1
|
Kim HS, Lee SH. Effect of Nonylphenol on the Structure of Adrenal Cortex in F1 Generation Rats. Dev Reprod 2022; 26:175-182. [PMID: 36817359 PMCID: PMC9925185 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2022.26.4.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies, including our own, indicate that distinct morphological changes in rodent adrenal cortex could be induced by exposure of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). In the present study, we conducted histological analyses of adrenocortical substructure using a nonylphenol-treated F1 rat model. The adrenal weight of NP-5000 group was significantly declined in female rats (p<0.001), while the adrenal weights of NP-treated groups were not significantly changed in male rats. The thickness of zona glomerulosa layers of female rats in NP-5000 group was significantly declined (p<0.001) but zona fasciculata layers were not changed. The zona reticularis layers of NP-treated group were significantly thinner than those of control group (NP-50, p<0.05; NP-5000, p<0.01). In male adrenal glands, there was no significant change of zona glomerulosa layers in NP-treated groups while the thickness of zona fasciculata in NP-5000 group was significantly decreased (p<0.01). Like female rats, the thickness of zona reticularis in NP-treated groups was significantly decreased (NP-50, p<0.001; NP-5000, p<0.05). Present study demonstrated that the adrenal histology could be altered by low-dose NP exposure in F1 rats, and the effect might be sexually dimorphic. Further study will be helpful for understanding possible adrenal pathophysiology induced by EDC exposure, and EDC-related sexually dimorphic phenomena in rodent adrenals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung
University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung
University, Seoul 03016, Korea,Corresponding author Sung-Ho
Lee Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea Tel:
+82-2-2287-5139 Fax: +82-2-2287-0070
E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paolella G, Romanelli AM, Martucciello S, Sposito S, Lepretti M, Esposito C, Capaldo A, Caputo I. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of 4-nonylphenol in a human hepatic cell line involves ER-stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22780. [PMID: 33957011 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an emerging environmental pollutant widely diffused in waters and sediments. It mainly derives from the degradation of alkyl phenol ethoxylates, compounds commonly employed as industrial surfactants. 4-NP strongly contaminates foods and waters for human use; thus, it displays a wide range of toxic effects not only for aquatic organisms but also for mammals and humans. After ingestion through the diet, it tends to accumulate in body fluids and tissues. One of the main organs where 4-NP and its metabolites are concentrated is the liver, where it causes, even at low doses, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of 4-NP on a human hepatic cell line (HepG2) to deepen the knowledge of its cytotoxic mechanism. We found that 4-NP, in a range of concentration from 50 to 100 μM, significantly reduced cell viability; it caused a partial block of proliferation and induced apoptosis with activation of caspase-3 and overexpression of p53. Moreover, 4-NP induced-apoptosis seemed to involve both an ER-stress response, with the appearance of high level of GRP78, CHOP and the spliced XBP1, and a dysregulation of mitochondrial physiology, characterized by an overexpression of main markers of mitochondrial dynamics. Our data support the idea that a daily consumption of 4-NP-contaminated foods may lead to local damages at the level of gastrointestinal system, including liver, with negative consequences for the organ physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Sposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carla Esposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Lorenzo M, Sciarrillo R, Rosati L, Sellitti A, Barra T, De Luca A, Laforgia V, De Falco M. Effects of alkylphenols mixture on the adrenal gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula. Chemosphere 2020; 258:127239. [PMID: 32535440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenols (AP) are widespread environmental compounds belonging to the large family of substances known as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). The present study was carried out to assess the effects of Octylphenol (OP) alone and in combination with Nonylphenol (NP) on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis of the lizard Podarcis sicula. Lizards are good bioindicators due to their features such as wide distribution, large population and good sensitivity to contaminants. Results obtained showed a time and dose-dependent stimulation of the HPA together with a high variation of both catecholamine plasma levels and greater vascularization and hypertrophy of steroidogenic cord of adrenal gland after both OP and OP + NP treatments. Interestingly, the OP + NP mixture treatment has provoked a state of stress of the adrenal gland which in fact appeared to be characterized by the presence of a marked macrophage infiltration which can be seen especially close to the connective capsule surrounding the gland. This macrophage infiltration could be an evidence of a particularly pronounced inflammatory state to indicate, probably, an animal's response to a non-physiological situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Sellitti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Barra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Lorenzo M, Barra T, Rosati L, Valiante S, Capaldo A, De Falco M, Laforgia V. Adrenal gland response to endocrine disrupting chemicals in fishes, amphibians and reptiles: A comparative overview. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 297:113550. [PMID: 32679158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is an essential component of the body stress response; it is formed by two portions: a steroidogenic and a chromaffin tissue. Despite the anatomy of adrenal gland is different among classes of vertebrates, the hormones produced are almost the same. During stress, these hormones contribute to body homeostasis and maintenance of ion balance. The adrenal gland is very sensitive to toxic compounds, many of which behave like endocrine-disruptor chemicals (EDCs). They contribute to alter the endocrine system in wildlife and humans and are considered as possible responsible of the decline of several vertebrate ectotherms. Considering that EDCs regularly can be found in all environmental matrices, the aim of this review is to collect information about the impact of these chemical compounds on the adrenal gland of fishes, amphibians and reptiles. In particular, this review shows the different behavior of these "sentinel species" when they are exposed to stress condition. The data supplied in this review can help to further elucidate the role of EDCs and their harmful impact on the survival of these vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Teresa Barra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Valiante
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang P. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of PEDCs in the water, sediment and Carex cinerascens of Poyang Lake wetland, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11302. [PMID: 31383923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (PEDCs), such as 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-t-octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), and nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate (NP2EO), can cause feminization and carcinogenesis. This study assessed the distributions of NP, OP, BPA, and NP2EO in the water, sediment, and Carex cinerascens of Poyang Lake wetland. The four PEDCs were ubiquitous. The concentrations of NP and OP in the water and sediment of the wetland were significantly lower than those in other regions of China. Average BPA concentrations in the water, sediment, and Carex cinerascens samples were 40.49 ± 18.42 ng/L, 9.840 ± 3.149 ng/g, and 3.25 ± 1.40 ng/g, respectively; the BPA concentration in the water was similar to that of other rivers in China. Average NP2EO concentrations in the wetland were 3125.9 ± 478.1 ng/L, 650.0 ± 209.9 ng/g, and 275.8 ± 59.0 ng/g in the water, sediment, and Carex cinerascens samples, respectively. The predicted no-effect concentrations in sediment for NP, OP, BPA, and NP2EO were estimated to be 75.41, 45.25, 8.22, and 237.5 ng/g, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) method was used to characterise the ecological risk from these PEDCs. A high ecological risk (RQ ≥ 1) from BPA was observed for 0%, 57.69%, and 5.00% of water, sediment, and C. cinerascens samples, respectively, while a high risk from NP2EO was observed for 71.43%, 96.15%, and 55.00% of samples. Ecological risk varied spatially. The high ecological risk from NP2EO in Poyang Lake wetland may be a result of non-point pollution from rural areas and sewage from Poyang Lake basin.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pinelli C, Santillo A, Chieffi Baccari G, Falvo S, Di Fiore MM. Effects of chemical pollutants on reproductive and developmental processes in Italian amphibians. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1324-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li B, Lin J, Pang X, Li H, Li X, Liu F, Mu W. Binary mixtures of alcohol ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates and pesticides exhibit comparative bioactivity against three pests and toxicological risks to aquatic organisms. Chemosphere 2018; 204:44-50. [PMID: 29649663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol ethoxylates are widely used surfactants in the industry and agriculture. However, seeking for alternatives has been imperative considering their effects of the hormonal and other toxicological risks. In the current study, the synergistic effects of nonylphenol ethoxylates or alcohol ethoxylates on the bioactivity of indoxacarb and acetamiprid were compared. Results showed that synergistic ratios of nonylphenol ethoxylates (TX-7∼TX-30) and alcohol ethoxylates (MOA-5∼MOA-20) against Spodoptera exigua, Agrotis ipsilon and Aphis citricola decreased with the EO (ethylene oxide) numbers, although different magnitudes of decreases were observed. Single toxicities of all ethoxylates to Daphnia magna and Brachydanio rerio also dramatically decreased with the EO numbers. In terms of joint toxicity, the combined effects of all ethoxylates and pesticides upon D. magna turned from synergism to antagonism with the increasing EO numbers; the combined effects of nonylphenol ethoxylates and pesticides turned from synergism to antagonism with the increasing EO numbers of ethoxylates, whereas alcohol ethoxylates and pesticides always showed antagonistic effects whatever EO numbers. Overall, alcohol ethoxylates may be potential alternatives for nonylphenol ethoxylates as they exhibited nearly comparative bioactivity against tested pests and toxicities to D. magna and B. rerio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beixing Li
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiuyu Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hua Li
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiuhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li X, Zhou L, Ni Y, Wang A, Hu M, Lin Y, Hong C, Wan J, Chen B, Fang L, Tong J, Tong X, Tao S, Tian H. Nonylphenol induces pancreatic damage in rats through mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:353-360. [PMID: 30090504 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic alkylphenol 4-nonylphenol (NP) is regarded to be an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), one of the widely diffused and stable environmental contaminants. Due to its hydrophobicity and long half-life, NP can easily accumulate in living organisms, including humans, where it displays a series of toxic effects. It has been widely reported that NP affects male reproduction. In addition, there is increasing evidence suggesting that NP is detrimental to various organs, including the pancreas. This study investigated the adverse effects of NP exposure on the pancreas. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with different doses of NP for 90 consecutive days. The data suggested that the body weights of the rats treated with NP decreased, and the highest dose of NP treatment (180 mg kg-1) dramatically increased water consumption by rats. Meanwhile, H&E staining and immunohistochemistry indicated that islets in the pancreases shrunk when the rats were treated with the indicated doses of NP. TUNEL staining demonstrated that NP exposure up-regulated the level of apoptosis in the pancreases in a dose-dependent manner. Besides this, NP exposure inhibited the secretion of insulin and disrupted glucose tolerance. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in the islets were up-regulated in the groups of rats treated with NP, but the levels of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) were down-regulated. These results suggest that NP-induced pancreatic damage in rats occurs through mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which causes disruption of glucose tolerance and decrease in insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueji Li
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Liting Zhou
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Yiping Ni
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Aiqing Wang
- Experimental Center of Medical College , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Mingjiang Hu
- Experimental Center of Medical College , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yao Lin
- Experimental Center of Medical College , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Chengjiao Hong
- Experimental Center of Medical College , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jianmei Wan
- Experimental Center of Medical College , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Lijun Fang
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Jian Tong
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Xing Tong
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Shasha Tao
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| | - Hailin Tian
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . ; ; ; Fax: +86-512-65880070 ; Tel: +86-512-65698540 ; Tel: +86-512-65880070
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Capaldo A, Gay F, Scudiero R, Trinchella F, Caputo I, Lepretti M, Marabotti A, Esposito C, Laforgia V. Histological changes, apoptosis and metallothionein levels in Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela) exposed to environmental cadmium concentrations. Aquat Toxicol 2016; 173:63-73. [PMID: 26851569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify if the freshwater safety values established from the European Community (1998) and the Italian Ministry of Health (2001) for cadmium (44.5nM/L in drinking water and 178nM/L in sewage waters) were safe for amphibians, since at these same concentrations cadmium induced endocrine disruption in the newt Triturus carnifex. Adult male specimens of T. carnifex were exposed daily to cadmium (44.5nM/L and 178nM/L as CdCl2, nominal concentrations), respectively, during 3- and 9-months; at the same time, control newts were exposed to tap water only. The accumulation of cadmium in the skin, liver and kidney, the levels of metallothioneins in the skin and the liver, the expression of metallothionein mRNA in the liver, as well as the presence of histological alterations and of apoptosis in the target organs were evaluated. The 9-months exposure induced cadmium accumulation in all the tissues examined; moreover, histological changes were observed in all the tissues examined, irrespective of the dose or the time of exposure. Apoptosis was only detected in the kidney, whereas metallothioneins and metallothionein mRNA did not increase. This study demonstrates that the existing chronic water quality criterion established for cadmium induces in the newt T. carnifex cadmium accumulation and histological alterations in the target organs examined. Together with our previous results, showing that, at these same concentrations, cadmium induced endocrine disruption, the present results suggest that the existing chronic water quality criterion for cadmium appears to be not protective of amphibians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Gay
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Rosaria Scudiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Marabotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carla Esposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lepretti M, Paolella G, Giordano D, Marabotti A, Gay F, Capaldo A, Esposito C, Caputo I. 4-Nonylphenol reduces cell viability and induces apoptosis and ER-stress in a human epithelial intestinal cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1436-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Dong CD, Chen CW, Chen CF. Seasonal and spatial distribution of 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in the sediment of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 2015; 134:588-597. [PMID: 25548036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) were investigated in the surface sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. The concentrations were between 18 and 27,882 ng g(-1)dw (average 101 ± 3,580 ng g(-1)dw) and 1.1 and 1,150 ng g(-1)dw (average 44 ± 174 ng g(-1)dw) for 4-NP and 4-t-OP, respectively. The concentrations of 4-NP and 4-t-OP in the river mouths' sediments are apparently higher and gradually decrease nearer the Harbor. The results showed that the river mouths' alkylphenol (AP) concentration in the wet season was higher than that in the dry season; in the channels and Harbor entrances, the AP values in the dry season were similar or even higher than those in the wet season. The correlation analysis indicated that total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter (OM) played an important role in controlling the concentration level of 4-NP and 4-t-OP in the sediments. However, in the pollution hotspot, the direct inflow of pollutants would be the crucial factor that determines the concentration and distribution of organic pollutants in sediments. According to the evaluation of the potential ecological risk, the 4-NP concentration in the harbor had an 87% probability of exceed PNEC (39 ng g(-1), predicted no effect concentration) which means that the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor probably pose a potential ecological risk to aquatic life, as is especially the case with those in the river mouths with relatively high EEQ values (estrogen equivalent concentration).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaczmarski M, Kubicka AM, Tryjanowski P, Hromada M. Females Have Larger Ratio of Second-to-Fourth Digits Than Males in Four Species of Salamandridae, Caudata. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1424-30. [PMID: 25704339 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Digit ratio (2D:4D) denotes the relative length of the second and fourth digits. It is considered to be a suitable biomarker of the in utero balance of fetal sex hormones, which affect early development of individuaĺs behavioral and morphological characteristics. In recent decades, digit ratio attracted a great attention in biology and psychology. However, for unmasking the biological basis of the phenomenon, extensive studies on non-human animals are necessary. Despite it was hypothesized that digit ratio is well conserved in all Tetrapoda, and there exist studies on mammals, birds, and reptiles, there are only two such study on anuran amphibians. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the 2D:4D in the most basal salamanders, Caudata. We have studied digit ratio in four species of newts: Triturus cristatus, Mesotriton alpestris, Lissotriton montandoni, and Lissotriton vulgaris, using museum collection. We used computerized measuring of each limbś photos. We have found out that, in M. alpestris, females 2D:4D of all four limbs were significantly larger than in males. In L. montandoni and L. vulgaris, only 2D:4D of rear limbs significantly differed, in females being larger. In T. cristatus, digit ratios of males and females did not statistically differ. Thus, the results confirmed our hypothesis that at least in M. alpestris, L. montandoni, and L. vulgaris, females seem to have larger 2D:4D comparing to males, the pattern known from most mammals and opposite to birds, reptiles and anuran amphibians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Kaczmarski
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Kubicka
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martin Hromada
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Laboratory and Museum of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia.,Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gay F, Laforgia V, Caputo I, Esposito C, Lepretti M, Capaldo A. Chronic exposure to cadmium disrupts the adrenal gland activity of the newt Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela). Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:424358. [PMID: 23971036 DOI: 10.1155/2013/424358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We intended to verify the safety of the freshwater values established for cadmium by the European Community and the Italian Ministry of Health in drinking water (5 μg/L) and sewage waters (20 μg/L). Therefore, we chronically exposed the newt Triturus carnifex to 5 μg/L and 20 μg/L doses of cadmium, respectively, during 3 and 9 months and verified the effects on the adrenal gland. We evaluated the serum concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, aldosterone, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. During the 3-month exposure, both doses of cadmium decreased ACTH and corticosterone serum levels and increased aldosterone and epinephrine serum levels. During the 9-month exposure, the 5 μg/L dose decreased ACTH and increased aldosterone and epinephrine serum levels; the 20 μg/L dose decreased norepinephrine and epinephrine serum levels, without affecting the other hormones. It was concluded that (1) chronic exposure to the safety values established for cadmium disrupted the adrenal gland activity and (2) the effects of cadmium were related both to the length of exposure and the dose administered. Moreover, our results suggest probable risks to human health, due to the use of water contaminated by cadmium.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang J, Zhu R, Qin C, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang B. Vibrational spectra and trace determination of p-difluorobenzene and ethylbenzene. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 107:1-7. [PMID: 23416902 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the structures and normal vibrations of p-difluorobenzene and ethylbenzene in the first excited state have been studied using resonant two-photon ionization spectrum and ab initio quantum chemical calculations. A vibronic spectrum of p-difluorobenzene has been reinvestigated in some detail and three new vibrational modes, 260(1), 130(1) and 30(1), are assigned respectively. The band origin of ethylbenzene of the S1←S0 transition appeared at 37,586 cm(-1), and more vibrational modes are observed. These appropriate structures and vibrational frequencies of the S0 and S1 states of both molecules are calculated using Hartree-Fock and configuration interaction singles methods with 6-311++G(2d, 2p) basis set. All spectral bands of both molecules have been successfully assigned with the help of our computed results and analogy with the reported spectra for similar molecules. The strongest transition 50(1) of p-difluorobenzene is selected to measure a concentration detective limit of the setup system and the achieved concentration detective limit is 3.125 ppb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|