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Joseph M, Paulson F, C N, S A, Remello SN, Haridas S, Aravind UK. Layer-by-layer assembled graphitic carbon nitride membranes for water treatment. Chemosphere 2024; 353:141544. [PMID: 38408573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Meeting societal demand for potable water supply remains one of the prioritized challenges faced in the modern era. The anthropogenic intervention has led to a dire situation threatening ecological balance and human health. There is an inevitable need for the development of new technologies and innovations in existing technologies for water treatment. Photocatalytic Membrane technology, encompassing the merits of membrane filtration and photocatalytic degradation has evolved as a potential and reliable technology for sustainable water treatment. Innovations in photocatalytic materials and membrane fabrication techniques can lead to the goal of commercialization of membrane water treatment technology. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and its functionalized analog as photocatalytic membranes for sustainable water treatment. g-C3N4 and Tetracarboxyphenylporphyrin sensitized g-C3N4 (g-C3N4/TCPP) was introduced onto commercial nylon membrane surface via a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly method using chitosan and sodium salt of polystyrene sulphonic acid as polyelectrolytes. The fabricated membranes were characterized to ensure the integration of the photocatalysts. The performance of the membranes for water treatment was assessed by selecting some common dyes as model pollutants. The modified membranes exhibited excellent flux recovery and could afford high rejection rates upon irradiation indicating the prospects for sustainable filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin Joseph
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Fredin Paulson
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nasrin C
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Aparna S
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sebastian Nybin Remello
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India; Inter University Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Suja Haridas
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India; Inter University Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India.
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Zhong X, Ji M, Wu W, Lu C, Liu W, Jiang F. Enhanced Degradation of Levofloxacin through Visible-Light-Driven Peroxymonosulfate Activation over CuInS 2/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunctions. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 14:74. [PMID: 38202529 PMCID: PMC10781168 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the heterojunctions of CuInS2 embedded in the g-C3N4 materials (xCuInS2/g-C3N4, abbreviated as xCIS/GCN) was successfully prepared for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation under visible light. The catalysts are characterized by different techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and UV-vis. The unique heterojunction composites can suppress the recombination of photogenerated pairs. The catalytic results showed that the 3CIS/GCN exhibited excellent catalytic levofloxacin (LVF) degradation efficiency, while more than 98.9% of LVF was removed in 60 min over a wide pH range. SO4•-, O2•-, OH•, and 1O2 were verified as the main reactive species for LVF degradation via the quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance technology (EPR). The synergetic effect of xCIS/GCN, PMS, and visible light irradiation was discussed. The possible LVF degradation pathway was proposed through byproducts analysis (LC-MS). Moreover, the 3CIS/GCN/vis-PMS system has very low metal leaching. Owing to xCIS/GCN having good properties for PMS activation, it has potential applications for LVF or other hazardous pollutants degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhong
- Experimental and Practical Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (M.J.); (W.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Meihuan Ji
- Experimental and Practical Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (M.J.); (W.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Experimental and Practical Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (M.J.); (W.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Caicai Lu
- Experimental and Practical Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (M.J.); (W.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenping Liu
- Experimental and Practical Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (M.J.); (W.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Fubin Jiang
- Experimental and Practical Innovation Education Center, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (M.J.); (W.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
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Nguyen Xuan T, Nguyen Thi D, Tran Thuong Q, Nguyen Ngoc T, Dang Quoc K, Molnár Z, Mukhtar S, Szabó-Bárdos E, Horváth O. Effect of Copper-Modification of g-C 3N 4 on the Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Oxidation of Nitrophenols. Molecules 2023; 28:7810. [PMID: 38067540 PMCID: PMC10708227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has proved to be a promising heterogeneous photocatalyst in the visible range. It can be used, among others, for the oxidative conversion of environmentally harmful nitrophenols occurring in wastewater. However, its photocatalytic activity needs to be enhanced, which can be achieved by modification with various dopants. In our work, copper-modified g-C3N4 was prepared by ultrasonic impregnation of the pristine g-C3N4 synthesized from thiourea. The morphology, microstructure, and optical properties of the photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, DRS, SEM, XPS, and TEM. DRS analysis indicated a slight change in both the CB and the VB energies of Cu/g-C3N4 compared to those of g-C3N4. The efficiency of the photocatalysts prepared was tested by the degradation of nitrophenols. Copper modification caused a sevenfold increase in the rate of 4-nitrophenol degradation in the presence of H2O2 at pH = 3. This dramatic enhancement can be attributed to the synergistic effect of copper and H2O2 in this photocatalytic system. A minor Fenton reaction role was also detected. The reusability of the Cu/g-C3N4 catalyst was demonstrated through five cycles. Copper-modified g-C3N4 with H2O2 proved to be applicable for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidative degradation of nitrophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Nguyen Xuan
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No.1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.X.); (Q.T.T.); (T.N.N.)
| | - Dien Nguyen Thi
- Viettel Aerospace Institute, Viettel Group, Hoa Lac High-Tech Park, Thach That District, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Quang Tran Thuong
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No.1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.X.); (Q.T.T.); (T.N.N.)
| | - Tue Nguyen Ngoc
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No.1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.X.); (Q.T.T.); (T.N.N.)
| | - Khanh Dang Quoc
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No.1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Zsombor Molnár
- Environmental Mineralogy Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprém, Hungary;
| | - Shoaib Mukhtar
- Research Group of Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprém, Hungary (E.S.-B.)
| | - Erzsébet Szabó-Bárdos
- Research Group of Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprém, Hungary (E.S.-B.)
| | - Ottó Horváth
- Research Group of Environmental and Inorganic Photochemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 1158, H-8210 Veszprém, Hungary (E.S.-B.)
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Reddy CV, Kakarla RR, Cheolho B, Shim J, Aminabhavi TM. Heterostructured 2D/2D ZnIn 2S 4/g-C 3N 4 nanohybrids for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and photoelectrochemical properties. Environ Res 2023; 225:115585. [PMID: 36854374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, antibiotic drugs have been extensively used owing to increased industrial growth, and this has created issues related to drinking water and a green environment. Different techniques have been used to resolve these issues, among which heterogeneous photocatalysis has been widely explored for the elimination of toxic compounds from wastewater resources. In this study, ZnIn2S4, g-C3N4, and ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 hybrid heterostructured composites are synthesized via hydrothermal method and used these (i) for the removal of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole pollutant and (ii) photoelectrochemical water oxidation. The nanomaterials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The developed hybrid heterostructured composites were able to degrade sulfamethoxazole pollutants as well as offer improved photoelectrochemical properties compared to pristine samples. The catalytic performance of the materials developed under visible light irradiation was greatly improved for the degradation of the antibiotic drug up to 89.4% in 2 h. Moreover, the hybrid heterostructured photoelectrode showed a better photocurrent density (8.68 mA/cm2) and exhibited ∼19.2 and 29.9 times greater photocurrent density than the pristine photoelectrodes. Such a considerably increased catalytic activity was attributed to the active separation of charge carriers and transmission. The study offers an innovative approach to develop effective catalysts, and for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole as well as the PEC properties for hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Venkata Reddy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyoungsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Raghava Reddy Kakarla
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Bai Cheolho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyoungsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaesool Shim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyoungsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India; University Center for Research & Development (UCRO), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, 140 413, India.
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Cao D, Wang X, Zhang H, Yang D, Yin Z, Liu Z, Lu C, Guo F. Rational Design of Monolithic g-C 3N 4 with Floating Network Porous-like Sponge Monolithic Structure for Boosting Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline under Simulated and Natural Sunlight Illumination. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28103989. [PMID: 37241732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of powder g-C3N4 catalysts being difficult to recycle and prone to secondary pollution, floating network porous-like sponge monolithic structure g-C3N4 (FSCN) was prepared with a one-step thermal condensation method using melamine sponge, urea, and melamine as raw materials. The phase composition, morphology, size, and chemical elements of the FSCN were studied using XRD, SEM, XPS, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. Under simulated sunlight, the removal rate for 40 mg·L-1 tetracycline (TC) by FSCN reached 76%, which was 1.2 times that of powder g-C3N4. Under natural sunlight illumination, the TC removal rate of FSCN was 70.4%, which was only 5.6% lower than that of a xenon lamp. In addition, after three repeated uses, the removal rates of the FSCN and powder g-C3N4 samples decreased by 1.7% and 2.9%, respectively, indicating that FSCN had better stability and reusability. The excellent photocatalytic activity of FSCN benefits from its three-dimensional-network sponge-like structure and outstanding light absorption properties. Finally, a possible degradation mechanism for the FSCN photocatalyst was proposed. This photocatalyst can be used as a floating catalyst for the treatment of antibiotics and other types of water pollution, providing ideas for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Cao
- School of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- School of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Hefan Zhang
- School of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Daiqiong Yang
- School of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Ze Yin
- School of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Changyu Lu
- School of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Feng Guo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
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Reddy CV, Nagar A, Shetti NP, Reddy IN, Basu S, Shim J, Kakarla RR. Novel g-C 3N 4/BiVO 4 heterostructured nanohybrids for high efficiency photocatalytic degradation of toxic chemical pollutants. Chemosphere 2023; 322:138146. [PMID: 36806805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel heterostructured hybrid catalysts are essential for the efficient photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants from wastewater generated by the pharmaceutical and textile industries. In this study, novel g-C3N4/BiVO4 nanohybrid catalysts were prepared using a solvothermal technique, and examined their structural and optical properties using different characterizations. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the monoclinic crystal phase of BiVO4. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed that g-C3N4 sheets anchored on the surface of BiVO4 nanospheres. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the oxidation states of g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite sample. UV-Vis DRS spectroscopy analysis revealed that the composite (2.08 eV) sample had a reduced bandgap compared to other samples. The photocatalytic properties of the prepared samples were tested in the presence of organic methylene blue (MB) and antibiotic tetracycline (TC) pollutants under visible light illumination. The hybrid composite catalyst exhibited enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB (88%) and TC (89%) pollutants at elevated rate constants of 0.0128 and 0.01174 min-1, respectively. The improved catalytic performance of the composite catalyst is due to the heterojunctions between g-C3N4 and BiVO4 that successfully reduced the rate of charge carrier recombination in the catalyst system. Scavenger experiments revealed that O2●- and h+ radicals played a main role in the degradation of the chemical pollutants. The developed g-C3N4/BiVO4 heterostructured catalyst is a suitable candidate for removing contaminants from industrial wastewater because of its facile fabrication and exceptional photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Venkata Reddy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Aashna Nagar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India
| | - I Neelakanta Reddy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, India; Affiliate Faculty-TIET-Virginia Tech Center of Excellence in Emerging Materials, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Jaesool Shim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Raghava Reddy Kakarla
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Alshammari AH, Alshammari K, Alotaibi T, Alshammari M, Alhassan S, Taha TAM. In Situ Polycondensation Synthesis of NiS-g-C 3N 4 Nanocomposites for Catalytic Hydrogen Generation from NaBH 4. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:938. [PMID: 36903816 PMCID: PMC10005517 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The nanocomposites of S@g-C3N4 and NiS-g-C3N4 were synthesized for catalytic hydrogen production from the methanolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Several experimental methods were applied to characterize these nanocomposites such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The calculation of NiS crystallites revealed an average size of 8.0 nm. The ESEM and TEM images of S@g-C3N4 showed a 2D sheet structure and NiS-g-C3N4 nanocomposites showed the sheet materials that were broken up during the growth process, revealing more edge sites. The surface areas were 40, 50, 62, and 90 m2/g for S@g-C3N4, 0.5 wt.% NiS, 1.0 wt.% NiS, and 1.5 wt.% NiS, respectively. The pore volume of S@g-C3N4 was 0.18 cm3, which was reduced to 0.11 cm3 in 1.5 wt.% NiS owing to the incorporation of NiS particles into the nanosheet. We found that the in situ polycondensation preparation of S@g-C3N4 and NiS-g-C3N4 nanocomposites increased the porosity of the composites. The average values of the optical energy gap for S@g-C3N4 were 2.60 eV and decreased to 2.50, 2.40, and 2.30 eV as the NiS concentration increased from 0.5 to 1.5 wt.%. All NiS-g-C3N4 nanocomposite catalysts had an emission band that was visible in the 410-540 nm range and the intensity of this peak decreased as the NiS concentration increased from 0.5 to 1.5 wt.%. The hydrogen generation rates increased with increasing content of NiS nanosheet. Moreover, the sample 1.5 wt.% NiS showed the highest production rate of 8654 mL/g·min due to the homogeneous surface organization.
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Haleem A, Shafiq A, Chen SQ, Nazar M. A Comprehensive Review on Adsorption, Photocatalytic and Chemical Degradation of Dyes and Nitro-Compounds over Different Kinds of Porous and Composite Materials. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36770748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dye and nitro-compound pollution has become a significant issue worldwide. The adsorption and degradation of dyes and nitro-compounds have recently become important areas of study. Different methods, such as precipitation, flocculation, ultra-filtration, ion exchange, coagulation, and electro-catalytic degradation have been adopted for the adsorption and degradation of these organic pollutants. Apart from these methods, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and chemical degradation are considered the most economical and efficient to control water pollution from dyes and nitro-compounds. In this review, different kinds of dyes and nitro-compounds, and their adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human beings, were summarized in depth. This review article covers the comprehensive analysis of the adsorption of dyes over different materials (porous polymer, carbon-based materials, clay-based materials, layer double hydroxides, metal-organic frameworks, and biosorbents). The mechanism and kinetics of dye adsorption were the central parts of this study. The structures of all the materials mentioned above were discussed, along with their main functional groups responsible for dye adsorption. Removal and degradation methods, such as adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and chemical degradation of dyes and nitro-compounds were also the main aim of this review article, as well as the materials used for such degradation. The mechanisms of photocatalytic and chemical degradation were also explained comprehensively. Different factors responsible for adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and chemical degradation were also highlighted. Advantages and disadvantages, as well as economic cost, were also discussed briefly. This review will be beneficial for the reader as it covers all aspects of dye adsorption and the degradation of dyes and nitro-compounds. Future aspects and shortcomings were also part of this review article. There are several review articles on all these topics, but such a comprehensive study has not been performed so far in the literature.
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