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Yin M, Mi J, Wang X, Xing C, Wan X, Zhang F, Yang H, He F, Hu H, Chen L. Interspecific variations in growth, physiology and Cd accumulation between Populus deltoides and P. × canadensis in response to Cd pollution under two soil types. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 271:115951. [PMID: 38211512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Both acid and alkaline purple soils in China are increasingly affected by Cd contamination. The selection of fast-growing trees suitable for remediating different soil types is urgent, yet there is a severe lack of relevant knowledge. In this study, we conducted a controlled pot experiment to compare the growth, physiology, and Cd accumulation efficiency of two widely recognized poplar species, namely Populus deltoides and P. × canadensis, under Cd contamination (1 mg kg-1) in acid and alkaline purple soils. The objective was to determine which poplar species is best suited for remediating different soil types. Our findings are as follows: (1) the total biomass of both poplars remained largely unaffected by Cd pollution in both soil types. Notably, under Cd pollution, the total biomass of P. deltoides in acid purple soil was 1.53 times greater than that in alkaline purple soil. (2) Cd pollution did not significantly induce oxidative damage in the leaves of either poplar species in both soil types. However, in acid purple soil, Cd contamination led to a 21% increase in NO3- concentration and a 44% increase in NH4+ concentration in P. × canadensis leaves, whereas in alkaline purple soil, it led to a 59% increase in NH4+ concentration in P. deltoides leaves. (3) Cd concentrations in all root orders of P. × canadensis were significantly higher than those in P. deltoides, especially in the first three root orders, under alkaline purple soil. The total Cd accumulation by P. × canadensis in Cd-polluted alkaline purple soil was 2.18 times higher than that in Cd-polluted acid purple soil, a difference not observed in P. deltoides. (4) redundancy analysis indicated that the sequestration effect of higher soil organic matter on Cd availability in acid purple soil was more pronounced than the release effects caused by lower pH. In conclusion, P. × canadensis is better suited for remediating alkaline purple soil due to its higher capacity for Cd uptake, while P. deltoides is more suitable for remediating Cd-contaminated acid purple soil due to its better growth conditions and greater Cd enrichment capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yin
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaxuan Mi
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cailan Xing
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xueqin Wan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu 611130, China; Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hanbo Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu 611130, China; Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu 611130, China; Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongling Hu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu 611130, China; Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianghua Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu 611130, China; Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Mohamadi S, Mahmudiono T, Zienali T, Sadighara P, Omidi B, Limam I, Fakhri Y. Probabilistic health risk assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and As) in Cocoa powder (Theobroma cacao) in Tehran, Iran market. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:257-272. [PMID: 36395480 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2146070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of toxic elements were analyzed by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). Moreover, the human health risk was estimated by Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) and Cancer Risk (CR) in Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Cd (0.08 ± 0.08), Pb (0.23 ± 0.46), and As (0.06 ± 0.04), were in a good compliance with ISO (Iranian standard organization). TTHQ for adults and children was equal to 0.009 and 0.042, respectively and also mean CR in adults and children consumers was equal to 9.73E-7 and 9.08E-7, respectively. Consequently, the concentration of toxic elements (Cd, Pb, and As) in cocoa powder did not pose any safety concerns. Moreover, probabilistic health risk assessment revealed that both adults and children were not at considerable non-carcinogenic (THQ and/or TTHQ ≤ 1) and carcinogenic risk (CR ≤ 1E-6). Even though, seeking for mitigating solutions and applying them to suppress the dangers of food containing toxic elements is a critical subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mohamadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre-kord University, Shahre-kord, Iran
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Tayebeh Zienali
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Silva JVDS, Baligar VC, Ahrnet D, de Almeida AAF. Transcriptomic, osmoregulatory and translocation changes modulates Ni toxicity in Theobroma cacao. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 196:624-633. [PMID: 36791534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nickel is one of the most released trace elements in the environment and in the case of bioaccumulation in foods and beverages derived from cocoa beans can cause risk to human health. It is very important to understand how plants respond to toxic metals and which are the defense strategies they adopt to mitigate their effects. In the present study we used young plants of T. cacao, submitted to increasing Ni doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg Ni kg-1 soil) and evaluated them for a period of 30 days. Doses of Ni, from 300 mg of Ni kg-1 onwards in the soil, promoted changes in photosynthetic, antioxidant, osmoregulatory, transcriptomic and translocation levels, evidenced by the increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glycine betaine, upregulation of the metallothionein 2B gene (Mt2b), and lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes. Foliar gas exchange was severely affected at higher doses of Ni. In addition, reduced levels of stomatal conductivity and transpiration rate were observed from 300 mg Ni kg-1 dose onwards in the soil, which consequently affected CO2 assimilation. Phytostabilization and exclusion mechanisms control the translocation of Ni from the root to the shoot and reduce harmful effects on plant metabolism. Our results highlighted the toxicity of Ni, a trace element often underestimated in T. cacao. In particular, it was noted that doses of 100 and 200 Ni kg-1 soil, although high, do not induce toxicity in T. cacao plants. But Ni toxicity is observed from 300 mg Ni kg-1 soil onwards. This study contributed to the understanding of the harmful effects of higher doses of Ni in cacao plants and the biochemical processes the plant uses to mitigate the effects of this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Victor Dos Santos Silva
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain; State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Dário Ahrnet
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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Chen D, Lin Z, Ai F, Xia Y, Du W, Yin Y, Guo H. Divergent responses and ecological risks of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cerium oxide nanoparticles in different soil types. Sci Total Environ 2023; 860:160429. [PMID: 36435252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2), as a common component for sustainable agriculture, have been broadly investigated due to their potential threat to the soil biodiversity and health. However, few studies considered the impacts of soil types on response of ecotoxicity of nCeO2 to plants. This study aimed to explore the effects of soil properties on ecological response of nCeO2 to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and assess the ecological risks of nCeO2 (0-1000 mg/kg) in red soil, yellow-brown soil, and brown soil by applying a multi-biomarker approach. The results showed that the clay content had the extremely significant correlation with acid solute fraction Ce in soil. Ce accumulation in wheat largely depended on acid-soluble fraction Ce, but not the total Ce. Both urease and invertase activities were highest in brown soil among the three soils, after exposure to diverse concentration nCeO2. Although wheat has a stronger antioxidant capacity in red soil, integrated biomarker response index proved that nCeO2 showed least toxicity to wheat in brown soil (IBRv2 = 34.3) among the three soils. These results indicated that the toxicity level of nCeO2 to wheat was not only related to contaminated concentration, but also greatly depended on soil properties. The soil types are important factors governing ecological risk of nCeO2 in soil, which needs to be adequately assessed and properly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fuxun Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Coal Geology Bureau, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Xu X, Wang J, Wu H, Lu R, Cui J. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability evaluation of heavy metal(loid)s in ginger in vitro: Relevance to human health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159582. [PMID: 36272485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ginger is a common spice in everyday diet. However, over time, it may absorb and accumulate heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) from the soil, posing a potential health risk to humans. In this study, we evaluated the pollution level, bioavailability, mobility evaluation, and health risk of Cr, Pb, Cd, and As in the soil-ginger system of five major ginger-producing cities in Shandong Province, China. Research indicated the concentrations of the Cr, Pb, Cd, and As in the soil were close to or even higher than background value, except Weifang. With the concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cd, and As in ginger being 0.08-0.47, 0.03-0.16, 0.002-0.03, and 0.006-0.028 mg/kg, the four HMs concentrations were within the limits of 0.1-0.5 mg/kg based on the Chinese health standard (GB2762-2017) of HMs in food. The bioavailability of HMs in soils was evaluated using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and nitric acid (HNO3) extraction and the results showed that Pb and Cd have high bioavailability. Mobility evaluation of HMs from soil to ginger based on Pearson's correlation and the partial least squares-path method (PLS-PM) model showed that the soil's physicochemical properties influence the HMs migration process (especially Cd and Pb) in the soil-ginger system, and the PLS-PM model has good adaptability to Cd and Pb (gof > 0.5). The mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of bioaccessible gastric and intestinal HMs were 4.64 × 10-6 and 3.13 × 10-6, which were much lower than that of total HMs (2.60 × 10-5), indicating that existing models based on total HMs may overestimate the health risk of HMs. The bioaccessible concentrations should be considered to improve the accuracy of assessment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jinhang Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Huihui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Rui Lu
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Jun Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Hong Y, Kim J, Lee S, Yang J, Kim S. Effect of Combined Soil Amendment on Immobilization of Bioavailable As and Pb in Paddy Soil. Toxics 2022; 10:90. [PMID: 35202276 PMCID: PMC8878171 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in soil can have detrimental effects on soil ecosystems and human health. In situ remediation techniques are widely used to reduce the bioavailable fractions of heavy metals in soil. The main objective of this study was to examine the reduction of the bioavailable fractions of As and Pb in paddy soil with artificial lightweight material (ALM) manufactured from recycled materials. A total of four treatments, including a control (no amendment), ALM10 (10% of ALM in soil), ALM10+L (10% ALM combined with 0.5% lime), and ALM10+FeO (10% ALM combined with 0.5% FeO), were applied to paddy fields, and rice (Oryza sativa L.) was cultivated after 32 weeks. The highest reduction efficiencies for the bioavailable fractions of As and Pb in soil were observed in the ALM10+FeO (52.8%) and ALM10+L treatments (65.7%), respectively. The uptake of As decreased by 52.1% when ALM10+FeO was applied to paddy soil, and that of Pb decreased by 79.7% when ALM10+L was applied. Correlation analysis between bioavailable heavy metals in soil and soil chemical properties showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), P2O5, and soil organic matter (SOM) were the main factors controlling the mobility and bioavailability of As and Pb. Overall, the efficiencies of As and Pb reduction increased synergistically in both soil and plants when FeO and lime were combined with the ALM. In future studies, long-term monitoring is necessary to examine the longevity of soil amendments.
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Correa JE, Ramírez R, Ruíz O, Leiva EI. Effect of soil characteristics on cadmium absorption and plant growth of Theobroma cacao L. seedlings. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5437-5445. [PMID: 33682110 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium uptake by cacao plants can affect plant growth, consumer health and commercialisation. To develop mitigation strategies, it is essential to identify the soil characteristics that could influence this absorption. To determine the relationships between cadmium absorption and the soil characteristics of cacao areas, the responses at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 μg g-1 of cadmium in three soils of these areas and an andisol were evaluated, using 120-day-old seedlings of four cultivars of Theobroma cacao L. RESULTS In the present study, several relationships were found between chemical and physical soil characteristics and available cadmium, such as real and bulk densities, as well as contents of iron, sand, magnesium, potassium, sodium and copper. Additionally, moderate to strong correlations between potassium (r2 = -0.56) and real density (r2 = 0.42), with foliar cadmium, were found. Moreover, a differential deleterious effect on cacao growth in variables such as biomass was corroborated in cadmium concentrations from 5 μg g-1 in soils. There were no statistical differences between cultivars with respect to cadmium uptake or plant growth. Finally, a multiple linear regression model is proposed to estimate the foliar cadmium content (r2 = 0.878). CONCLUSION Some soil characteristics such as density, as well as sand, clay, aluminium, potassium and iron contents, should be considered before establishing cacao crops to avoid cadmium accumulation. The correlation between potassium with foliar cadmium indicated that potassium could be significant in cadmium uptake mitigation strategies. The high correlation between available cadmium and foliar cadmium indicates that the quantification methodology developed using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extractant may be a useful diagnostic tool. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Esteban Correa
- Laboratory of Physics and Soil Conservation, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ramiro Ramírez
- Laboratory of Physics and Soil Conservation, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orlando Ruíz
- Laboratory of Soils, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Edna Ivonne Leiva
- Faculty of Agronomy, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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Wang JX, Xu DM, Fu RB, Chen JP. Bioavailability Assessment of Heavy Metals Using Various Multi-Element Extractants in an Indigenous Zinc Smelting Contaminated Site, Southwestern China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:8560. [PMID: 34444310 PMCID: PMC8392273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent studies have investigated the strong influences of smelting activities on heavy metal contamination in the soil environment, little studies have been conducted on the current information about the potential environmental risks posed by toxic heavy metals in smelting contaminated sites. In the present study, a combination of the bioavailability, speciation, and release kinetics of toxic heavy metals in the indigenous zinc smelting contaminated soil were reliably used as an effective tool to support site risk assessment. The bioavailability results revealed that the bioavailable metal concentrations were intrinsically dependent on the types of chemical extractants. Interestingly, 0.02 mol/L EDTA + 0.5 mol/L CH3COONH4 was found to be the best extractant, which extracted 30.21% of Cu, 31.54% of Mn, 2.39% of Ni and 28.89% of Zn, respectively. The sequential extraction results suggested that Cd, Pb, and Zn were the most mobile elements, which would pose the potential risks to the environment. The correlation of metal bioavailability with their fractionation implied that the exchangeable metal fractions were easily extracted by CaCl2 and Mehlich 1, while the carbonate and organic bound metal fractions could be extracted by EDTA and DTPA with stronger chelating ability. Moreover, the kinetic modeling results suggested that the chemical desorption mechanism might be the major factor controlling heavy metal release. These results could provide some valuable references for the risk assessment and management of heavy metals in the smelting contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Wang
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Da-Mao Xu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong-Bing Fu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia-Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
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