1
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Seo JE, Le Y, Revollo J, Miranda-Colon J, Xu H, McKinzie P, Mei N, Chen T, Heflich RH, Zhou T, Robison T, Bonzo JA, Guo X. Evaluating the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine in 2D and 3D HepaRG cell cultures using error-corrected next generation sequencing. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03731-4. [PMID: 38584193 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Human liver-derived metabolically competent HepaRG cells have been successfully employed in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D spheroid formats for performing the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In the present study, we have investigated expanding the genotoxicity endpoints evaluated in HepaRG cells by detecting mutagenesis using two error-corrected next generation sequencing (ecNGS) technologies, Duplex Sequencing (DS) and High-Fidelity (HiFi) Sequencing. Both HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroids were exposed for 72 h to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), followed by an additional incubation for the fixation of induced mutations. NDMA-induced DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and mutagenesis were determined using the comet assay, MN assay, and ecNGS, respectively. The 72-h treatment with NDMA resulted in concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity, DNA damage, MN formation, and mutation frequency in both 2D and 3D cultures, with greater responses observed in the 3D spheroids compared to 2D cells. The mutational spectrum analysis showed that NDMA induced predominantly A:T → G:C transitions, along with a lower frequency of G:C → A:T transitions, and exhibited a different trinucleotide signature relative to the negative control. These results demonstrate that the HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroid models can be used for mutagenesis assessment using both DS and HiFi Sequencing, with the caveat that severe cytotoxic concentrations should be avoided when conducting DS. With further validation, the HepaRG 2D/3D system may become a powerful human-based metabolically competent platform for genotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Javier Revollo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Jaime Miranda-Colon
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Hannah Xu
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Page McKinzie
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Timothy Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jessica A Bonzo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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2
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Bordin DL, Grooms K, Montaldo NP, Fordyce Martin SL, Sætrom P, Samson LD, Bjørås M, van Loon B. Loss of alkyladenine DNA glycosylase alters gene expression in the developing mouse brain and leads to reduced anxiety and improved memory. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 135:103632. [PMID: 38280242 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is a tightly coordinated process, during which the genome is exposed to spectra of endogenous agents at different stages of differentiation. Emerging evidence indicates that DNA damage is an important feature of developing brain, tightly linked to gene expression and neuronal activity. Some of the most frequent DNA damage includes changes to DNA bases, which are recognized by DNA glycosylases and repaired through base excision repair (BER) pathway. The only mammalian DNA glycosylase able to remove frequent alkylated DNA based is alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag, aka Mpg). We recently demonstrated that, besides its role in DNA repair, AAG affects expression of neurodevelopmental genes in human cells. Aag was further proposed to act as reader of epigenetic marks, including 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), in the mouse brain. Despite the potential Aag involvement in the key brain processes, the impact of Aag loss on developing brain remains unknown. Here, by using Aag knockout (Aag-/-) mice, we show that Aag absence leads to reduced DNA break levels, evident in lowered number of γH2AX foci in postnatal day 5 (P5) hippocampi. This is accompanied by changes in 5hmC signal intensity in different hippocampal regions. Transcriptome analysis of hippocampi and prefrontal cortex, at different developmental stages, indicates that lack of Aag alters gene expression, primarily of genes involved in regulation of response to stress. Across all developmental stages tested aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) emerged as one of the most prominent genes deregulated in Aag-dependent manner. In line with the changes in hippocampal DNA damage levels and the gene expression, adult Aag-/- mice exhibit altered behavior, evident in decreased anxiety levels determined in the Elevated Zero Maze and increased alternations in the Elevated T Maze tests. Taken together these results suggests that Aag has functions in modulation of genome dynamics during brain development, important for animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Bordin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kayla Grooms
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicola P Montaldo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo 0372, Norway
| | - Sarah L Fordyce Martin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Sætrom
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway; Bioinformatics core facility - BioCore; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, David H. Koch Institute of integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo 0372, Norway
| | - Barbara van Loon
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway.
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3
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Tong H, Liu N, Wei Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Wu D, Jin M, Cui S, Li H, Li G, Zhou J, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Shi L, Yao X, Yang H. Programmable deaminase-free base editors for G-to-Y conversion by engineered glycosylase. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad143. [PMID: 37404457 PMCID: PMC10317176 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current DNA base editors contain nuclease and DNA deaminase that enables deamination of cytosine (C) or adenine (A), but no method for guanine (G) or thymine (T) editing is available at present. Here we developed a deaminase-free glycosylase-based guanine base editor (gGBE) with G editing ability, by fusing Cas9 nickase with engineered N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase protein (MPG). By several rounds of MPG mutagenesis via unbiased and rational screening using an intron-split EGFP reporter, we demonstrated that gGBE with engineered MPG could increase G editing efficiency by more than 1500 fold. Furthermore, this gGBE exhibited high base editing efficiency (up to 81.2%) and high G-to-T or G-to-C (i.e. G-to-Y) conversion ratio (up to 0.95) in both cultured human cells and mouse embryos. Thus, we have provided a proof-of-concept of a new base editing approach by endowing the engineered DNA glycosylase the capability to selectively excise a new type of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Jin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Shuna Cui
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hengbin Li
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Guoling Li
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jingxing Zhou
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Linyu Shi
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
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Zheng L, Tsai B, Gao N. Structural and mechanistic insights into the DNA glycosylase AAG-mediated base excision in nucleosome. Cell Discov 2023; 9:62. [PMID: 37339965 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The engagement of a DNA glycosylase with a damaged DNA base marks the initiation of base excision repair. Nucleosome-based packaging of eukaryotic genome obstructs DNA accessibility, and how DNA glycosylases locate the substrate site on nucleosomes is currently unclear. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of nucleosomes bearing a deoxyinosine (DI) in various geometric positions and structures of them in complex with the DNA glycosylase AAG. The apo nucleosome structures show that the presence of a DI alone perturbs nucleosomal DNA globally, leading to a general weakening of the interface between DNA and the histone core and greater flexibility for the exit/entry of the nucleosomal DNA. AAG makes use of this nucleosomal plasticity and imposes further local deformation of the DNA through formation of the stable enzyme-substrate complex. Mechanistically, local distortion augmentation, translation/rotational register shift and partial opening of the nucleosome are employed by AAG to cope with substrate sites in fully exposed, occluded and completely buried positions, respectively. Our findings reveal the molecular basis for the DI-induced modification on the structural dynamics of the nucleosome and elucidate how the DNA glycosylase AAG accesses damaged sites on the nucleosome with different solution accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Tsai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Armijo AL, Thongararm P, Fedeles BI, Yau J, Kay J, Corrigan JJ, Chancharoen M, Chawanthayatham S, Samson L, Carrasco S, Engelward B, Fox J, Croy R, Essigmann J. Molecular origins of mutational spectra produced by the environmental carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine and S N1 chemotherapeutic agents. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad015. [PMID: 36992846 PMCID: PMC10041537 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-methylating environmental carcinogens such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and certain alkylators used in chemotherapy form O 6-methylguanine (m6G) as a functionally critical intermediate. NDMA is a multi-organ carcinogen found in contaminated water, polluted air, preserved foods, tobacco products, and many pharmaceuticals. Only ten weeks after exposure to NDMA, neonatally-treated mice experienced elevated mutation frequencies in liver, lung and kidney of ∼35-fold, 4-fold and 2-fold, respectively. High-resolution mutational spectra (HRMS) of liver and lung revealed distinctive patterns dominated by GC→AT mutations in 5'-Pu-G-3' contexts, very similar to human COSMIC mutational signature SBS11. Commonly associated with alkylation damage, SBS11 appears in cancers treated with the DNA alkylator temozolomide (TMZ). When cells derived from the mice were treated with TMZ, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and streptozotocin (two other therapeutic methylating agents), all displayed NDMA-like HRMS, indicating mechanistically convergent mutational processes. The role of m6G in shaping the mutational spectrum of NDMA was probed by removing MGMT, the main cellular defense against m6G. MGMT-deficient mice displayed a strikingly enhanced mutant frequency, but identical HRMS, indicating that the mutational properties of these alkylators is likely owed to sequence-specific DNA binding. In sum, the HRMS of m6G-forming agents constitute an early-onset biomarker of exposure to DNA methylating carcinogens and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Armijo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pennapa Thongararm
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bogdan I Fedeles
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Judy Yau
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua J Corrigan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marisa Chancharoen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Supawadee Chawanthayatham
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert G Croy
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John M Essigmann
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Feng H, Luo SXL, Croy RG, Essigmann JM, Swager TM. Interaction of N-nitrosamines with binuclear copper complexes for luminescent detection. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3219-3233. [PMID: 36799554 PMCID: PMC9990372 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03848j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cu(I) from tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate ([Cu(MeCN)4]PF6) was complexed with five structurally related phosphines containing N-heterocycles. The interactions between the resulting complexes and some N-nitrosamines were studied using X-ray crystallography as well as emission spectroscopy. Upon complexation, three phosphine ligands bridge two Cu(I) centers to give paddlewheel type structures that displayed a range of emission wavelengths spanning the visible region. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was shown to coordinate to one of the two copper centers in some of the paddlewheel complexes in the solid state and this interaction also quenches their emissions in solution. The influence of the weakly coordinating anion on crystal and spectroscopic properties of one of the paddlewheel complexes was also examined using tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) perchlorate ([Cu(MeCN)4]ClO4) as an alternative Cu(I) source. Similarly, copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O) was used for complexation to observe the impact of metal oxidation state on the two aforementioned properties. Lastly, the spectroscopic properties of the complex between Ph2P(1-Isoquinoline) and Cu(I) was shown to exhibit solvent dependence when the counterion is ClO4-. These Cu(I) complexes are bench stable solids and may be useful materials for developing a fluorescence based detection method for N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Feng
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Robert G Croy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John M Essigmann
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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7
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Fahrer J, Christmann M. DNA Alkylation Damage by Nitrosamines and Relevant DNA Repair Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054684. [PMID: 36902118 PMCID: PMC10003415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrosamines occur widespread in food, drinking water, cosmetics, as well as tobacco smoke and can arise endogenously. More recently, nitrosamines have been detected as impurities in various drugs. This is of particular concern as nitrosamines are alkylating agents that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. We first summarize the current knowledge on the different sources and chemical nature of alkylating agents with a focus on relevant nitrosamines. Subsequently, we present the major DNA alkylation adducts induced by nitrosamines upon their metabolic activation by CYP450 monooxygenases. We then describe the DNA repair pathways engaged by the various DNA alkylation adducts, which include base excision repair, direct damage reversal by MGMT and ALKBH, as well as nucleotide excision repair. Their roles in the protection against the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of nitrosamines are highlighted. Finally, we address DNA translesion synthesis as a DNA damage tolerance mechanism relevant to DNA alkylation adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fahrer
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +496312052974 (J.F.); Tel: +496131179066 (M.C.)
| | - Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +496312052974 (J.F.); Tel: +496131179066 (M.C.)
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8
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De Palma R, Patel V, Florian J, Keire D, Selaya D, Strauss DG, Rouse R, Matta MK. A Bioanalytical Method for Quantification of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Human Plasma and Urine with Different Meals and following Administration of Ranitidine. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1315-1323. [PMID: 36736776 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Control of N-nitrosoamine impurities is important for ensuring the safety of drug products. Findings of nitrosamine impurities in some drug products led FDA to develop new guidance providing recommendations for manufacturers towards prevention and detection of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical products. One of these products, ranitidine, also had a published in vivo study, which has since been retracted by its authors, suggesting a potential for in vivo conversion of ranitidine to the probable human carcinogen, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). FDA subsequently initiated a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical investigation to assess the potential for in vivo conversion of ranitidine to NDMA with different meals. A bioanalytical method toward characterization of NDMA formation was needed as previously published methods did not address potential NDMA formation after biofluid collection. Therefore, a bioanalytical method was developed and validated as per FDA's Bioanalytical Method Validation guidance. An appropriate surrogate matrix for calibration standards and quality control sample preparation for both liquid matrices (human plasma and urine) was optimized to minimize the artifacts of assay measurements and monitor basal NDMA levels. Interconversion potential of ranitidine to NDMA was monitored during method validation by incorporating the appropriate quality control samples. The validated methods for NDMA were linear from 15.6 pg/mL to 2000 pg/mL. Low sample volumes (2 mL for urine and 1 mL for plasma) made this method suitable for clinical study samples and helped to evaluate the influence of ranitidine administration and meal types on urinary excretion of NDMA in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan De Palma
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Vikram Patel
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Jeffry Florian
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - David Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Daniela Selaya
- Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - David G Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Murali K Matta
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, United States.
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9
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Moise AC, Kay JE, Engelward BP. Transgenic mice harboring direct repeat substrates reveal key underlying causes of homologous recombination in vivo. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 120:103419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Zhao C, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Luo K, Pu Y, Yin L. Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism associated with esophageal inflammation of ICR mice induced by nitrosamines exposure. Environ Pollut 2022; 297:118680. [PMID: 34915095 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines, as ubiquitous environmental carcinogens with adverse impact on human health, were crucial inducers of esophageal cancer (EC). Esophageal inflammation (EI) was an important biological process and considered to be associated with the progression of EC. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of EI process caused by nitrosamines exposure remained largely unclear. In this study, a metabolomics approach based on mass spectrometry was utilized to explore the effect of nitrosamines exposure to ICR mice. Also, the changes of pivotal metabolic enzyme levels, urinary nitrosamines and histopathological analysis were evaluated. The results showed that nitrosamines exposure was intimately interrelated with EI process in mice. Metabolomics profiling analysis indicated that nitrosamines caused significant alterations of metabolic pathway predominantly enriched in fatty acid metabolism. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that nitrosamines promoted decomposition of fatty acids and facilitated fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) of mice. The significant increase of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and downregulation of acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2) would promote FAO in EI process induced by nitrosamines. Additionally, the exposure levels of more than half of nitrosamines in urine were correlated with inflammatory fatty acid biomarkers. Overall, this study found that EI triggered by nitrosamines may be associated with the promotion of FAO, and provided novel insights for evaluating the underlying mechanism of environmental pollutant-caused toxicity based on metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Cho E, Allemang A, Audebert M, Chauhan V, Dertinger S, Hendriks G, Luijten M, Marchetti F, Minocherhomji S, Pfuhler S, Roberts DJ, Trenz K, Yauk CL. AOP report: Development of an adverse outcome pathway for oxidative DNA damage leading to mutations and chromosomal aberrations. Environ Mol Mutagen 2022; 63:118-134. [PMID: 35315142 PMCID: PMC9322445 DOI: 10.1002/em.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee (GTTC) of the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) is developing adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) that describe modes of action leading to potentially heritable genomic damage. The goal was to enhance the use of mechanistic information in genotoxicity assessment by building empirical support for the relationships between relevant molecular initiating events (MIEs) and regulatory endpoints in genetic toxicology. Herein, we present an AOP network that links oxidative DNA damage to two adverse outcomes (AOs): mutations and chromosomal aberrations. We collected empirical evidence from the literature to evaluate the key event relationships between the MIE and the AOs, and assessed the weight of evidence using the modified Bradford-Hill criteria for causality. Oxidative DNA damage is constantly induced and repaired in cells given the ubiquitous presence of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. However, xenobiotic exposures may increase damage above baseline levels through a variety of mechanisms and overwhelm DNA repair and endogenous antioxidant capacity. Unrepaired oxidative DNA base damage can lead to base substitutions during replication and, along with repair intermediates, can also cause DNA strand breaks that can lead to mutations and chromosomal aberrations if not repaired adequately. This AOP network identifies knowledge gaps that could be filled by targeted studies designed to better define the quantitative relationships between key events, which could be leveraged for quantitative chemical safety assessment. We anticipate that this AOP network will provide the building blocks for additional genotoxicity-associated AOPs and aid in designing novel integrated testing approaches for genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunnara Cho
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealth CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection BureauHealth CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealth CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical SciencesAmgen Inc.Thousand OaksCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Carole L. Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealth CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
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Engelward BP. Implications of an epidemiological study showing an association between in utero NDMA exposure and childhood cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen 2021; 62:288-292. [PMID: 33963777 PMCID: PMC8361697 DOI: 10.1002/em.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has recently been linked to a childhood cancer cluster in Wilmington, MA, which is home to the Olin Chemical Superfund Site. When it was discovered in the 1990's that 22 children in a town of under 22,000 people got cancer, the community took action and pressed for an investigation into the possibility that chemicals from the Olin Chemical site had contaminated their water. This led to the eventual discovery that NDMA was present in the town water supply. NDMA has long been known for its potent carcinogenicity in animal models, and so the community pointed to NDMA as a possible cause. This led to an investigation by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, which, in 2021, released its findings showing an association between NDMA exposure in utero and childhood cancer. The mission of the NIEHS Superfund Research Program is to protect human health from hazardous substances. In 2017, in response to community concerns, a team at MIT created the MIT Superfund Research Program Center with a focus on research related to NDMA. Just 1 week prior to the release of the Department of Public Health study, the MIT Superfund Research Program Center published a manuscript in Cell Reports that identifies the Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) as a possible genetic susceptibility factor. This commentary provides an author's perspective on the context and implications of this and related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin P. Engelward
- MIT Superfund Research Program, Department of Biological Engineering, Center for Environmental Health SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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