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Crisostomo-Panuera JS, Nieva ASDV, Ix-Balam MA, Díaz-Valderrama JR, Alviarez-Gutierrez E, Oliva-Cruz SM, Cumpa-Velásquez LM. Diversity and functional assessment of indigenous culturable bacteria inhabiting fine-flavor cacao rhizosphere: Uncovering antagonistic potential against Moniliophthora roreri. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28453. [PMID: 38601674 PMCID: PMC11004713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Peruvian Amazonian native cacao faces ongoing challenges that significantly undermine its productivity. Among them, frosty pod rot disease and cadmium accumulation result in losses that need for effective and environmentally safe strategies, such as those based on bacteria. To explore the biological resources in the cacao soil, a descriptive study was conducted to assess the diversity of culturable bacteria across three production districts in the Amazonas region: La Peca, Imaza, and Cajaruro. The study also focused on the functional properties of these bacteria, particularly those related to the major issues limiting cacao cultivation. For this purpose, 90 native bacterial isolates were obtained from the cacao rhizosphere. According to diversity analysis, the community was composed of 19 bacterial genera, with a dominance of the Bacillaceae family and variable distribution among the districts. This variability was statistically supported by the PCoA plots and is related to the pH of the soil environment. The functional assessment revealed that 56.8% of the isolates showed an antagonism index greater than 75% after 7 days of confrontation. After 15 days of confrontation with Moniliophthora roreri, 68.2% of the bacterial population demonstrated this attribute. This capability was primarily exhibited by Bacillus strains. On the other hand, only 4.5% were capable of removing cadmium, highlighting the biocontrol potential of the bacterial community. In addition, some isolates produced siderophores (13.63%), solubilized phosphate (20.45%), and solubilized zinc (4.5%). Interestingly, these traits showed an uneven distribution, which correlated with the divergence found by the beta diversity. Our results revealed a diverse bacterial community inhabiting the Amazonian cacao rhizosphere, showcasing crucial functional properties related to the biocontrol of M. roreri. The information generated serves as a significant resource for the development of further biotechnological tools that can be applied to native Amazonian cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhusephin Sheshira Crisostomo-Panuera
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Amira Susana del Valle Nieva
- Centro Regional de Energía y Ambiente para el Desarrollo Sustentable (CREAS-CONICET-UNCA). Nuñez del Prado 366, Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Manuel Alejandro Ix-Balam
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Jorge Ronny Díaz-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Eliana Alviarez-Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Segundo Manuel Oliva-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Liz Marjory Cumpa-Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
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Winters NP, Wafula EK, Knollenberg BJ, Hämälä T, Timilsena PR, Perryman M, Zhang D, Sheaffer LL, Praul CA, Ralph PE, Prewitt S, Leandro-Muñoz ME, Delgadillo-Duran DA, Altman NS, Tiffin P, Maximova SN, dePamphilis CW, Marden JH, Guiltinan MJ. A combination of conserved and diverged responses underlies Theobroma cacao's defense response to Phytophthora palmivora. BMC Biol 2024; 22:38. [PMID: 38360697 PMCID: PMC10870529 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have complex and dynamic immune systems that have evolved to resist pathogens. Humans have worked to enhance these defenses in crops through breeding. However, many crops harbor only a fraction of the genetic diversity present in wild relatives. Increased utilization of diverse germplasm to search for desirable traits, such as disease resistance, is therefore a valuable step towards breeding crops that are adapted to both current and emerging threats. Here, we examine diversity of defense responses across four populations of the long-generation tree crop Theobroma cacao L., as well as four non-cacao Theobroma species, with the goal of identifying genetic elements essential for protection against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. RESULTS We began by creating a new, highly contiguous genome assembly for the P. palmivora-resistant genotype SCA 6 (Additional file 1: Tables S1-S5), deposited in GenBank under accessions CP139290-CP139299. We then used this high-quality assembly to combine RNA and whole-genome sequencing data to discover several genes and pathways associated with resistance. Many of these are unique, i.e., differentially regulated in only one of the four populations (diverged 40 k-900 k generations). Among the pathways shared across all populations is phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, a metabolic pathway with well-documented roles in plant defense. One gene in this pathway, caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE), was upregulated across all four populations following pathogen treatment, indicating its broad importance for cacao's defense response. Further experimental evidence suggests this gene hydrolyzes caffeoyl shikimate to create caffeic acid, an antimicrobial compound and known inhibitor of Phytophthora spp. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate most expression variation associated with resistance is unique to populations. Moreover, our findings demonstrate the value of using a broad sample of evolutionarily diverged populations for revealing the genetic bases of cacao resistance to P. palmivora. This approach has promise for further revealing and harnessing valuable genetic resources in this and other long-generation plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah P Winters
- IGDP Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Huck Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Eric K Wafula
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Tuomas Hämälä
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Prakash R Timilsena
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Perryman
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Lena L Sheaffer
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Craig A Praul
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Paula E Ralph
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Prewitt
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Naomi S Altman
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Peter Tiffin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Siela N Maximova
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- IGDP Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - James H Marden
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- IGDP Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Shimada Y, Kumazoe M, Otsuka Y, Tetsuzen R, Fujimura Y, Tachibana H. Neuroprotective effect of isovaleraldehyde accompanied with upregulation of BDNF and CREB phosphorylation via the PKA pathway. J Nat Med 2024; 78:208-215. [PMID: 38063995 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the number of patients diagnosed with dementia has increased. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 50 million patients suffer from dementia. Although several therapeutic strategies have been proposed, currently, there is no curative approach for treating dementia. Neurodegeneration is an irreversible process. As this disease gradually progresses over 15-20 years, a low-cost and sustainable method for preventing these diseases is desired. Cacao nib is consumed in many countries, and a recent clinical study indicated that cocoa intake upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays a significant role in memory formation and neuronal cell survival. In the present study, neural cells were treated with cacao nib extract or the 17 characteristic components of cacao nib. Treatment with Cacao nib extract upregulates BDNF mRNA expression. In addition, cacao nib extract elicits the phosphorylation of cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB), which regulates the transcription of BDNF. Among the 17 species screened, isovaleraldehyde (IVA), also known as an aroma component of cacao nibs extract, improved BDNF mRNA expression without SH-SY5Y cell toxicity. IVA also promoted CREB phosphorylation through a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, IVA could be responsible for the BDNF upregulation effect of cacao nib, and IVA upregulated BDNF expression via the PKA-CREB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shimada
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Motofumi Kumazoe
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yushi Otsuka
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rin Tetsuzen
- Meiji Innovation Center, Meiji Co., Ltd, 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0919, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujimura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Quiroz-Eraso S, Rodríguez-Castaño GP, Acosta-González A. Interactions between polyphenols from Theobroma cacao and Lactobacillales to evaluate the potential of a combined strategy for intestinal free-fatty acid removal. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100594. [PMID: 37790859 PMCID: PMC10543767 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the absorption of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract is one approach used to manage caloric intake in the fight against excessive weight. Biocompounds, such as polyphenols and probiotics, have been used in this regard. However, some studies have reported that polyphenols have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on bacterial growth. This study aimed to investigate the resistance to polyphenol-rich extracts from Theobroma cacao L. of Lactobacillales isolated from the human fecal microbiota of lean volunteers (with high saturated fat consumption), to further the knowledge of the potential combination of these bioactive compounds. The strains were selected using an improved and affordable strategy that allowed the rapid screening of strains with fat-removing capacity. Among 1400 isolates, two strains, Lactobacillus sp. A1 and Pediococcus acidilactici E1, were selected due to their capacity to remove saturated fats from the culture media similar to the reference strain Lactobacillus sp. JBD301. Both isolated strains differed in their resistance to cocoa polyphenols: the extract did not affect the growth of strain A1, but reduced the growth of strain E1. However, the extract did not affect the level of in vitro fat removal by either strain, confirming the potential use of a combination of bacteria and polyphenols as a promising strategy for the intestinal removal of free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Quiroz-Eraso
- Maestría en Diseño y Gestión de Procesos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la Sabana, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Chia 25001, Colombia
- Bioprospection Research Group (GIBP), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Sabana, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Chia 25001, Colombia
| | - Gina Paola Rodríguez-Castaño
- Bioprospection Research Group (GIBP), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Sabana, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Chia 25001, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Acosta-González
- Bioprospection Research Group (GIBP), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Sabana, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Chia 25001, Colombia
- Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Campus Universitario, Universidad de La Sabana, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Chia 25001, Colombia
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5
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Silva JVDS, Baligar VC, Ahrnet D, de Almeida AAF. Transcriptomic, osmoregulatory and translocation changes modulates Ni toxicity in Theobroma cacao. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 196:624-633. [PMID: 36791534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nickel is one of the most released trace elements in the environment and in the case of bioaccumulation in foods and beverages derived from cocoa beans can cause risk to human health. It is very important to understand how plants respond to toxic metals and which are the defense strategies they adopt to mitigate their effects. In the present study we used young plants of T. cacao, submitted to increasing Ni doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg Ni kg-1 soil) and evaluated them for a period of 30 days. Doses of Ni, from 300 mg of Ni kg-1 onwards in the soil, promoted changes in photosynthetic, antioxidant, osmoregulatory, transcriptomic and translocation levels, evidenced by the increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glycine betaine, upregulation of the metallothionein 2B gene (Mt2b), and lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes. Foliar gas exchange was severely affected at higher doses of Ni. In addition, reduced levels of stomatal conductivity and transpiration rate were observed from 300 mg Ni kg-1 dose onwards in the soil, which consequently affected CO2 assimilation. Phytostabilization and exclusion mechanisms control the translocation of Ni from the root to the shoot and reduce harmful effects on plant metabolism. Our results highlighted the toxicity of Ni, a trace element often underestimated in T. cacao. In particular, it was noted that doses of 100 and 200 Ni kg-1 soil, although high, do not induce toxicity in T. cacao plants. But Ni toxicity is observed from 300 mg Ni kg-1 soil onwards. This study contributed to the understanding of the harmful effects of higher doses of Ni in cacao plants and the biochemical processes the plant uses to mitigate the effects of this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Victor Dos Santos Silva
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain; State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Dário Ahrnet
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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Gallego AM, Zambrano RA, Zuluaga M, Camargo Rodríguez AV, Candamil Cortés MS, Romero Vergel AP, Arboleda Valencia JW. Analysis of fruit ripening in Theobroma cacao pod husk based on untargeted metabolomics. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113412. [PMID: 36055428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pod husk of Theobroma cacao (CPH) plays an important agronomical role, as its appearance is used as indicator of ripening, guiding the farmers in the harvest process. Cacao harvesting is not a standardized practice because farmers harvest between six up to eight months from flowering, guided by pod's color and shape. The mixture of cacao beans from different ripening stages (RS), negatively affecting the quality and price of grain. A way to help the farmers in the harvest standardization could be through the use of chemical markers and visual indicators of CPH ripening. This study analyses CPH's metabolic distribution of two cacao clones, ICS95 and CCN51 at six, seven, and eight months of ripening. Untargeted metabolomics was done using HPLC-MS/MS for biomarker discovery and association to cacao ripening. The results indicated a strong metabolic differentiation of the sixth month with the rest of the months independent of the variety. Also, metabolic differences were found between cacao clones for the seventh and eighth month. We annotated five potential biochemical markers including 3-caffeoylpelargodinin 5-glucoside, indoleacetaldehyde, procyanidin A dimer, procyanidin C1, and kaempferol. We further looked for correlation between patterns of progression of our markers against quantitative indicators of CPH appearance and texture, at the same ripening stages. We also performed a functional analysis and three possible metabolic pathways: flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and tryptophan metabolism were identified associated with stress sensing, plant development and defense respectively. We found significant and positive correlations between green color density and all metabolites. For texture, the correlations were significantly negative with all metabolites. Our results suggest that about the sixth month is appropriate for harvesting cacao in the region of Caldas, Colombia in order to avoid all the metabolic variations occurring at later stages of ripening which impact the cacao bean quality. Therefore, studying the cacao ripening process can help in the estimation of the best harvest time and contribute to the standardization of harvest practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Gallego
- Grupo de Biotecnología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Computacional de Colombia-BIOS, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Romer A Zambrano
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Nacional, Sede Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Martha Zuluaga
- Grupo de Investigación GIEPRONAL, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Dosquebradas, Risaralda, Colombia.
| | | | - Mariana S Candamil Cortés
- Centro de Investigaciones en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo-CIMAD, Universidad de Manizales, Cra. 9a # 19-03, Manizales, 170001, Colombia.
| | - Angela P Romero Vergel
- FITOBIOL Research Group, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Cl. 67 # 53-108, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
| | - Jorge W Arboleda Valencia
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Computacional de Colombia-BIOS, Manizales, Colombia; Centro de Investigaciones en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo-CIMAD, Universidad de Manizales, Cra. 9a # 19-03, Manizales, 170001, Colombia; FITOBIOL Research Group, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Cl. 67 # 53-108, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
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André A, Casty B, Ullrich L, Chetschik I. Use of molecular networking to identify 2,5-diketopiperazines in chocolates as potential markers of bean variety. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10770. [PMID: 36193528 PMCID: PMC9525904 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5-diketopiperazines are cyclic dipeptides found, among others, in chocolate. Although those compounds are contributing greatly to its pleasant bitterness, they can also be seen as interesting markers of cocoa beans processing. To evaluate the influence of bean variety and processing technology on the quantity of 2,5-diketopiperazines formed in chocolates, HPLC-MS/MS analyses were conducted, and a molecular network was built with the MS2 data. This approach eases the identification of 2,5-diketopiperazines within complex datasets and allows to visualize the chemical diversity of all samples. Using this methodology, 33 dark chocolates were analysed. 18 different diketopiperazine were identified and quantified. Among them, cyclo(L-ile-L-val), cyclo(L-leu-L-ile) and cyclo(L-phe-L-phe) were, to the best of our knowledge, detected for the first time in chocolate. The molecular network allows the clear visualization of differences between samples. The principal component analysis revealed the clustering of small batch chocolate samples according to bean variety, suggesting that bean genotype has a strong influence on the 2,5-diketopiperazines content of bean-to-bar chocolates, regardless of the degree of roasting or the technological process used by the small producers. The presence of two unique diastereoisomers in the classical chocolates bought in the supermarket indicates that the beans have probably undergone a more intense heat treatment. This study proposes the use of 2,5-diketopiperazines as potential markers of cocoa beans variety, as well as an indicator of post-harvest processing and processing technology, and highlights the potential of the molecular networks in the field of food and drink innovation as a promising tool to understand the complex chemistry of flavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine André
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, ILGI Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Research Group Food Chemistry, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Casty
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, ILGI Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Research Group Food Chemistry, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Ullrich
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, ILGI Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Research Group Food Chemistry, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Irene Chetschik
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, ILGI Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Research Group Food Chemistry, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Paschoal D, Costa JL, da Silva EM, da Silva FB, Capelin D, Ometto V, Aricetti JA, Carvalho GG, Pimpinato RF, de Oliveira RF, Carrera E, López-Díaz I, Rossi ML, Tornisielo V, Caldana C, Riano-Pachon DM, Cesarino I, Teixeira PJPL, Figueira A. Infection by Moniliophthora perniciosa reprograms tomato Micro-Tom physiology, establishes a sink, and increases secondary cell wall synthesis. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:3651-3670. [PMID: 35176760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Witches' broom disease of cacao is caused by the pathogenic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. By using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) as a model system, we investigated the physiological and metabolic consequences of M. perniciosa infection to determine whether symptoms result from sink establishment during infection. Infection of MT by M. perniciosa caused reductions in root biomass and fruit yield, a decrease in leaf gas exchange, and down-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes. The total leaf area and water potential decreased, while ABA levels, water conductance/conductivity, and ABA-related gene expression increased. Genes related to sugar metabolism and those involved in secondary cell wall deposition were up-regulated upon infection, and the concentrations of sugars, fumarate, and amino acids increased. 14C-glucose was mobilized towards infected MT stems, but not in inoculated stems of the MT line overexpressing CYTOKININ OXIDASE-2 (35S::AtCKX2), suggesting a role for cytokinin in establishing a sugar sink. The up-regulation of genes involved in cell wall deposition and phenylpropanoid metabolism in infected MT, but not in 35S::AtCKX2 plants, suggests establishment of a cytokinin-mediated sink that promotes tissue overgrowth with an increase in lignin. Possibly, M. perniciosa could benefit from the accumulation of secondary cell walls during its saprotrophic phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Paschoal
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Costa
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Eder M da Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Fábia B da Silva
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Capelin
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Vitor Ometto
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Aricetti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorrenováveis, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Carvalho
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Pimpinato
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F de Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Esther Carrera
- Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Díaz
- Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mônica L Rossi
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Tornisielo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Diego M Riano-Pachon
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
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9
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Fusar-Poli L, Gabbiadini A, Ciancio A, Vozza L, Signorelli MS, Aguglia E. The effect of cocoa-rich products on depression, anxiety, and mood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7905-7916. [PMID: 33970709 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1920570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the popular imaginary, cocoa-derived products, like chocolate, represent a panacea for mood and affectivity. However, whether this is a myth or a fact has yet to be clarified. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to investigate the effect of cocoa-derived food on depressive and anxiety symptoms, positive and negative affect. We searched Web of KnowledgeTM and PsycINFO up to April 3, 2020. After screening 761 records, we selected nine studies. Two trials evaluated the long-term effects of cocoa consumption (>1 week), two studies the short-term effects (3 days), while five studies were conducted in acute (single administration). Random-effects meta-analyses found an overall significant effect of cocoa-rich products on depressive (Hedge's g = -0.42, 95% CI -0.67 to -0.17) and anxiety symptoms (Hedge's g = -0.49, 95% CI -0.78 to -0.19). Moreover, both positive (Hedge's g = 0.41, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.77) and negative affect (Hedge's g = -0.47, 95% CI -0.91 to -0.03) significantly improved. In all meta-analyses, the effect size was medium, while heterogeneity was low. Our findings suggest that the consumption of cocoa-rich products may improve affect and mood in the short term. However, given the short duration of trials, our results cannot be generalized to long-term intake of cocoa-derived food. Cautious interpretation is also needed due to the low number of participants and studies included in the meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fusar-Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alberto Gabbiadini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciancio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Vozza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Salvina Signorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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10
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Barraza F, Schreck E, Uzu G, Lévêque T, Zouiten C, Boidot M, Maurice L. Beyond cadmium accumulation: Distribution of other trace elements in soils and cacao beans in Ecuador. Environ Res 2021; 192:110241. [PMID: 32980301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since cacao beans accumulate Cd in high levels and restrictions have been imposed on safe levels of chocolate consumption, concern about whether or not cacao trees store other toxic elements seems to be inevitable. Following a previous study in Ecuador examining Cd content in five cacao varieties collected in pristine areas and in places impacted by oil activities, we present here the concentrations of 11 trace elements (TEs) (As, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in soils, cacao tissues (leaves, pod husks, beans) and cocoa liquor (CL). Several TEs showed concentrations in topsoils above the Ecuadorian limits, and may have a mixed natural and anthropogenic origin. Ba and Mo concentrations in cacao tissues are slightly higher than those reported in other surveys, but this was not the case for toxic elements (As and Pb). TE contents are lower in CL, than in beans, except for Pb and Co, but no risk was identified for human health. Compared with control areas, Enrichment Factors were below 2 in impacted areas, except for Ba. Transfer factors (from soils to cacao) indicated that cacao does not accumulate TEs. A positive correlation was found between Cd and Zn in topsoils and cacao tissues for the CCN-51 variety, and between Cd and Ni for the Nacional variety. Identifying patterns of TE distribution and potential interactions in order to explain plant internal mechanisms, which is also dependent on the cacao variety, is a difficult task and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Barraza
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
| | - Eva Schreck
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- IGE, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, CS 40700, F-38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Thibaut Lévêque
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, P.O. Box 17 012759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cyril Zouiten
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Boidot
- CEA Liten, Direction des technologies des nanomatériaux, F- 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Maurice
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France; Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Área de Salud, P.O. Box 17-12-569, Quito, Ecuador
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11
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Osorio-Guarín JA, Berdugo-Cely JA, Coronado-Silva RA, Baez E, Jaimes Y, Yockteng R. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Novel Candidate Genes Associated with Productivity and Disease Resistance to Moniliophthora spp. in Cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). G3 (Bethesda) 2020; 10:1713-25. [PMID: 32169867 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), the source of chocolate, is one of the most important commodity products worldwide that helps improve the economic livelihood of farmers. Diseases like frosty pod rot caused by Moniliophthora roreri and witches’ broom caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa limit the cacao productivity, this can be solved by using resistant varieties. In the current study, we sequenced 229 cacao accessions using genotyping-by-sequencing to examine the genetic diversity and population structure employing 9,003 and 8,131 single nucleotide polymorphisms recovered by mapping against two cacao genomes (Criollo B97-61/B2 v2 and Matina 1-6 v1.1). In the phenotypic evaluation, three promising accessions for productivity and 10 with good tolerance to the frosty pod rot and witches’ broom diseases were found. A genome-wide association study was performed on 102 accessions, discovering two genes associated with productivity and seven to disease resistance. The results enriched the knowledge of the genetic regions associated with important cacao traits that can have significant implications for conservation and breeding strategies like marker-assisted selection.
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12
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Arnold SEJ, Forbes SJ, Hall DR, Farman DI, Bridgemohan P, Spinelli GR, Bray DP, Perry GB, Grey L, Belmain SR, Stevenson PC. Floral Odors and the Interaction between Pollinating Ceratopogonid Midges and Cacao. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:869-878. [PMID: 31741191 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most plant species depend upon insect pollination services, including many cash and subsistence crops. Plants compete to attract those insects using visual cues and floral odor which pollinators associate with a reward. The cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, has a highly specialized floral morphology permitting pollination primarily by Ceratopogonid midges. However, these insects do not depend upon cacao flowers for their life cycle, and can use other sugar sources. To understand how floral cues mediate pollination in cacao we developed a method for rearing Ceratopogonidae through several complete lifecycles to provide material for bioassays. We carried out collection and analysis of cacao floral volatiles, and identified a bouquet made up exclusively of saturated and unsaturated, straight-chain hydrocarbons, which is unusual among floral odors. The most abundant components were tridecane, pentadecane, (Z)-7-pentadecene and (Z)-8-heptadecene with a heptadecadiene and heptadecatriene as minor components. We presented adult midges, Forcipomyia sp. (subgen. Forcipomyia), Culicoides paraensis and Dasyhelea borgmeieri, with natural and synthetic cacao flower odors in choice assays. Midges showed weak attraction to the complete natural floral odor in the assay, with no significant evidence of interspecific differences. This suggests that cacao floral volatiles play a role in pollinator behavior. Midges were not attracted to a synthetic blend of the above four major components of cacao flower odor, indicating that a more complete blend is required for attraction. Our findings indicate that cacao pollination is likely facilitated by the volatile blend released by flowers, and that the system involves a generalized odor response common to different species of Ceratopogonidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E J Arnold
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Samantha J Forbes
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Dudley I Farman
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Puran Bridgemohan
- Biosciences, Agriculture and Food Technologies, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Caroni North Bank Road, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gustavo R Spinelli
- División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel P Bray
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Garvin B Perry
- Biosciences, Agriculture and Food Technologies, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Caroni North Bank Road, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Leroy Grey
- Cocoa Industry Board of Jamaica, Marcus Garvey Drive, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Steven R Belmain
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
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Webber AD, Solofondranohatra JS, Razafindramoana S, Fernández D, Parker CA, Steer M, Abrahams M, Allainguillaume J. Lemurs in Cacao: Presence and Abundance within the Shade Plantations of Northern Madagascar. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2019; 91:96-107. [PMID: 31574526 DOI: 10.1159/000501987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that much biodiversity exists outside protected areas is driving research to understand how animals survive in anthropogenic landscapes. In Madagascar, cacao (Theobroma cacao) is grown under a mix of native and exotic shade trees, and this study sought to understand whether lemurs were present in these agroecosystems. Between November 2016 and March 2017, discussions with farmers, nocturnal reconnaissance surveys and camera traps were used to confirm the presence of lemurs in the Cokafa and Mangabe plantations near Ambanja, north-west Madagascar. Four species of lemur were encountered in nocturnal surveys: Mirza zaza, Phaner parienti, Microcebussp. and Cheirogaleussp. with encounter rates of 1.2, 0.4, 0.4 and 0.3 individuals/km, respectively. The presence of Lepilemur dorsalis was confirmed by camera trap. This is the first time lemurs have been studied in cacao plantations, and understanding how these threatened animals use anthropogenic landscapes is vital for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Steer
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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14
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Román GC, Jackson RE, Gadhia R, Román AN, Reis J. Mediterranean diet: The role of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in fish; polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, coffee, tea, cacao and wine; probiotics and vitamins in prevention of stroke, age-related cognitive decline, and Alzheimer disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:724-41. [PMID: 31521398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of action of the dietary components of the Mediterranean diet are reviewed in prevention of cardiovascular disease, stroke, age-associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease. A companion article provides a comprehensive review of extra-virgin olive oil. The benefits of consumption of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids are described. Fresh fish provides eicosapentaenoic acid while α-linolenic acid is found in canola and soybean oils, purslane and nuts. These ω-3 fatty acids interact metabolically with ω-6 fatty acids mainly linoleic acid from corn oil, sunflower oil and peanut oil. Diets rich in ω-6 fatty acids inhibit the formation of healthier ω-3 fatty acids. The deleterious effects on lipid metabolism of excessive intake of carbohydrates, in particular high-fructose corn syrup and artificial sweeteners, are explained. The critical role of the ω-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the developing and aging brain and in Alzheimer disease is addressed. Nutritional epidemiology studies, prospective population-based surveys, and clinical trials confirm the salutary effects of fish consumption on prevention of coronary artery disease, stroke and dementia. Recent recommendations on fish consumption by pregnant women and potential mercury toxicity are reviewed. The polyphenols and flavonoids of plant origin play a critical role in the Mediterranean diet, because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of benefit in type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke and cancer prevention. Polyphenols from fruits and vegetables modulate tau hyperphosphorylation and beta amyloid aggregation in animal models of Alzheimer disease. From the public health viewpoint worldwide the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables has become the main tool for prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. We review the important dietary role of cereal grains in prevention of coronary disease and stroke. Polyphenols from grapes, wine and alcoholic beverages are discussed, in particular their effects on coagulation. The mechanisms of action of probiotics and vitamins are also included.
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15
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Pakora GA, Mpika J, Kone D, Ducamp M, Kebe I, Nay B, Buisson D. Inhibition of Phytophthora species, agents of cocoa black pod disease, by secondary metabolites of Trichoderma species. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:29901-29909. [PMID: 28965291 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa production is affected by the black pod disease caused by several Phytophthora species that bring, about each year, an estimated loss of 44% of world production. Chemical control remains expensive and poses an enormous risk of poisoning for the users and the environment. Biocontrol by using antagonistic microorganisms has become an alternative to the integrated control strategy against this disease. Trichoderma viride T7, T. harzanium T40, and T. asperellum T54, which showed in vivo and in vitro antagonistic activity against P. palmivora, were cultured and mycelia extracted. Inhibition activity of crude extracts was determined, and then organic compounds were isolated and characterized. The in vitro effect of each compound on the conidia germination and mycelia growth of four P. palmivora, two P. megakaria, and one P. capsici was evaluated. T. viride that displayed best activities produced two active metabolites, viridin and gliovirin, against P. palmivora and P. megakaria strains. However, no activity against P. capsici was observed. Besides being active separately, these two compounds have a synergistic effect for both inhibitions, mycelia growth and conidia germination. These results provide the basis for the development of a low-impact pesticide based on a mixture of viridin and gliovirine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles-Alex Pakora
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR 7245), 57 rue Buffon, CP54, 75005, Paris, France
- Département de Biosciences, Laboratoire Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny, BP 582, Abidjan, 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Joseph Mpika
- Station de Recherche de Bimbresso, CNRA, 01 BP 1536, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Daouda Kone
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université de Cocody Abidjan, BP V34, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Michel Ducamp
- UMR BGPI-CIRAD, TA A 54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ismael Kebe
- Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, CNRA, BP 808, Divo, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bastien Nay
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR 7245), 57 rue Buffon, CP54, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Didier Buisson
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR 7245), 57 rue Buffon, CP54, 75005, Paris, France.
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16
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Michielsen CCJR, Almanza-Aguilera E, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Urpi-Sarda M, Afman LA. Biomarkers of food intake for cocoa and liquorice (products): a systematic review. Genes Nutr 2018; 13:22. [PMID: 30065791 PMCID: PMC6062926 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background To unravel true links between diet and health, it is important that dietary exposure is accurately measured. Currently, mainly self-reporting methods (e.g. food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recalls) are used to assess food intake in epidemiological studies. However, these traditional instruments are subjective measures and contain well-known biases. Especially, estimating the intake of the group of confectionary products, such as products containing cocoa and liquorice, remains a challenge. The use biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) may provide a more objective measurement. However, an overview of current candidate biomarkers and their validity is missing for both cocoa- and liquorice-containing foods. Objective The purpose of the current study was to (1) identify currently described candidate BFIs for cocoa (products) and liquorice, (2) to evaluate the validity of these identified candidate BFIs and (3) to address further validation and/or identification work to be done. Methods This systematic review was based on a comprehensive literature search of three databases (PubMed, Scopus and ISI web of Science), to identify candidate BFIs. Via a second search step in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB), the Food Database (FooDB) and Phenol-Explorer, the specificity of the candidate BFIs was evaluated, followed by an evaluation of the validity of the specific candidate BFIs, via pre-defined criteria. Results In total, 37 papers were included for cocoa and 8 papers for liquorice. For cocoa, 164 unique candidate BFIs were obtained, and for liquorice, four were identified in total. Despite the high number of identified BFIs for cocoa, none of the metabolites was specific. Therefore, the validity of these compounds was not further examined. For liquorice intake, 18-glycyrrhetinic acid (18-GA) was found to have the highest assumed validity. Conclusions For cocoa, specific BFIs were missing, mainly because the individual BFIs were also found in foods having a similar composition, such as tea (polyphenols) or coffee (caffeine). However, a combination of individual BFIs might lead to discriminating profiles between cocoa (products) and foods with a similar composition. Therefore, studies directly comparing the consumption of cocoa to these similar products are needed, enabling efforts to find a unique profile per product. For liquorice, we identified 18-GA as a promising BFI; however, important information on its validity is missing; thus, more research is necessary. Our findings indicate a need for more studies to determine acceptable BFIs for both cocoa and liquorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C J R Michielsen
- 1Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Enrique Almanza-Aguilera
- 2Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,3CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elske M Brouwer-Brolsma
- 1Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sarda
- 2Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,3CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia A Afman
- 1Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Bailey BA, Ali SS, Strem MD, Meinhardt LW. Morphological variants of Moniliophthora roreri on artificial media and the biotroph/necrotroph shift. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:701-716. [PMID: 29880205 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Moniliophthora roreri (Mr) causes frosty pod rot of Theobroma cacao in a hemibiotrophic association. The Mr biotroph-like phase has not been studied in culture. Mr spores (isolates Co12, Co52, and B3) were germinated on high (V8) and low (BPMM) nutrients with different media hardness (0.5% to 3% agarose). Germination was high on V8 media. Hardness affected germination on BPMM. Most colonies on V8 were slow-growing, failing to sporulate. Colony morphology depended on the isolate. On BPMM, exaggerated mycelia formed of limited length with enlarged cells. On agarose, rapidly expanding sporulating necrotrophic colonies formed rarely. Co12 and B3 spores were germinated on V8 and BPMM with low melting point (LMP) agarose. Slow-growing colonies of B3 on BPMM were unstable on LMP agarose, often forming slow-growing/rapidly expanding hybrids. Slow-growing colonies are hypothesized to represent the biotrophic phase. One nucleus was common in Mr cells, other than spores. Binucleate cells were occasionally observed in aged cells of slow-growing mycelia. Co52 cells often had more than two nuclei per cell after germination. Mr mycelia cells typically carry a single nucleus, being considered haploid. Biotroph- and necrotroph-like mycelia displayed differential gene expression but results were inconsistent with published in vivo results and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States.
| | - Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
| | - Mary D Strem
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
| | - Lyndel W Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
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18
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Tosarini TR, Ramos PZ, Profeta GS, Baroni RM, Massirer KB, Couñago RM, Mondego JMC. Cloning, expression and purification of kinase domains of cacao PR-1 receptor-like kinases. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:78-84. [PMID: 29360581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The PR-1 proteins (pathogenesis-related protein 1) are involved in plant defense mechanisms against various pathogens. The genome of cacao (Theobroma cacao) encodes 14 PR-1 proteins, named TcPR-1a to TcPR-1n. Two of them, TcPR-1f and TcPR-1g, have a C-terminal expansion with high similarity to protein kinase domains, suggesting a receptor-like kinase (RLK) protein architecture. Moreover, TcPR-1g is highly expressed during cacao response to Witches' Broom Disease, caused by the fungus Moniliopthora perniciosa. Here we describe a structural genomics approach to clone, express and purify the kinase domains of TcPR-1f and TcPR-1g. Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)-R3 cells were used for protein expression and co-expression of Lambda Protein Phosphatase was critical for successfully obtaining soluble recombinant protein. We expect that the ability to express and purify the kinase domains of TcPR-1f and TcPR-1g will further our understanding of the role these proteins play during cacao defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila Zonzini Ramos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (SGC-UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gerson Souza Profeta
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (SGC-UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Katlin B Massirer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (SGC-UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas (CBMEG-UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Couñago
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (SGC-UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas (CBMEG-UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Garcia C, Britto D, Marelli JP. Transcription Factors: Their Role in the Regulation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao L. and Other Species. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1815:385-396. [PMID: 29981137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are proteins that help with the control and regulation in the transcription of the DNA to mRNA by binding to special DNA sequences. With the aim to understand more about gene transcription regulation in Theobroma cacao L., this review outlines the principal transcription factors that were reported in other plants especially Arabidopsis thaliana and attempts at looking for the homologies with transcription factors in T. cacao. The information cited in this work is about the initiation, development, and maturation of the cacao somatic embryos and other crops. It is important to underline that there are very few publications in T. cacao discussing transcription factors that control the somatic embryogenesis process, but there is some information about transcription factors in other crops that we have used as a guide to try to understand this process.
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Muller E, Ravel S, Agret C, Abrokwah F, Dzahini-Obiatey H, Galyuon I, Kouakou K, Jeyaseelan EC, Allainguillaume J, Wetten A. Next generation sequencing elucidates cacao badnavirus diversity and reveals the existence of more than ten viral species. Virus Res 2017; 244:235-251. [PMID: 29169831 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cacao swollen shoot virus is a member of the family Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus and is naturally transmitted to Theobroma cacao (L.) by several mealybug species. CSSV populations in West African countries are highly variable and genetically structured into several different groups based on the diversity in the first part of ORF3 which encodes the movement protein. To unravel the extent of isolate diversity and address the problems of low titer and mixed viral sequences in samples, we used Illumina MiSeq and HiSeq technology. We were able to reconstruct de novo 20 new complete genomes from cacao samples collected in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) Museum and from the field samples collected in Côte d'Ivoire or Ghana. Based on the 20% threshold of nucleotide divergence in the reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT/RNase H) region which denotes species demarcation, we conclude there exist seven new species associated with the cacao swollen shoot disease. These new species along with the three already described leads to ten, the total number of the complex of viral species associated with the disease. A sample from Sri Lanka exhibiting similar leaf symptomology to West African CSSD-affected plants was also included in the study and the corresponding sequence represents the genome of a new virus named cacao bacilliform SriLanka virus (CBSLV).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Muller
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, 34398, Montpellier, France; BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
| | - S Ravel
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, 34398, Montpellier, France; BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - C Agret
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34398, Montpellier, France; AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - F Abrokwah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - I Galyuon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - K Kouakou
- World Cocoa Foundation, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - E C Jeyaseelan
- University of Jaffna, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
| | - J Allainguillaume
- University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - A Wetten
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 7BE, United Kingdom
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21
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Barraza F, Schreck E, Lévêque T, Uzu G, López F, Ruales J, Prunier J, Marquet A, Maurice L. Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador. Environ Pollut 2017; 229:950-963. [PMID: 28781181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cacao from South America is especially used to produce premium quality chocolate. Although the European Food Safety Authority has not established a limit for cadmium (Cd) in chocolate raw material, recent studies demonstrate that Cd concentrations in cacao beans can reach levels higher than the legal limits for dark chocolate (0.8 mg kg-1, effective January 1st, 2019). Despite the fact that the presence of Cd in agricultural soils is related to contamination by fertilizers, other potential sources must be considered in Ecuador. This field study was conducted to investigate Cd content in soils and cacao cultivated on Ecuadorian farms in areas impacted by oil activities. Soils, cacao leaves, and pod husks were collected from 31 farms in the northern Amazon and Pacific coastal regions exposed to oil production and refining and compared to two control areas. Human gastric bioaccessibility was determined in raw cacao beans and cacao liquor samples in order to assess potential health risks involved. Our results show that topsoils (0-20 cm) have higher Cd concentrations than deeper layers, exceeding the Ecuadorian legislation limit in 39% of the sampling sites. Cacao leaves accumulate more Cd than pod husks or beans but, nevertheless, 50% of the sampled beans have Cd contents above 0.8 mg kg-1. Root-to-cacao transfer seems to be the main pathway of Cd uptake, which is not only regulated by physico-chemical soil properties but also agricultural practices. Additionally, natural Cd enrichment by volcanic inputs must not be neglected. Finally, Cd in cacao trees cannot be considered as a tracer of oil activities. Assuming that total Cd content and its bioaccessible fraction (up to 90%) in cacao beans and liquor is directly linked to those in chocolate, the health risk associated with Cd exposure varies from low to moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Barraza
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - E Schreck
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - T Lévêque
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, P.O. Box 17, 012759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - G Uzu
- IGE, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, CS 40700 Cedex 9, F-38058 Grenoble, France
| | - F López
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J Ruales
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, P.O. Box 17, 012759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - J Prunier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Bois, UMR EcoFoG, ZI Pariacabo, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - A Marquet
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - L Maurice
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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Rúa AMG, Rojas LF, Trujillo AIU, Zuleta OP, Alvarez CDC, Garcés LA. A rational approach for the improvement of biomass production and lipid profile in cacao cell suspensions. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:1479-92. [PMID: 28646332 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa butter (CB) is produced in the seeds of Theobroma cacao representing 50% of its dry weight. The lipid composition plays an important role in the physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of the CB, making this fat a valuable resource for the production of chocolates, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In this paper, are described experimental strategies used for a rational improvement of biomass production and fatty acids in cacao cell suspension cultures. First, the lipid profile in four cacao varieties is characterized, and then, one variety is selected to induce cell suspensions using a direct method without previous establishment of a callus phase. To improve growth and total fat production in cell suspension cultures, modified DKW media and newly designed media culture, based on the mineral concentrations of cacao seeds (cacao biomass production, "CBP"), are analyzed and compared. In addition, the effect of acetate in the lipid profile of cell suspensions is evaluated. Ultrastructural histological analysis of lipid vesicles in cacao seeds and cell suspensions is also performed. The results will show that it is feasible to establish cacao suspensions without the calli step and increase the biomass production by selecting a suitable cacao variety and tissue and also applying a new culture media formulation. In addition, it is possible to synthesize fatty acids in cell cultures and modify the lipid profile adding a precursor of the novo biosynthesis of fatty acids such as the acetate. Transmission electronic microscopy examinations and differential interference contrast microscopy analysis will demonstrate that lipid vesicles are the main reserve substance in both cacao seeds and cell suspensions.
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Chowdhury NR, MacGregor-Ramiasa M, Zilm P, Majewski P, Vasilev K. 'Chocolate' silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 482:151-158. [PMID: 27501038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a powerful weapon against antibiotic resistant microorganisms. However, most conventional AgNPs syntheses require the use of hazardous chemicals and generate toxic organic waste. Hence, in recent year's, plant derived and biomolecule based synthetics have has gained much attention. Cacao has been used for years for its medicinal benefits and contains a powerful reducing agent - oxalic acid. We hypothesized that, due to the presence of oxalic acid, cacao extract is capable of reducing silver nitrate (AgNO3) to produce AgNPs. EXPERIMENTS In this study, AgNPs were synthesized by using natural cacao extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The reaction temperature, time and reactant molarity were varied to optimize the synthesis yield. FINDINGS UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs were spherical particles ranging in size from 35 to 42.5nm. The synthesized AgNPs showed significant antibacterial activity against clinically relevant pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Importantly, these green AgNPs are not cytotoxic to human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) at concentrations below 32μg/ml. We conclude that cacao-based synthesis is a reproducible and sustainable method for the generation of stable antimicrobial silver nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity to human cells. The AgNPs synthesized in this work have promising properties for applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelika Roy Chowdhury
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | | | - Peter Zilm
- Microbiology Laboratory, The School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Peter Majewski
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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24
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Falcao LL, Silva-Werneck JO, Ramos ADR, Martins NF, Bresso E, Rodrigues MA, Bemquerer MP, Marcellino LH. Antimicrobial properties of two novel peptides derived from Theobroma cacao osmotin. Peptides 2016; 79:75-82. [PMID: 26996966 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The osmotin proteins of several plants display antifungal activity, which can play an important role in plant defense against diseases. Thus, this protein can be useful as a source for biotechnological strategies aiming to combat fungal diseases. In this work, we analyzed the antifungal activity of a cacao osmotin-like protein (TcOsm1) and of two osmotin-derived synthetic peptides with antimicrobial features, differing by five amino acids residues at the N-terminus. Antimicrobial tests showed that TcOsm1 expressed in Escherichia coli inhibits the growth of Moniliophthora perniciosa mycelium and Pichia pastoris X-33 in vitro. The TcOsm1-derived peptides, named Osm-pepA (H-RRLDRGGVWNLNVNPGTTGARVWARTK-NH2), located at R23-K49, and Osm-pepB (H-GGVWNLNVNPGTTGARVWARTK-NH2), located at G28-K49, inhibited growth of yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C and Pichia pastoris X-33) and spore germination of the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium f. sp. glycines and Colletotrichum gossypi. Osm-pepA was more efficient than Osm-pepB for S. cerevisiae (MIC=40μM and MIC=127μM, respectively), as well as for P. pastoris (MIC=20μM and MIC=127μM, respectively). Furthermore, the peptides presented a biphasic performance, promoting S. cerevisiae growth in doses around 5μM and inhibiting it at higher doses. The structural model for these peptides showed that the five amino acids residues, RRLDR at Osm-pepA N-terminus, significantly affect the tertiary structure, indicating that this structure is important for the peptide antimicrobial potency. This is the first report of development of antimicrobial peptides from T. cacao. Taken together, the results indicate that the cacao osmotin and its derived peptides, herein studied, are good candidates for developing biotechnological tools aiming to control phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loeni L Falcao
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Bresso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Magali A Rodrigues
- Centro Universitário Planalto do Distrito Federal (Uniplan), Brasília, DF, Brazil
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25
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Chavez E, He ZL, Stoffella PJ, Mylavarapu RS, Li YC, Baligar VC. Chemical speciation of cadmium: An approach to evaluate plant-available cadmium in Ecuadorian soils under cacao production. Chemosphere 2016; 150:57-62. [PMID: 26891357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentration of cadmium (Cd) in cacao beans has raised serious concerns about the chocolate consumption on human health. Accumulation of Cd in cacao bean in southern Ecuador has been related to soil contamination. In this study, soil fractionation approach was used to identify available Cd pools in the soils and to correlate these Cd pools with bean Cd concentration and soil test indexes. The distribution of soil Cd fractions decreased in the order: oxidizable > acid-soluble > residual > reducible >> water-soluble (+exchangeable). Oxidizable and acid-soluble fractions accounted for 59 and 68% of the total recoverable Cd for the 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth, respectively. Acid-soluble fraction was closely related to bean-Cd, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.70 and 0.81 (P < 0.01) for the 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth, respectively. Acid-soluble Cd was significantly correlated with 0.01 M HCl- (r = 0.99, P < 0.01) or Mehlich 3- extractable Cd (r = 0.97, P < 0.01). These results indicate that acid-soluble Cd fraction is an important part of available Cd pool. Since approximately 60% of Cd in the cacao-growing soils is related to the acid-soluble fraction and bound to organic matter, remediation of the contaminated soils should consider to the dynamics of soil pH and organic matter content.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chavez
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, Km 30.5 Via Perimetral, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador
| | - Z L He
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - P J Stoffella
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - R S Mylavarapu
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Soil and Water Science Department, 171 McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL 33611, USA
| | - Y C Li
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 SW 280 Street, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
| | - V C Baligar
- United State Department of Agriculture, ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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26
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Fister AS, O'Neil ST, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Tyler BM, Guiltinan MJ, Maximova SN. Two Theobroma cacao genotypes with contrasting pathogen tolerance show aberrant transcriptional and ROS responses after salicylic acid treatment. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:6245-58. [PMID: 26163705 PMCID: PMC4588882 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of pathogen susceptibility in various crop plants is crucial to increasing the stability of food, feed, and fuel production. Varietal differences in defence responses provide insights into the mechanisms of resistance and are a key resource for plant breeders. To explore the role of salicylic acid in the regulation of defence in cacao, we demonstrated that SA treatment decreased susceptibility to a pod rot pathogen, Phytophthora tropicalis in two genotypes, Scavina 6 and Imperial College Selection 1, which differ in their resistance to several agriculturally important pathogens. Transient overexpression of TcNPR1, a major transcriptional regulator of the SA-dependent plant immune system, also increased pathogen tolerance in cacao leaves. To explore further the genetic basis of resistance in cacao, we used microarrays to measure gene expression profiles after salicylic acid (SA) treatment in these two cacao genotypes. The two genotypes displayed distinct transcriptional responses to SA. Unexpectedly, the expression profile of the susceptible genotype ICS1 included a larger number of pathogenesis-related genes that were induced by SA at 24h after treatment, whereas genes encoding many chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins implicated in reactive oxygen species production were up-regulated in the resistant genotype, Sca6. Sca6 accumulated significantly more superoxide at 24h after treatment of leaves with SA. These experiments revealed critical insights regarding the molecular differences between cacao varieties, which will allow a better understanding of defence mechanisms to help guide breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Fister
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shawn T O'Neil
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Zi Shi
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yufan Zhang
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Siela N Maximova
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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27
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Franco SDF, Baroni RM, Carazzolle MF, Teixeira PJPL, Reis O, Pereira GAG, Mondego JMC. Genomic analyses and expression evaluation of thaumatin-like gene family in the cacao fungal pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:629-36. [PMID: 26367180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are found in diverse eukaryotes. Plant TLPs, known as Pathogenicity Related Protein (PR-5), are considered fungal inhibitors. However, genes encoding TLPs are frequently found in fungal genomes. In this work, we have identified that Moniliophthora perniciosa, a basidiomycete pathogen that causes the Witches' Broom Disease (WBD) of cacao, presents thirteen putative TLPs from which four are expressed during WBD progression. One of them is similar to small TLPs, which are present in phytopathogenic basidiomycete, such as wheat stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis. Fungi genomes annotation and phylogenetic data revealed a larger number of TLPs in basidiomycetes when comparing with ascomycetes, suggesting that these proteins could be involved in specific traits of mushroom-forming species. Based on the present data, we discuss the contribution of TLPs in the combat against fungal competitors and hypothesize a role of these proteins in M. perniciosa pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulamita de Freitas Franco
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Moro Baroni
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Moreno-Ulloa A, Mendez-Luna D, Beltran-Partida E, Castillo C, Guevara G, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Correa-Basurto J, Ceballos G, Villarreal F. The effects of (-)-epicatechin on endothelial cells involve the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:309-20. [PMID: 26303816 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have provided evidence that the stimulatory effects of (-)-epicatechin ((-)-EPI) on endothelial cell nitric oxide (NO) production may involve the participation of a cell-surface receptor. Thus far, such entity(ies) has not been fully elucidated. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a cell-surface receptor that has been linked to protective effects on the cardiovascular system and activation of intracellular signaling pathways (including NO production) similar to those reported with (-)-EPI. In bovine coronary artery endothelial cells (BCAEC) by the use of confocal imaging, we evidence the presence of GPER at the cell-surface and on F-actin filaments. Using in silico studies we document the favorable binding mode between (-)-EPI and GPER. Such binding is comparable to that of the GPER agonist, G1. By the use of selective blockers, we demonstrate that the activation of ERK 1/2 and CaMKII by (-)-EPI is dependent on the GPER/c-SRC/EGFR axis mimicking those effects noted with G1. We also evidence by the use of siRNA the role that GPER has on mediating ERK1/2 activation by (-)-EPI. GPER appears to be coupled to a non Gαi/o or Gαs, protein subtype. To extrapolate our findings to an ex vivo model, we employed phenylephrine pre-contracted aortic rings evidencing that (-)-EPI can mediate vasodilation through GPER activation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that suggests the GPER as a potential mediator of (-)-EPI effects and highlights the important role that GPER may have on cardiovascular system protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Moreno-Ulloa
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA; Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - David Mendez-Luna
- Laboratorio de modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen Castillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Guevara
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA; Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico; Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of the overall dietary intervention rather than a single nutrient on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS This is a randomized controlled trial conducted at a child psychiatry clinic in Iran. Participants were 106 children and adolescents with ADHD. One group received methylphenidate plus dietary recommendations, while the other group only received methylphenidate. ADHD DSM-IV checklist was used to assess inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores at baseline and at the end of the trial. RESULTS The results revealed no significant difference between the two groups regarding mean age, gender ratio, body mass index, baseline inattentiveness score, and baseline hyperactivity score. Linear regression analysis considering the covariant variables showed that the inattentive score at the end of the trial was significantly associated with the mean change of favorite diet scores. CONCLUSION This is the first clinical trial examining the effect of overall dietary characteristics rather than a single nutrient on the children formally diagnosed with ADHD. According to the results, un-favorite diet had no effects on inattentive or hyperactivity/impulsivity score. Encouraging the children with ADHD to increase their intake of recommended diet markedly improves their attention. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at the Iranian Clinical Trials Registry (Irct ID: IRCT201311303930N29).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ghanizadeh
- Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behzad Haddad
- Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Gutiérrez-Salmeán G, Ortiz-Vilchis P, Vacaseydel CM, Garduño-Siciliano L, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Meaney E, Villafaña S, Villarreal F, Ceballos G, Ramírez-Sánchez I. Effects of (-)-epicatechin on a diet-induced rat model of cardiometabolic risk factors. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 728:24-30. [PMID: 24491839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have been associated with increase in cardiometabolic risk. Therapeutics include lifestyle changes and/or pharmacologic agents. However, such interventions are often limited by poor compliance and/or significant side effects. The consumption of certain dietary products, such as cocoa, exerts positive effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. (-)-Epicatechin (EPI), the most abundant flavonoid in cacao has been reported to replicate such effects. However its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated.In a rat model of high-fat diet-induced obesity and its associated cardiometabolic risk factors, we administered 1mg/kg of EPI, by gavage, for 2 weeks. Endpoints included weight-gain, glycemia, triglyceridemia, and systolic blood pressure. We also assessed food intake and fecal excretion. Mitochondrial function and structure related proteins were measured by Westerns.Obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and systolic hypertension were developed after the administration of the high-fat diet for five weeks. EPI significantly decreased the rate of weight gain, glycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The ratio between energy intake and excretion was not significantly modified by treatment. EPI restored the obesity-induced decreases in the levels of skeletal muscle and abdominal tissue sirtuins (SIRTs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC-1α), mitofilin, transcription factor A mitochondrial (TFAM), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and deiodinase.EPI treatment yielded beneficial effects on high fat diet-induced endpoints thus may be considered as a potential agent for the treatment of obesity and its cardiometabolic associated abnormalities. Mechanism of action may be attributed to the modulation of cellular/mitochondrial function, thus improving overall metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gutiérrez-Salmeán
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Pilar Ortiz-Vilchis
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Claudia Maria Vacaseydel
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Leticia Garduño-Siciliano
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - German Chamorro-Cevallos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Israel Ramírez-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
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Osakabe N, Yamagishi M. Procyanidins in Theobroma cacao Reduce Plasma Cholesterol Levels in High Cholesterol-Fed Rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 45:131-6. [PMID: 19794919 PMCID: PMC2735623 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.07-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of cacao procyanidins (CP) on plasma lipid levels in high cholesterol-fed rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups, and each group was fed on either a normal diet, high cholesterol diet (HCD) containing 1% cholesterol (HCD without CP), HCD with 0.5% (HCD with 0.5% CP) or 1.0% CP (HCD with 1.0% CP) for 4 weeks. Plasma cholesterol level was significantly higher in the HCD without CP group than the normal diet group (p<0.01). Supplementation of CP significantly decreased plasma cholesterol (p<0.01) to levels similar to those of the normal diet group. The liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels in all HCD groups were significantly higher (p<0.01), but 1.0% CP feeding significantly reduced this increase. Fecal excretion of neutral sterol and triglyceride was significantly increased in all HCD groups (p<0.01), and the excreted amounts tended to be higher in the HCD with CP groups. The procyanidins dose-dependently reduced micellar solubility of cholesterol and this activity increased with increasing molecular weight. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms of CP to lower plasma cholesterol is inhibition of intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma, Saitama-city, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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