1
|
Kharel Y, Huang T, Dunnavant K, Foster D, Souza G, Nimchuk KE, Merchak AR, Pavelec CM, Juskiewicz ZJ, Gaultier A, Abbott S, Shin JB, Isakson BE, Xu W, Leitinger N, Santos WL, Lynch KR. Assessing Spns2-dependent S1P Transport as a Prospective Therapeutic Target. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.26.586765. [PMID: 38746194 PMCID: PMC11092524 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) receptor modulator (SRM) drugs interfere with lymphocyte trafficking by downregulating lymphocyte S1P receptors. While the immunosuppressive activity of SRM drugs has proved useful in treating autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, that drug class is beset by on-target liabilities such as initial dose bradycardia. The S1P that binds to cell surface lymphocyte S1P receptors is provided by S1P transporters. Mice born deficient in one of these, spinster homolog 2 (Spns2), are lymphocytopenic and have low lymph S1P concentrations. Such observations suggest that inhibition of Spns2-mediated S1P transport might provide another therapeutically beneficial method to modulate immune cell positioning. We report here results using a novel S1P transport blocker (STB), SLF80821178, to investigate the consequences of S1P transport inhibition in rodents. We found that SLF80821178 is efficacious in a multiple sclerosis model but - unlike the SRM fingolimod - neither decreases heart rate nor compromises lung endothelial barrier function. Notably, although Spns2 null mice have a sensorineural hearing defect, mice treated chronically with SLF80821178 have normal hearing acuity. STBs such as SLF80821178 evoke a dose-dependent decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, which affords a reliable pharmacodynamic marker of target engagement. However, the maximal reduction in circulating lymphocyte counts in response to SLF80821178 is substantially less than the response to SRMs such as fingolimod (50% vs. 90%) due to a lesser effect on T lymphocyte sub-populations by SLF80821178. Finally, in contrast to results obtained with Spns2 deficient mice, lymph S1P concentrations were not significantly changed in response to administration of STBs at doses that evoke maximal lymphopenia, which indicates that current understanding of the mechanism of action of S1P transport inhibitors is incomplete.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang W, Liu M, Su Y, Wen Y, Wang L, Shan J, Zhao J, Xie K, Wang J. Spinster homolog 2 reduces malignancies of glioblastoma via PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:140-160. [PMID: 37728571 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma (GBM) are unclear, and the prognosis is poor. Spinster homolog 2 (SPNS2) is reportedly involved in pathological processes such as immune response, vascular development, and cancer. However, the biological function and molecular role of SPNS2 in GBM are unclear. SPNS2 is aberrantly low expressed in glioma. Survival curves, risk scores, prognostic nomograms, and univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analyses showed that SPNS2 is an independent prognostic indicator significantly associated with glioma progression and prognosis. Cell function assays and in vivo xenograft transplantation were performed that downregulation of SPNS2 promoted GBM cell growth, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), anti-apoptosis, drug resistance, and stemness, while overexpression of SPNS2 had the opposite effect. Meanwhile, the functional enrichment and signaling pathways of SPNS2 in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and RNA sequencing were analyzed by Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The above results were related to the inhibition of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway by SPNS2. In addition, we predicted that SPNS2 is closely associated with immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment by four immune algorithms, ESTIMATE, TIMER, CIBERSORT, and QUANTISEQ. In particular, SPNS2 was negatively correlated with the infiltration of most immune cells, immunomodulators, and chemokines. Finally, single-cell sequencing analysis also revealed that SPNS2 was remarkably correlated with macrophages, and downregulation of SPNS2 promotes the expression of M2-like macrophages. This study provides new evidence that SPNS2 inhibits malignant progression, stemness, and immune infiltration of GBM cells through PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. SPNS2 may become a new diagnostic indicator and potential immunotherapeutic target for glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Liang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingkai Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Su
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajie Shan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Imbiakha B, Sahler JM, Buchholz DW, Ezzatpour S, Jager M, Choi A, Monreal IA, Byun H, Adeleke RA, Leach J, Whittaker G, Dewhurst S, Rudd BD, Aguilar HC, August A. Adaptive immune cells are necessary for SARS-CoV-2-induced pathology. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadg5461. [PMID: 38170764 PMCID: PMC10775995 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the ongoing global pandemic associated with morbidity and mortality in humans. Although disease severity correlates with immune dysregulation, the cellular mechanisms of inflammation and pathogenesis of COVID-19 remain relatively poorly understood. Here, we used mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain MA10 to investigate the role of adaptive immune cells in disease. We found that while infected wild-type mice lost ~10% weight by 3 to 4 days postinfection, rag-/- mice lacking B and T lymphocytes did not lose weight. Infected lungs at peak weight loss revealed lower pathology scores, fewer neutrophils, and lower interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in rag-/- mice. Mice lacking αβ T cells also had less severe weight loss, but adoptive transfer of T and B cells into rag-/- mice did not significantly change the response. Collectively, these findings suggest that while adaptive immune cells are important for clearing SARS-CoV-2 infection, this comes at the expense of increased inflammation and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Imbiakha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julie M. Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David W. Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shahrzad Ezzatpour
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mason Jager
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annette Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Isaac A. Monreal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haewon Byun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard Ayomide Adeleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Justin Leach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gary Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Brian D. Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Center for Health Equity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shrader CW, Foster D, Kharel Y, Huang T, Lynch KR, Santos WL. Imidazole-based sphingosine-1-phosphate transporter Spns2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129516. [PMID: 37832799 PMCID: PMC10842094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a chemotactic lipid that influences immune cell positioning. S1P concentration gradients are necessary for proper egress of lymphocytes from the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues. This trafficking is interdicted by S1P receptor modulators, and it is expected that S1P transporter (Spns2) inhibitors, by reshaping S1P concentration gradients, will do the same. We previously reported SLF1081851 as a prototype Spns2 inhibitor, which provided a scaffold to investigate the importance of the oxadiazole core and the terminal amine. In this report, we disclose a structure-activity relationship study by incorporating imidazole as both a linker and surrogate for a positive charge in SLF1081851. In vitro inhibition of Spns2-dependent S1P transport in HeLa cells identified 7b as an inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.4 ± 0.3 µM. The SAR studies reported herein indicate that imidazolium can be a substitute for the terminal amine in SLF1081851 and that Spns2 inhibition is highly dependent on the lipid alkyl tail length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Shrader
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States
| | - Daniel Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States
| | - Yugesh Kharel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Kevin R Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hallisey VM, Schwab SR. Get me out of here: Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and T cell exit from tissues during an immune response. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:8-19. [PMID: 37212181 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During an immune response, the duration of T cell residence in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues likely affects T cell activation, differentiation, and memory development. The factors that govern T cell transit through inflamed tissues remain incompletely understood, but one important determinant of T cell exit from tissues is sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling. In homeostasis, S1P levels are high in blood and lymph compared to lymphoid organs, and lymphocytes follow S1P gradients out of tissues into circulation using varying combinations of five G-protein coupled S1P receptors. During an immune response, both the shape of S1P gradients and the expression of S1P receptors are dynamically regulated. Here we review what is known, and key questions that remain unanswered, about how S1P signaling is regulated in inflammation and in turn how S1P shapes immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Hallisey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan R Schwab
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen H, Ahmed S, Zhao H, Elghobashi-Meinhardt N, Dai Y, Kim JH, McDonald JG, Li X, Lee CH. Structural and functional insights into Spns2-mediated transport of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell 2023; 186:2644-2655.e16. [PMID: 37224812 PMCID: PMC10330195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important signaling sphingolipid that regulates the immune system, angiogenesis, auditory function, and epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity. Spinster homolog 2 (Spns2) is an S1P transporter that exports S1P to initiate lipid signaling cascades. Modulating Spns2 activity can be beneficial in treatments of cancer, inflammation, and immune diseases. However, the transport mechanism of Spns2 and its inhibition remain unclear. Here, we present six cryo-EM structures of human Spns2 in lipid nanodiscs, including two functionally relevant intermediate conformations that link the inward- and outward-facing states, to reveal the structural basis of the S1P transport cycle. Functional analyses suggest that Spns2 exports S1P via facilitated diffusion, a mechanism distinct from other MFS lipid transporters. Finally, we show that the Spns2 inhibitor 16d attenuates the transport activity by locking Spns2 in the inward-facing state. Our work sheds light on Spns2-mediated S1P transport and aids the development of advanced Spns2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shahbaz Ahmed
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhao
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Yaxin Dai
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weigel C, Bellaci J, Spiegel S. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in vascular endothelial and lymphatic barrier function. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104775. [PMID: 37142226 PMCID: PMC10220486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular and lymphatic systems both comprise a series of structurally distinct vessels lined with an inner layer of endothelial cells that function to provide a semipermeable barrier to blood and lymph. Regulation of the endothelial barrier is critical for maintaining vascular and lymphatic barrier homeostasis. One of the regulators of endothelial barrier function and integrity is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite secreted into the blood by erythrocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells and into the lymph by lymph endothelial cells. Binding of S1P to its G protein-coupled receptors, known as S1PR1-5, regulates its pleiotropic functions. This review outlines the structural and functional differences between vascular and lymphatic endothelium and describes current understanding of the importance of S1P/S1PR signaling in regulation of barrier functions. Most studies thus far have been primarily focused on the role of the S1P/S1PR1 axis in vasculature and have been summarized in several excellent reviews, and thus, we will only discuss new perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of action of S1P and its receptors. Much less is known about the responses of the lymphatic endothelium to S1P and the functions of S1PRs in lymph endothelial cells, and this is the major focus of this review. We also discuss current knowledge related to signaling pathways and factors regulated by the S1P/S1PR axis that control lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity. Gaps and limitations in current knowledge are highlighted together with the need to further understand the role of S1P receptors in the lymphatic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bellaci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fritzemeier R, Foster D, Peralta A, Payette M, Kharel Y, Huang T, Lynch KR, Santos WL. Discovery of In Vivo Active Sphingosine-1-phosphate Transporter (Spns2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7656-7681. [PMID: 35609189 PMCID: PMC9733493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that interacts with five G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5) to regulate cellular signaling pathways. S1P export is facilitated by Mfsd2b and spinster homologue 2 (Spns2). While mouse genetic studies suggest that Spns2 functions to maintain lymph S1P, Spns2 inhibitors are necessary to understand its biology and to learn whether Spns2 is a viable drug target. Herein, we report a structure-activity relationship study that identified the first Spns2 inhibitor 16d (SLF1081851). In vitro studies in HeLa cells demonstrated that 16d inhibited S1P release with an IC50 of 1.93 μM. Administration of 16d to mice and rats drove significant decreases in circulating lymphocyte counts and plasma S1P concentrations, recapitulating the phenotype observed in mice made deficient in Spns2. Thus, 16d has the potential for development and use as a probe to investigate Spns2 biology and to determine the potential of Spns2 as a drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Fritzemeier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Daniel Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Ashley Peralta
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Michael Payette
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Yugesh Kharel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Kevin R Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a well-defined bioactive lipid molecule derived from membrane sphingolipid metabolism. In the past decades, a series of key enzymes involved in generation of S1P have been identified and characterized in detail, as well as enzymes degrading S1P. S1P requires transporter to cross the plasma membrane and carrier to deliver to its cognate receptors and therefore transduces signaling in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine fashions. The essential roles in regulation of development, metabolism, inflammation, and many other aspects of life are mainly executed when S1P binds to receptors provoking the downstream signaling cascades in distinct cells. This chapter will review the synthesis, degradation, transportation, and signaling of S1P and try to provide a comprehensive view of the biology of S1P, evoking new enthusiasms and ideas into the field of the fascinating S1P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kezhi Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|