1
|
Luo H, Teng H, Chong DYR, Liu Z. The biomechanical effects of bimaxillary osteotomies to the patients with mandibular retraction under incisal clenching. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2024:e3810. [PMID: 38472746 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the biomechanical effect of bimaxillary osteotomies on patients with mandibular retraction. Mandibular retraction, as a typical maxillofacial deformity, and has great adverse effects on TMJ. Bimaxillary osteotomies are widely used to correct symptoms of mandibular retraction. It is necessary to understand the effect of surgery on temporomandibular disc (TMJ). Five patients with mandibular retraction and 10 asymptomatic subjects were involved in this study. Finite element models of preoperative, postoperative and control group were constructed based on the CT data. Nine sets of concentrated forces were used to simulate the muscle effect and contact method was used to simulate the interaction within the TMJs and dentitions. The results showed that bimaxillary osteotomies could effectively improve the maxillofacial morphology and alleviate the overload in TMJ. The facial asymmetry and right chewing side preference could cause imbalanced stress distributions in the TMJs and interfere the surgical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Luo
- Key Lab for Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, China
| | - Haidong Teng
- Key Lab for Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, China
| | - Desmond Y R Chong
- Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhan Liu
- Key Lab for Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Min Z, Li Y, Xiong Y, Wang H, Jiang N. Specific tissue engineering for temporomandibular joint disc perforation. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:231-241. [PMID: 38099894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is a critical fibrocartilaginous structure with limited regenerative capacity in the oral system. Perforation of the TMJ disc can lead to osteoarthritis and ankylosis of the TMJ because of the lack of disc protection. Clinical treatments for TMJ disc perforation, such as discectomy, hyaluronic acid injection, endoscopic surgery and high position arthroplasty of TMJ, are questionable with regard to long-term outcomes, and only three fourths of TMJ disc perforations are repairable by surgery, even in the short-term. Tissue engineering offers the potential for cure of repairable TMJ disc perforations and regeneration of unrepairable ones. OBJECTIVES This review discusses the classification of TMJ disc perforation and defines typical TMJ disc perforation. Advancements in the engineering-based repair of TMJ disc perforation by stem cell therapy, construction of a disc-like scaffold and functionalization by offering bioactive stimuli are also summarized in the review, and the barriers developing engineering technologies need to overcome to be popularized are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Min
- West China School/Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yibo Li
- West China School/Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yichen Xiong
- West China School/Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, China
| | - Huayu Wang
- West China School/Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang C, Teng H, Shao B, Liu Z. Biomechanical study of temporomandibular joints of patients with temporomandibular disorders under incisal clenching: A finite element analysis. J Biomech 2024; 166:112065. [PMID: 38555778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) encompass a collection of pathologies. Within the multitude of etiological factors contributing to TMD, mechanical factors hold significant importance. The aim of this investigation was to assess the magnitude and distribution of stresses encountered by the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) during incisal clenching among TMD patients while also elucidating the mechanical pathogenesis underlying TMD. Ten asymptomatic subjects and ten TMD patients were recruited. The Control, Bilateral, and Unilateral groups were set. The contact stress, maximum principal stress, and minimum principal stresses of TMJ structures among the groups were compared. In addition, comparisons of the contact stress distribution among the groups were adopted. In the Control and Bilateral groups, the magnitudes of stresses (contact stress, maximum and minimum principal stresses) between the right and left sides showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). For unilateral TMD patients,the minimum principal stress on the condyle in the Uni-N group (the normal side) was significantly greater than thatin the Uni-T group (the TMD side)(P = 0.016, mean difference 9.99 MPa [95 %CI: 3.11 to 16.87]). Furthermore, stresses on the condyle and fossa of the patients were significantly greater than those of asymptomatic subjects (P < 0.05). The contact stress distributions were concentrated in the Control group while irregular in the TMD groups. In conclusion, asymmetrical contact stress distributions were observed in unilateral TMD, with excessive stresses on the healthy side. The protection of the healthy TMJ during treatment is recommended for patients with unilateral TMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University, Yibin Park, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Haidong Teng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University, Yibin Park, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Bingmei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University, Yibin Park, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University, Yibin Park, Yibin 644600, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao J, Xia S, Yue S, Luo Y, Shen P, Yang C. Factors Influencing Mandibular Deviation: A Retrospective Clinical Study. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:e28-e31. [PMID: 38294302 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mandibular deviation (MD) and possible clinical factors in patients with anterior disc displacement (ADD). This retrospective clinical study enrolled 296 patients with ADD, diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging, from 2015 to 2018. The clinical symptoms and medical histories of these patients were carefully examined and recorded. Mandibular deviation was the primary outcome variable confirmed by a combination of clinical examination and facial photographs or posteroanterior cephalograms. The primary predictor variable was ADD staging. Secondary predictor variables included condylar height and distance of disc displacement. Other predictor variables were age, sex, disease course, oral parafunctions, depression, and bone mineral density. We used logistic regression to examine the correlation between the MD and all predictor variables. The χ2 test and analysis of variance were used to exclude the correlation between the predictor variables. In this study, the prevalence of MD was 77% among 278 patients with ADD. Bilateral ADD staging significantly contributed to MD on both sides. The odds ratio increased with the deterioration of disc displacement. The present study demonstrated that the ADD staging influences the condylar height and MD, and that articular disk position should be considered while treating MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Zhao
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Simo Xia
- Transform Studio for Endodontium Stem Cell, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Shijing Yue
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Pei Shen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao W, Lu J, Gao X, Zhou J, Dai H, Sun M, Xu J. Biomechanical effects of joint disc perforation on the temporomandibular joint: a 3D finite element study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:943. [PMID: 38031042 PMCID: PMC10685656 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disc perforation (DP) is a severe type of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD). DP may induce changes in the internal stresses of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Herein, this study attempts to investigate the biomechanical effects of different positions and sizes of DP on the TMJ using a biomechanical approach, to explore the mechanical pathogenesis of TMD. METHODS Eleven three-dimensional finite element (FE)models of the TMJ were constructed based on CBCT imaging files of a patient with DP on the left side. These models included the disc with anterior displacement and discs with different locations and sizes of perforations on the affected disc. FE methods were conducted on these models. RESULTS Anterior displacement of the disc leads to a significant increase in the maxim von Mises stress (MVMS) in both TMJs, with the affected side exhibiting a more pronounced effect. DP occurring at the posterior band and the junction between the disc and the bilaminar region has a greater impact on the MVMS of both TMJs compared to perforations at other locations. As the size of the perforation increases, both sides of the TMJs exhibit an increase in the magnitude of MVMS. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral disc anterior displacement results in an increased stress on both TMJs. Unilateral DP further affects the stress on both sides of the TMJs. TMD is a progressive condition, and timely intervention is necessary in the early stages to prevent the worsening of the condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Gao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshi North Road, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshi North Road, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshi North Road, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshi North Road, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwei Dai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshi North Road, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Knee Joint Sports Injury, Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshi North Road, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li A, Shao B, Chong DYR, Liu Z. The influence of maxillary incisor angles on the stress distributions of temporomandibular joints under incisal biting. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2023; 39:e3702. [PMID: 36987734 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The incisal biting was one of the most regular jaw activities. The direction of bite force on the incisor tip and the mandible position were relevant to the incisor angle as biting. This study was carried out to explore the influence on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) caused by the incisor angle. METHODS Twenty individuals belonging to three incisor subtypes of the buccal type were recruited. In addition, the 3D models including the maxillary, mandible and discs were established based on their cone-beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scannings. Then, the mandibular ligaments and the discal attachments were simulated in the finite element models to analyze the stress distributions of the TMJs under incisal biting. RESULTS The TMJ stresses of subtype I showed normal range and distribution. The stresses of the intermediate temporal bone tended to increase in subtype II. The intermediate and posterior bands of the discs sustained greater tensile stresses in subtype III. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal stress distributions are harmful to TMJs, so the incisor cusp was not suggested to incline to the palatal side too much.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annan Li
- Key Lab for Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644600, China
| | - Bingmei Shao
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644600, China
- Basic Mechanics Lab, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610211, China
| | - Desmond Y R Chong
- Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, 138683, Singapore
| | - Zhan Liu
- Key Lab for Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644600, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoon K, Kim JY, Kim SJ, Huh JK, Kim JW, Choi J. Explainable deep learning-based clinical decision support engine for MRI-based automated diagnosis of temporomandibular joint anterior disk displacement. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2023; 233:107465. [PMID: 36933315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE MRI is considered the gold standard for diagnosing anterior disc displacement (ADD), the most common temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. However, even highly trained clinicians find it difficult to integrate the dynamic nature of MRI with the complicated anatomical features of the TMJ. As the first validated study for MRI-based automatic TMJ ADD diagnosis, we propose a clinical decision support engine that diagnoses TMJ ADD using MR images and provides heat maps as the visualized rationale of diagnostic predictions using explainable artificial intelligence. METHODS The engine builds on two deep learning models. The first deep learning model detects a region of interest (ROI) containing three TMJ components (i.e., temporal bone, disc, and condyle) in the entire sagittal MR image. The second deep learning model classifies TMJ ADD into three classes (i.e., normal, ADD without reduction, and ADD with reduction) within the detected ROI. In this retrospective study, the models were developed and tested on the dataset acquired between April 2005 to April 2020. The additional independent dataset acquired at a different hospital between January 2016 to February 2019 was used for the external test of the classification model. Detection performance was assessed by mean average precision (mAP). Classification performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, and Youden's index. 95% confidence intervals were calculated via non-parametric bootstrap to assess the statistical significance of model performances. RESULTS The ROI detection model achieved mAP of 0.819 at 0.75 intersection over union (IoU) thresholds in the internal test. In internal and external tests, the ADD classification model achieved AUROC values of 0.985 and 0.960, sensitivities of 0.950 and 0.926, and specificities of 0.919 and 0.892, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed explainable deep learning-based engine provides clinicians with the predictive result and its visualized rationale. The clinicians can make the final diagnosis by integrating primary diagnostic prediction obtained from the proposed engine with the patient's clinical examination findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyubaek Yoon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jong Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ki Huh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongeun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ortún-Terrazas J, Cegoñino J, Pérez Del Palomar A. In silico approach towards neuro-occlusal rehabilitation for the early correction of asymmetrical development in a unilateral crossbite patient. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2023; 39:e3688. [PMID: 36726272 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-occlusal rehabilitation (N.O.R.) is a discipline of the stomatognathic medicine that defends early treatments of functional malocclusions, such as unilateral crossbite, for the correction of craniofacial development, avoiding surgical procedures later in life. Nevertheless, N.O.R.'s advances have not been proved analytically yet due to the difficulties of evaluate the mechanical response after the treatment. This study aims to evaluate computationally the effect of N.O.R.'s treatments during childhood. Therefore, bilateral chewing and maximum intercuspation occlusion were modelled through a detailed finite element model of a paediatric craniofacial complex, before and after different selective grinding-alternatives. This model was subjected to the muscular forces derived from a musculoskeletal model and was validated by the occlusal contacts recorded experimentally. This approach yielded errors below 2% and reproduced successfully the occlusal, muscular, functional and mechanical imbalance before the therapies. Treatment strategies balanced the occlusal plane and reduced the periodontal overpressure (>4.7 kPa) and the mandibular over deformation (>0.002 ε) on the crossed side. Based on the principles of the mechanostat theory of bone remodelling and the pressure-tension theory of tooth movement, these findings could also demonstrate how N.O.R.'s treatments correct the malocclusion and the asymmetrical development of the craniofacial complex. Besides, N.O.R.'s treatments slightly modified the stress state and functions of the temporomandibular joints, facilitating the chewing by the unaccustomed side. These findings provide important biomechanical insights into the use of N.O.R.'s treatments for the correction of unilateral crossbite, but also encourage the application of computing methods in biomedical research and clinical practise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ortún-Terrazas
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aragón (ITAINNOVA), Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Cegoñino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aragón (ITAINNOVA), Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li A, Chong DYR, Shao B, Liu Z. An Improved Finite Element Model of Temporomandibular Joint in Maxillofacial System: Experimental Validation. Ann Biomed Eng 2023:10.1007/s10439-022-03124-7. [PMID: 36689028 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Finite element (FE) analysis has become a popular method of exploring the biomechanical characteristics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, the FE model should be improved and its reliability should be verified further. This study developed a complete maxillofacial model by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The integrity and physiological environment of TMJ were considered. Then the FE model and corresponding 3D printed model were developed and loaded under the same conditions. The strains on the mandible and upper surface of the left articular disc were measured on the experimental model and compared with the FE model. The differences of the strains on the mandible were less than 6%. The strain distributions on the disc were also approximate between the experimental and simulated results. It indicated that the strains calculated from the improved FE model were reliable on the mandible and inside the TMJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annan Li
- Key Lab for Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Yinbin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University Yinbin Park, Yinbin, 644600, China
| | - Desmond Y R Chong
- Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Dover, 138683, Singapore
| | - Bingmei Shao
- Yinbin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University Yinbin Park, Yinbin, 644600, China.
- Basic Mechanics Lab, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610211, China.
| | - Zhan Liu
- Key Lab for Biomechanical Engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Yinbin Institute of Industrial Technology/Sichuan University Yinbin Park, Yinbin, 644600, China.
| |
Collapse
|