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L’Estimé M, Schindler M, Shahidzadeh N, Bonn D. Droplet Size Distribution in Emulsions. Langmuir 2024; 40:275-281. [PMID: 38118145 PMCID: PMC10786033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The droplet size in emulsions is known to affect the rheological properties and plays a crucial role in many applications of emulsions. Despite its importance, the underlying mechanisms governing droplet size in emulsification remain poorly understood. We investigate the average drop size and size distribution upon emulsification with a high-shear mixer for model oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a surfactant. The size distribution is found to be a log-normal distribution resulting from the repetitive random breakup of drops. High-shear emulsification, the usual way of making emulsions, is therefore found to be very different from turbulent emulsification given by the Kolmogorov-Hinze theory, for which power-law distributions of the drop size are expected. In agreement with this, the mean droplet size does not follow a scaling with the Reynolds number of the emulsification flow but rather a capillary number scaling based on the viscosity of the continuous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon L’Estimé
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schindler
- CNRS
UMR7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Noushine Shahidzadeh
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhou J, Schutzman R, Shi NQ, Ackermann R, Olsen K, Wang Y, Schwendeman SP. Influence of encapsulation variables on formation of leuprolide-loaded PLGA microspheres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:401-412. [PMID: 36640551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emulsion-based solvent evaporation microencapsulation methods for producing PLGA microspheres are complex often leading to empirical optimization. This study aimed to develop a more detailed understanding of the effects of process variables on the complex emulsification processes during encapsulation of leuprolide in PLGA microspheres using a high-shear rotor-stator mixer. Following extensive analysis of previously developed formulation conditions that yield microspheres of equivalent composition to the commercial 1-month Lupron Depot, multiple variables during the formation of primary and secondary emulsion were investigated with the aid of dimensional analysis, including: rotor speed (ω) and time (t), dispersed phase fraction (Φ) and continuous phase viscosity (µc). The dimensionless Sauter mean diameter (d3,2) of primary emulsion was observed to be proportional to the product of several key dimensionless groups (Φ1,We,Re,ω1t1) raised to the appropriate power indices. A new dimensionless group (Θ ) (surface energy/energy input) was used to rationalize insertion of a proportionate time dependence in the scaling of the d3,2. The dimensionless d3,2 of secondary emulsion was found proportional to the product of three dimensionless groups ( [Formula: see text] ) raised to the appropriate power indices. The increased viscosity of the primary emulsion, decreased secondary water phase volume and reduced second homogenization time each elevated encapsulation efficiency of peptide by reducing drug leakage to the outer water phase. These results could be useful for dimensional analysis and improving manufacturing of PLGA microspheres by the solvent evaporation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard Schutzman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nian-Qiu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karl Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Patience DB, Irdam E, Madden N, Chen L, He M, Osei-Yeboah F. Simple Methods to Predict Particle Size for Growth-Only Systems Undergoing One or More Temperature Cycles. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Patience
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erwin Irdam
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicole Madden
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Liang Chen
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Min He
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Frederick Osei-Yeboah
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Dang X, Guo J, Yang L, Xue S, Ai B, Li X, Chen L, Li W, Qin H, Zhang J. Effects of blade structures on the dissolution and gas-liquid mass transfer performance of cup-shaped blade mixers. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022; 131:104149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mesa D, Cole K, van Heerden MR, Brito-Parada PR. Hydrodynamic characterisation of flotation impeller designs using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT). Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li X, Yang L, Guo J, Li W, Zhou M, Zhang J. Micromixing performance of the teethed high shear mixer under semi-batch operation. Front Chem Sci Eng 2022; 16:546-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ayas M, Skocilas J, Jirout T. Analysis of Power Input of an In-Line Rotor-Stator Mixer for Viscoplastic Fluids. Processes (Basel) 2020; 8:916. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the power draw and shear profile of a novel in-line rotor-stator mixer were studied experimentally and the laminar flow regime was simulated. The power draw of the rotor-stator mixer was investigated experimentally using viscoplastic shear-thinning fluid and the results of the obtained power consumptions were verified through simulations. The power draw constant and Otto-Metzner coefficient were determined from the result of experimental data and through simulations. A new method is suggested for the determination of the Otto-Metzner coefficient for the Herschel–Bulkley model and the term efficiency is introduced. It was shown that the proposed method can be applied successfully for the prediction of the Otto-Metzner coefficient for the mixing of viscoplastic shear-thinning fluids. The effect of geometry and rotor speed on power consumption and shear rate profile in the investigated mixer is discussed from the results of the simulations. It was found that numerical methods are a convenient tool and can predict the power draw of the in-line rotor-stator mixer successfully.
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Yang L, Li W, Guo J, Li W, Wang B, Zhang M, Zhang J. Effects of rotor and stator geometry on dissolution process and power consumption in jet-flow high shear mixers. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Espinoza C, Alberini F, Mihailova O, Kowalski A, Simmons M. Flow, turbulence and potential droplet break up mechanisms in an in-line Silverson 150/250 high shear mixer. Chemical Engineering Science: X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mayer-Laigle
- IATE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cendrine Gatumel
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi, France
| | - Henri Berthiaux
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi, France
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John T, Fonte C, Kowalski A, Rodgers T. A comparison of power and flow characteristics between batch and in-line rotor-stator mixers. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carrillo De Hert S, Rodgers TL. On the steady‐state drop size distribution in stirred vessels. Part II: Effect of continuous phase viscosity. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Carrillo De Hert
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Thomas L. Rodgers
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Espinoza C, Simmons M, Alberini F, Mihailova O, Rothman D, Kowalski A. Flow studies in an in-line Silverson 150/250 high shear mixer using PIV. Chem Eng Res Des 2018; 132:989-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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