation may play a key role in preoligodendrocyte injury in the ex vivo neonatal rat brain slice perfusion and circulatory arrest model. Inhibition of microglial activation with minocycline may be an attractive target for white-matter protection during cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest.
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Khayrullina G, Bermudez S, Byrnes KR. Inhibition of NOX2 reduces locomotor impairment, inflammation, and oxidative stress after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:172. [PMID: 26377802 PMCID: PMC4574142 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the activation of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme, inducing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that the NOX2 isoform plays an integral role in post-SCI inflammation and functional deficits. Methods Moderate spinal cord contusion injury was performed in adult male mice, and flow cytometry, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess NOX2 activity and expression, inflammation, and M1/M2 microglia/macrophage polarization from 1 to 28 days after injury. The NOX2-specific inhibitor, gp91ds-tat, was injected into the intrathecal space immediately after impact. The Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) was used to assess locomotor function at 24 h post-injury and weekly thereafter. Results Our findings show that gp91ds-tat treatment significantly improved functional recovery through 28 days post-injury and reduced inflammatory cell concentrations in the injured spinal cord at 24 h and 7 days post-injury. In addition, a number of oxidative stress markers were reduced in expression at 24 h after gp91ds-tat treatment, which was accompanied by a reduction in M1 polarization marker expression. Conclusion Based on our findings, we now conclude that inhibition of NOX2 significantly improves outcome after SCI, most likely via acute reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation. NOX2 inhibition may therefore have true potential as a therapy after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzal Khayrullina
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Room B2048, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Sara Bermudez
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Room B2048, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Room B2048, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Kumar A, Chen SH, Kadiiska MB, Hong JS, Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B, Mason RP. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is key to peroxynitrite-mediated, LPS-induced protein radical formation in murine microglial BV2 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:51-9. [PMID: 24746617 PMCID: PMC4111989 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain. Microglial activation is characteristic of several inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Though lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation in models of Parkinson's disease is well documented, the free radical-mediated protein radical formation and its underlying mechanism during LPS-induced microglial activation are not known. Here we have used immuno-spin trapping and RNA interference to investigate the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in peroxynitrite-mediated protein radical formation in murine microglial BV2 cells treated with LPS. Treatment of BV2 cells with LPS resulted in morphological changes, induction of iNOS, and increased protein radical formation. Pretreatments with FeTPPS (a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst), L-NAME (total NOS inhibitor), 1400W (iNOS inhibitor), and apocynin significantly attenuated LPS-induced protein radical formation and tyrosine nitration. Results obtained with coumarin-7-boronic acid, a highly specific probe for peroxynitrite detection, correlated with LPS-induced tyrosine nitration, which demonstrated involvement of peroxynitrite in protein radical formation. A similar degree of protection conferred by 1400W and L-NAME led us to conclude that only iNOS, and no other forms of NOS, is involved in LPS-induced peroxynitrite formation. Subsequently, siRNA for iNOS, the iNOS-specific inhibitor 1400W, the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 was used to inhibit iNOS directly or indirectly. Inhibition of iNOS precisely correlated with decreased protein radical formation in LPS-treated BV2 cells. The time course of protein radical formation also matched the time course of iNOS expression. Taken together, these results prove the role of iNOS in peroxynitrite-mediated protein radical formation in LPS-treated microglial BV2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Neuropharmacology Group, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Group, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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