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Denton J, Evans D, Qunyan X, Vernon R. Supporting older nurses and midwives in the Australian healthcare workplace-A qualitative descriptive study. J Adv Nurs 2024; 80:2065-2079. [PMID: 38012825 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore support strategies for older nurses and midwives in Australian healthcare workplaces. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study. METHOD Participants were 50 older nurses and midwives and 20 healthcare managers recruited from a broad range of Australian healthcare settings. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews from November 2018 to April 2021. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. RESULTS The limited number of identified sedentary roles and inequitable distribution of workload responsibilities were identified as constraints that impact the provision of workplace support for older nurses and midwives in healthcare settings. Three major themes were identified: Workplace support, Personal support and Doing more. A small number of participants reported support was available at work, but most said there was not. Of the reported strategies some were offered exclusively to a cohort that met an age criterion, while others were open to all staff regardless of age. Personal support strategies were employed outside of the workplace while others used strategies during working hours. Doing more related to suggestions about how organizations could do more to support older nurses and midwives at work. CONCLUSION Support mechanisms like adjustments in workload, employment fraction, practice location, upskilling and wellness programs in workplaces are limited. To facilitate retention and support older nurses and midwives in the workforce, health workplaces should consider implementing support mechanisms that can be tailored to the individual needs of the nurse or midwife over the life course of their career. IMPACT The findings of this study highlight the lack of support for many older nurses and midwives in Australian healthcare workplaces, emphasizing the need for further research into innovative practices on how to better support healthcare staff as they age. REPORTING METHOD This study adhered to the COREQ reporting method. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No patient or public contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Denton
- Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Evans
- Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xu Qunyan
- Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachael Vernon
- Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Pincha Baduge MSDS, Garth B, Boyd L, Ward K, Joseph K, Proimos J, Teede HJ. Barriers to advancing women nurses in healthcare leadership: a systematic review and meta-synthesis. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102354. [PMID: 38314055 PMCID: PMC10837541 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Women comprise the majority of the nursing profession, yet nurses are underrepresented in healthcare leadership. We aimed to explore barriers for women nurses to advance in healthcare leadership to inform organisational interventions for career advancement. Methods In this systematic review and meta-synthesis, studies examining advancing women nurses and midwives in leadership within healthcare and academia in the international literature were included. Six databases (MEDLINE, EMCARE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL PLUS) were searched for studies published in English between January 1 2000 and October 17 2023. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tools (GRADE) was followed to assess confidence in the findings. Retrieved full texts were assessed for methodological rigour using the Critical Appraisal Skill Programme Qualitative Studies checklist and the Joanna Briggs Institute Cross-sectional and Prevalence Studies checklists. Reported barriers for women nurses' leadership attainment were identified and generated themes were mapped to the Abilities, Motivation, and Opportunities (AMO) framework. Findings There were 32 eligible studies; 18 qualitative, 11 quantitative, and 3 mixed-methods. Studies included high-income countries (n = 20), middle-income countries (n = 7) and across countries (n = 3) with two unspecified. Samples included registered nurses, nurse academics, executives, and leaders. The key barriers highlighted were related to: role modelling and leadership development (ability); multiple complex and interacting factors, including gender stereotyping, perception of professionalism, human relations policies, and gender bias (motivation); and systemic issues, such as organisational setting, structure, and support (opportunity). Interpretation The prevailing belief in the literature is that caregiving is a feminine occupation and along with societal expectations of women's subordinate position, these present substantial obstacles that limit women nurses from advancing into healthcare leadership. Ultimately, these factors restrict women nurses in career advancement and need to be addressed at a systems and organisational level. Funding The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belinda Garth
- Monash Centre for Health, Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kylie Ward
- Australian College of Nursing, Australia
| | - Kathryn Joseph
- Monash Centre for Health, Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenny Proimos
- Monash Centre for Health, Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health, Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Endocrine and Diabetes Units, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Bentley T, Onnis LA, Vassiley A, Farr-Wharton B, Caponecchia C, Andrew C, O'Neill S, De Almeida Neto A, Huron V, Green N. A systematic review of literature on occupational health and safety interventions for older workers. Ergonomics 2023; 66:1968-1983. [PMID: 36730839 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2176550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the global population ages there is an imperative to enhance labour participation of older workers in ways that support good physical and psychological health. However, there is limited guidance for organisations on how to do this effectively. This systematic review examined literature identified through four databases and a targeted web-search, yielding 39 PRISMA records (32 scholarly, seven grey literature) reporting workplace interventions aimed at improving the injury outcomes of older workers. The review revealed that organisational and composite interventions may be most effective, although an absence of robust research in this area and a scarcity of empirical evidence-based interventions known to improve injury outcomes for older workers was noted. Responding to these shortcomings, this article presents 'A future research agenda for older worker health, safety and well-being interventions.' This systems-based approach has a dual focus on organisational and composite interventions combined with robust research design.Practitioner summary: We conducted a systematic literature review of studies focussed on workplace interventions to improve the physical and psychological safety of older workers. Within the existing literature, evidence for effective interventions and guidance for organisations is weak. We present a future research agenda with a systems approach to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bentley
- Centre for Work + Wellbeing, School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Leigh-Ann Onnis
- College of Business, Law & Governance, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Alexis Vassiley
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Ben Farr-Wharton
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Carlo Caponecchia
- School of Aviation, 'University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Andrew
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong NSW, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sharron O'Neill
- School of Aviation, 'University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Huron
- School of Business, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicola Green
- Ergonomics Work & Health Ltd, Christchurch City, New Zealand
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Asante AO, Korsah KA, Amoako C. Does the gender of nurses matter to patients? A qualitative analysis of gender preferences of patients. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231182514. [PMID: 37456084 PMCID: PMC10338727 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231182514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study argues that the gender of a nurse could give patients the emotional and psychological support they need in their healing process. Nonetheless, in many developing countries, these intricate preferences of patients are usually ignored due to poor staffing and logistical capacities of health facilities. As a contribution to this professional and operation gap, this paper explores patients' preference for nurses' gender in health care at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Ghana. The paper further explores the importance of these preferences to the delivery of patient-centred care in Ghana and across Africa. Objective The paper has two specific objectives: (a) to explore patients' preferences for the gender of nurses who attend to them while on admission; and (b) to find out the range of factors that inform these preferences. Methods Qualitative exploratory descriptive design was used to select adult patients who were not seriously ill and nursed by male and female nurses at the medical and surgical wards of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Ghana for at least 5 days from January to March 2017 and before their discharge. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling technique. A semi-structured interview guide was used to elicit information from 14 participants after seeking their written informed consent. The data were analysed using content analysis. Results Two major themes emerged. These were: the Preferred Gender of a Nurse in Nursing Care and the Reasons for the Preference or no Preference for Nurses' Gender in Nursing Care. Under each of these themes, the associated aspects were also discussed. Patients had varying preference for a particular nurse during care but gender was not particularly significant in patients' preference for nurses. Majority of the participants emphasized their preference for nurses with professional expertise and good virtues to determine a preferred nurse and both genders of nurses can possess these qualities. However, nurses of the same gender as the patient were preferred for intimate procedures to ensure privacy and satisfaction. Conclusion The gender of a nurse is not on top of the preferences list of patients in the study context. This may be attributed to the long-term practice that the participants have not had the chance to be choosing a preferred nurse's gender, so most patients are tolerant and familiar with both male and female nurses. Instead, patients' preferences are determined by the performance and quality of service provided by nurses. Age, maturity and social connections were also found to influence patients' preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clifford Amoako
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Denton J, Evans D, Xu Q. Managers' perception of older nurses and midwives and their contribution to the workplace-A qualitative descriptive study. J Adv Nurs 2023; 79:727-736. [PMID: 36373837 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore healthcare managers' perceptions about older nurses' and midwives' and their contribution to the workplace. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive methodology. METHOD Twenty healthcare managers working in Australia participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were collected between April 2019 and April 2021. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and then analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS All healthcare managers said older nurses and midwives contributed to the workplace through their experience and knowledge. Managers viewed them as a different type of worker and while there were some positive aspects to this, it was mostly negative. Although managers identified a broad age range for the older nurses or midwives, there was a common perception that if they were no longer able to perform their duties, they should leave the workforce. CONCLUSION Healthcare managers' perceptions towards older nurses and midwives are mostly negative, and their understanding of older workers' contribution is contradictory and poor. These negative views co-exist with the lack of agreement on who is the older worker, which explain the reluctance of healthcare organizations to invest in their older workforce. Future research is needed to better understand the unique contribution of older nurses and midwives in healthcare and how they can be supported at work. IMPACT The global ageing population will result in a rise in complex age-related health issues and will require an experienced and knowledgeable workforce. Given the greater experience of older nurses and midwives they are an important part of the health workforce. Yet managers' perception of the contribution by older nurses and midwives were often negative. The findings of this study highlight the need for organizational change so that the contribution of older nurses and midwives is recognized and supported by managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Denton
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Evans
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Qunyan Xu
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kurashvili M, Reinhold K, Järvis M. Managing an ageing healthcare workforce: a systematic literature review. J Health Organ Manag 2022; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 36205415 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-11-2021-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this paper is to review research conducted on managing the ageing healthcare workforce and identify gaps for further research. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A systematic literature search of studies in the English language was carried out in Scopus and Web of Science databases. FINDINGS The study consists of an analysis of 75 published articles. The majority of the papers were published in recent years, indicating a growing interest in the field. The authors specified the following inclusion criteria: all years, articles/reviews, English language and full text in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The authors of the paper illustrated seven major categories with different topics that were suggested for future research. It included: challenges of labor market in the healthcare field, age-related changes and their influence on work ability, training opportunities and lifelong learning among ageing health workforce, motives of early retirement, ageing and its relationship to Occupational Health and Safety. Longitudinal studies and case study strategy with mixed-methods approaches were suggested for future research by the authors. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The paper summarizes knowledge related to the management of ageing health workforce, describes topics researched and as a result, presents findings on and conclusions about the most important future implications of the ageing workforce for management in the healthcare field providing lines for further research. To the authors' knowledge, no holistic systematic literature reviews have been published in academic journals targeted specifically to ageing healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kurashvili
- Department of Business Administration, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Karin Reinhold
- Department of Business Administration, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marina Järvis
- Department of Business Administration, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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Jedwab RM, Hutchinson AM, Manias E, Calvo RA, Dobroff N, Redley B. Change in nurses’ psychosocial characteristics pre- and post-electronic medical record system implementation coinciding with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: pre- and post-cross-sectional surveys. Int J Med Inform 2022; 163:104783. [PMID: 35512624 PMCID: PMC9052633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The impacts of electronic medical record implementation on nurses, the largest healthcare workforce, have not been comprehensively examined. Negative impacts on nurses have implications for quality of patient care delivery and workforce retention. Objective To investigate changes in nurses’ well-being, intention to stay, burnout, work engagement, satisfaction, motivation and experience using technology pre- and post-implementation of an organisation-wide electronic medical record in Victoria, Australia. Methods The natural experiment comprised an electronic medical record system implementation across six hospitals of a large tertiary healthcare organisation. Cross-sectional surveys were collected pre-electronic medical record implementation prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019, and 18-months post-electronic medical record implementation during the pandemic in 2020, and findings compared. Results A total of 942 surveys were analysed (550 pre-electronic medical record (response rate 15.52%) and 392 post-electronic medical record (response rate 9.50%)). Post-electronic medical record, nurses’ work satisfaction (r = 0.23, p=<0.001), intention to stay (r = 0.11, p = 0.001) and well-being (r = 0.17, p=<0.001) decreased. Nurses’ perceived competence increased (r = 0.10, p = 0.002) despite decreased autonomy (r = 0.10, p = 0.003). Two of three dimensions of work engagement worsened (vigour r = 0.13, p=<0.001; dedication r = 0.13, p=<0.001) and all dimensions of burnout increased (exhaustion r = 0.08, p = 0.012, cynicism r = 0.07, p = 0.04 and reduced efficiency r = 0.32, p=<0.001). Nurses reported more burnout symptoms (95% CI 4.6–4.7%, p = 0.036), were less engaged (95% CI 49.6–49.9%, p=<0.001) and career trajectory satisfaction decreased (r = 0.15, p=<0.001). Matched data from 52 nurses showed changes in the same direction for all items except career trajectory satisfaction, hence validated findings from the larger unmatched sample. Conclusions Implementation of an electronic medical record immediately followed by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was associated with negative changes in nurses’ well-being, intention to stay, burnout, work engagement and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jedwab
- Deakin University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Institute for Health Transformation, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria 3125 Australia; Monash Health Nursing and Midwifery Informatics, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168 Australia.
| | - Alison M Hutchinson
- Deakin University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Institute for Health Transformation, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria 3125 Australia; Monash Health, Nursing and Midwifery, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168 Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Manias
- Deakin University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Institute for Health Transformation, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria 3125 Australia.
| | - Rafael A Calvo
- Imperial College Faculty of Engineering, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 9EG, United Kingdom.
| | - Naomi Dobroff
- Monash Health Nursing and Midwifery Informatics, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168 Australia; Deakin University School of Nursing and Midwifery, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria 3125 Australia.
| | - Bernice Redley
- Deakin University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Institute for Health Transformation, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria 3125 Australia; Monash Health, Nursing and Midwifery, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168 Australia.
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Denton J, Evans D, Xu Q. Being an older nurse or midwife in the healthcare workplace- A qualitative descriptive study. J Adv Nurs 2021; 77:4500-4510. [PMID: 34254337 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the experiences of being an older nurse or midwife employed in the healthcare workplace. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses and midwives who self-identified as older workers. All Australian states were represented and given recruitment was undertaken nationally, most interviews were conducted via telephone. Data were collected between November 2018 and October 2019. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and then thematically analysed. RESULTS A total of 50 nurses and midwives were recruited, aged between 46 and 74 years. Three themes were identified. Ageing body: Being an older worker meant increased fatigue and physical changes affecting their ability to function at full capacity. Youth focus: For many, being an older worker was about being viewed as a poor-quality worker, with limited access to education and promotional opportunities because of their age. Wise worker: For a small number of older nurses and midwives, it was about being valued and respected for their knowledge, experience and skills. CONCLUSION Participants self-identifying as older nurses or midwives represented a wide age range. Spanning across the age spectrum, many experienced fatigue, physical changes or loss of value to the workplace which often impacted on their working lives. The findings contributed to an understanding about what it is to be an older nurse or midwife in terms of how their contribution is regarded and valued by others in the workplace. IMPACT This study highlighted there is a need for support of older nurses and midwives in managing age-related fatigue and physical changes. It also suggests consideration of a wise-worker model as a means to recognize the important contribution that older workers can offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Denton
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Evans
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Qunyan Xu
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Jedwab RM, Hutchinson AM, Manias E, Calvo RA, Dobroff N, Glozier N, Redley B. Nurse Motivation, Engagement and Well-Being before an Electronic Medical Record System Implementation: A Mixed Methods Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:2726. [PMID: 33800307 PMCID: PMC7967448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Implementation of an electronic medical record (EMR) is a significant workplace event for nurses in hospitals. Understanding nurses' key concerns can inform EMR implementation and ongoing optimisation strategies to increase the likelihood of nurses remaining in the nursing workforce. This concurrent mixed-methods study included surveys from 540 nurses (response rate 15.5%), and interviews with 63 nurses to examine their perceptions of using a new EMR prior to implementation at a single healthcare organisation. Survey findings revealed 32.2% (n = 174) of nurses reported low well-being scores and 28.7% (n = 155) were experiencing burnout symptoms. In contrast, 40.3% (n = 216) of nurses reported high work satisfaction, 62.3% (n = 334) had high intentions of staying in their role, and 34.3% (n = 185) were engaged in their work. Nearly half (n = 250, 46.3%) reported intrinsic motivation towards EMR use. Thematic analysis of focus group interviews revealed two themes, each with three subthemes: (1) Us and Them, detailed the juxtaposition between nurses' professional role and anticipated changes imposed on them and their work with the EMR implementation; and (2) Stuck in the middle, revealed nurses' expectations and anticipations about how the EMR may affect the quality of nurse-patient relationships. In conclusion, anticipation of the EMR implementation emerged as a stressor for nursing staff, with some groups of nurses particularly vulnerable to negative consequences to their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jedwab
- Monash Medical Centre Clayton, Monash Health Digital Health Division, Nursing and Midwifery Informatics, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Alison M. Hutchinson
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research—Monash Health Partnership, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.M.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Elizabeth Manias
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Rafael A. Calvo
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2DB, UK;
| | - Naomi Dobroff
- Monash Medical Centre Clayton, Monash Health Digital Health Division, Nursing and Midwifery Informatics, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Nicholas Glozier
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Bernice Redley
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research—Monash Health Partnership, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.M.H.); (B.R.)
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