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Huang J, Shu J, Yang B, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Li Z. Ultrasensitive detection of trace chemical warfare agent-related compounds by thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 235:122788. [PMID: 34517646 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer was developed for ultrasensitive detection of semi-volatile chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization method presented a soft ionization characterization and an excellent sensitivity towards CWAs. The detection sensitivities of the investigated nine CWA-related substances were 2.56 × 105-5.01 × 106 counts ng-1 in a detection cycle (30 s or 100 s). The corresponding 3σ limits of detection (LODs) were 0.08-3.90 pg. Compared with the best-documented LODs via the dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) and secondary electrospray ionization (SESI), the obtained LODs of the investigated compounds were improved by 2-76 times. Additionally, the measured sensitivity of 2-Chloroethyl ethyl, a proxy for mustard gas, is 550 counts pptv-1, which exceeds the DBDI and SESI's corresponding values (4.4 counts pptv-1 and 6.5 counts pptv-1) nearly by two orders of magnitude. A field application simulation was conducted by putting a strip of PTFE film contaminated with the CWA-related agent into the thermal desorption unit. The simulation showed that the sensitivities of the instrument via swipe surveying could achieve 2.19 × 105 to 5.23 × 106 counts ng-1. The experimental results demonstrate that the excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization is an ultrasensitive ionization method for CWAs and reveal a prospect for improving the detection of CWA species future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yedong Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Asadi S, Maddah B. Rapid screening of chemical warfare agents (nerve agents) using dimethyl methylphosphonate as simulant substances in beverages by hollow fiber membrane-protected solid phase microextraction followed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462704. [PMID: 34871940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The following work presents a new, rapid, potential to be portable, convenient, and low-cost method using hollow fiber membrane-protected solid phase microextraction followed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry which was used for determining dimethyl methylphosphonate in beverages. Response surface methodology based on the design of Box-Behnken was implemented for optimizing the different factors influencing the proposed method for obtaining the best results. Optimal extractions were calculated with 65 µm polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber, fiber equilibration time of 10 min, stirring rate of the sample solution at 750 rpm, and extraction temperature of 50 °C. The proposed technique provided linear range (0.5-50 µg mL-1), good linearity (>0.991), and repeatability (the relative standard deviations of 5.42% and 8.37% of intra- and inter-day analyses, respectively) under the optimized extraction conditions. Finally, the developed method was successfully used for determining dimethyl methylphosphonate in beverages such as coffee mix, fruit juice, tap water, milk, and tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Asadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bozorgmehr Maddah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
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Rybal’chenko IV, Baigil’diev TM, Rodin IA. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Determination of the Markers and Biomarkers of Chemical Warfare Agents. J Anal Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Che Sulaiman IS, Chieng BW, Pojol FE, Ong KK, Abdul Rashid JI, Wan Yunus WMZ, Mohd Kasim NA, Abdul Halim N, Mohd Noor SA, Knight VF. A review on analysis methods for nerve agent hydrolysis products. Forensic Toxicol 2020; 38:297-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sarvin B, Himmelsbach M, Baygildiev T, Shpigun O, Rodin I, Stavrianidi A, Buchberger W. Nerve agent markers screening after accumulation in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) used as a model plant object. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:214-219. [PMID: 31010635 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this research an accumulation of nerve agent markers in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant object was studied using LC-QTOF hybrid system. For the determination of methylphosphonic acid and alkyl methylphosphonates, which are specific markers of sarin, soman, VR and VX, simple and sensitive approach was developed. Direct analysis of aqueous extracts on the reversed phase column with polar endcapping allowed to achieve satisfactory retention factor for methylphosphonic acid, which has high polarity and is usually very weakly retained on the ordinary reversed phase columns. Application of the QTOF mass spectrometer with high mass resolution led to the increase in the accuracy of the conducted measurements. The HPLC-HRMS technique developed exclusively for this study has been validated for linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy and matrix effect prior to the analysis of plant extract samples. Hydroponic growth model was employed to examine accumulation of nerve agent markers in garden cress. It was found that after elimination of nerve agent markers from the plant growth medium, garden cress was able to store these substances for at least 5 weeks providing high retrospectivity of the analysis. Moreover, during the cress growth, no metabolization of alkyl methylphosphonates was observed. This allows not only to reveal the fact of nerve agents release into environment, but also to define its type after a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sarvin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel; Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Timur Baygildiev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Shpigun
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Rodin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Stavrianidi
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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Kim H, Lee BS, Lee Y, Lee JK, Choi IS. Solid-phase extraction of nerve agent degradation products using poly[(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)trimethylammonium chloride] thin films. Talanta 2019; 197:500-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bae SY, Winemiller MD. Trace Level Analysis of Sarin and VX in Food Using Normal Phase Silica Gel and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS). J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:7846-7856. [PMID: 29920090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used for the trace level determination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin, GB) and ( O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX) after extraction from various foods. A method utilizing normal phase silica gel was developed for the sample preparation and extraction of VX and GB from food. The extraction efficiencies of the normal phase silica gel method for VX was compared to those of other commercial solid phase extraction media and was found to be comparable. Sarin was found to be incompatible with both the mixed mode cation exchange (MCX) sorbents and QuEChERS methods that are commercially available but was successful with the normal phase silica gel method. The linear range of quantitation for VX was 0.1-330 ng/mL and for GB was 20-1200 ng/mL. The average recoveries of VX and GB from the various food matrices along with the corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Y Bae
- Research and Technology Directorate , U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010-5424 , United States
| | - Mark D Winemiller
- Research and Technology Directorate , U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010-5424 , United States
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Rybalchenko IV, Rodin IA, Baygildiev TM, Stavrianidi AN, Braun AV, Morozik YI, Shpigun OA. Novel analytical approaches to determination of chemical warfare agents and related compounds for verification of nonproliferation of chemical weapons. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper a summary of the author’s approaches for investigation of the mass spectral behavior of some chemical warfare agents (CWAs), their degradation products and metabolites, as well as the results of development of analytical methods for confirmation of nerve and blister agents application are presented. Hydrolysis and oxidation metabolites of nerve agents, sulfur mustard and lewisite were used as biomarkers of the exposure. Sensitive analytical methods have been developed for their detection, based mainly on tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. Several techniques for fast screening of CWAs degradation products based on capillary electrophoresis were also proposed. Some of developed approaches were successfully applied in the frame of the proficiency testing system of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor A. Rodin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur M. Baygildiev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel.: +74959394416, Fax: +74959394416
| | - Andrey N. Stavrianidi
- Kostroma State University, 156005 Kostroma, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arcady V. Braun
- Kostroma State University, 156005 Kostroma, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Witkiewicz Z, Sliwka E, Neffe S. Chromatographic analysis of chemical compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Trends Analyt Chem 2016; 85:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Rodin I, Baygildiev T, Stavrianidi A, Braun A, Rybalchenko I, Shpigun O. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methylphosphonic Acid Determination in Water Samples after Derivatization with p-Bromophenacyl Bromide. Chromatographia 2015; 78:585-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Desoubries C, Chapuis-Hugon F, Bossée A, Pichon V. Three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction of organophosphorous nerve agent degradation products from complex samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 900:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Aleksenko SS. Liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection for the determination of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products. J Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934812020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tak V, Pardasani D, Purohit A, Dubey DK. Detection and identification of alkylphosphonic acids by positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using a tricationic reagent. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:3411-3416. [PMID: 22002694 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The retrospective detection and identification of degradation products of chemical warfare agents are of immense importance in order to prove their spillage and use. A highly sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method--using an imidazolium-based tricationic reagent--was developed for the detection and identification of the anionic degradation products of nerve agents. A commercially available solution of 1,3-imidazolium-bis-(1-hexylbenzylimidazolium) trifluoride (IBHBI) formed adducts with alkylphosphonic acids (APAs), allowing detection of the APAs by positive mode ESI-MS. Tandem mass spectrometry was used for the unambiguous identification of the APAs. Parameters influencing the formation and stability of these adduct during mass spectrometric analysis, such as solvent composition, concentration of IBHBI, effect of pH and interferences by salts, were optimized. The absolute limits of detection (0.1 ng) for achieved for the APAs were better than those previously reported, and linear dynamic ranges of 10-2000 ng mL(-1) were achieved. The method was repeatable with a relative standard deviation ≤7.3%. APAs present in aqueous samples provided by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons during the 22(nd) and 24(th) Official Proficiency tests were detected and identified as IBHBI adducts. The added advantage of this method is that low-mass analytes are detected at higher mass, thus obviating the problem with background noise at low mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tak
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Aleksenko SS, Tret’yakova SV, Mandych VG. Determination of alkyl methylphosphonates and methylphosphonic acid by capillary electrophoresis with a diode-array spectrophotometric detector. J Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aleksenko SS, Gareil P, Timerbaev AR. Analysis of degradation products of chemical warfare agents using capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2011; 136:4103-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Diakowski PM, Xiao Y, Petryk MWP, Kraatz HB. Impedance Based Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Mimics Using Ferrocene-Lysine Modified Carbon Nanotubes. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3191-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902694d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr M. Diakowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7 and DRDC Suffield, P.O. Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7 and DRDC Suffield, P.O. Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - Michael W. P. Petryk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7 and DRDC Suffield, P.O. Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7 and DRDC Suffield, P.O. Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:93-108. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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