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Li D, Chang L. Representational geometry of incomplete faces in macaque face patches. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112673. [PMID: 37342911 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural code of faces has been intensively studied in the macaque face patch system. Although the majority of previous studies used complete faces as stimuli, faces are often seen partially in daily life. Here, we investigated how face-selective cells represent two types of incomplete faces: face fragments and occluded faces, with the location of the fragment/occluder and the facial features systematically varied. Contrary to popular belief, we found that the preferred face regions identified with two stimulus types are dissociated in many face cells. This dissociation can be explained by the nonlinear integration of information from different face parts and is closely related to a curved representation of face completeness in the state space, which allows a clear discrimination between different stimulus types. Furthermore, identity-related facial features are represented in a subspace orthogonal to the nonlinear dimension of face completeness, supporting a condition-general code of facial identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Le Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Fischer JP. Preventing the Development of Dyslexia: A Reply to Mather. Percept Mot Skills 2023:315125231179780. [PMID: 37247415 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231179780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Because reading/writing is a fundamental tool for children's development, the main failure in its learning-developmental dyslexia-gives rise to many attempts to remediate. A recent remedy proposed by Mather (2022), published in Perceptual and Motor Skills [129(3), p. 468], is impressive through its radical nature and the extent of its consequences. It consists of delaying the teaching of writing to the age of 7-8 years, whereas, at present, most children in Western or comparable cultures learn to write even before compulsory school (generally at age six). In this article, I present a set of arguments whose addition and possible interaction lead, if not to reject, at least to restrict Mather's proposal. My arguments show both the inefficiency of Mather's proposal through two observational studies, its practical inapplicability in contemporary society, the importance of learning to write at least in the first year of elementary school, and the stinging past failure of a math reform of similar scope (i.e., learning to count). I also question the neurological theory underlying Mather's proposal, and, finally, I point out that, even if delaying learning to write were limited to students who Mather expects (at age six) to experience future dyslexia, this remedy would be inapplicable and probably ineffective.
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Bognár A, Raman R, Taubert N, Zafirova Y, Li B, Giese M, De Gelder B, Vogels R. The contribution of dynamics to macaque body and face patch responses. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119907. [PMID: 36717042 PMCID: PMC9986793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous functional imaging studies demonstrated body-selective patches in the primate visual temporal cortex, comparing activations to static bodies and static images of other categories. However, the use of static instead of dynamic displays of moving bodies may have underestimated the extent of the body patch network. Indeed, body dynamics provide information about action and emotion and may be processed in patches not activated by static images. Thus, to map with fMRI the full extent of the macaque body patch system in the visual temporal cortex, we employed dynamic displays of natural-acting monkey bodies, dynamic monkey faces, objects, and scrambled versions of these videos, all presented during fixation. We found nine body patches in the visual temporal cortex, starting posteriorly in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and ending anteriorly in the temporal pole. Unlike for static images, body patches were present consistently in both the lower and upper banks of the STS. Overall, body patches showed a higher activation by dynamic displays than by matched static images, which, for identical stimulus displays, was less the case for the neighboring face patches. These data provide the groundwork for future single-unit recording studies to reveal the spatiotemporal features the neurons of these body patches encode. These fMRI findings suggest that dynamics have a stronger contribution to population responses in body than face patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bognár
- Deparment of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Raman
- Deparment of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Taubert
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Y Zafirova
- Deparment of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Li
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M Giese
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - B De Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Vogels
- Deparment of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Koyano KW, Esch EM, Hong JJ, Waidmann EN, Wu H, Leopold DA. Progressive neuronal plasticity in primate visual cortex during stimulus familiarization. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade4648. [PMID: 36961903 PMCID: PMC10038346 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The primate brain is equipped to learn and remember newly encountered visual stimuli such as faces and objects. In the macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex, neurons mark the familiarity of a visual stimulus through response modification, often involving a decrease in spiking rate. Here, we investigate the emergence of this neural plasticity by longitudinally tracking IT neurons during several weeks of familiarization with face images. We found that most neurons in the anterior medial (AM) face patch exhibited a gradual decline in their late-phase visual responses to multiple stimuli. Individual neurons varied from days to weeks in their rates of plasticity, with time constants determined by the number of days of exposure rather than the cumulative number of presentations. We postulate that the sequential recruitment of neurons with experience-modified responses may provide an internal and graded measure of familiarity strength, which is a key mnemonic component of visual recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji W. Koyano
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena M. Esch
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie J. Hong
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena N. Waidmann
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haitao Wu
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A. Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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Russ BE, Koyano KW, Day-Cooney J, Perwez N, Leopold DA. Temporal continuity shapes visual responses of macaque face patch neurons. Neuron 2023; 111:903-914.e3. [PMID: 36630962 PMCID: PMC10023462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macaque inferior temporal cortex neurons respond selectively to complex visual images, with recent work showing that they are also entrained reliably by the evolving content of natural movies. To what extent does temporal continuity itself shape the responses of high-level visual neurons? We addressed this question by measuring how cells in face-selective regions of the macaque visual cortex were affected by the manipulation of a movie's temporal structure. Sampling a 5-min movie at 1 s intervals, we measured neural responses to randomized, brief stimuli of different lengths, ranging from 800 ms dynamic movie snippets to 100 ms static frames. We found that the disruption of temporal continuity strongly altered neural response profiles, particularly in the early response period after stimulus onset. The results suggest that models of visual system function based on discrete and randomized visual presentations may not translate well to the brain's natural modes of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Russ
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York City, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Kenji W Koyano
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Julian Day-Cooney
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Neda Perwez
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Khandhadia AP, Murphy AP, Koyano KW, Esch EM, Leopold DA. Encoding of 3D physical dimensions by face-selective cortical neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214996120. [PMID: 36802419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214996120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons throughout the primate inferior temporal (IT) cortex respond selectively to visual images of faces and other complex objects. The response magnitude of neurons to a given image often depends on the size at which the image is presented, usually on a flat display at a fixed distance. While such size sensitivity might simply reflect the angular subtense of retinal image stimulation in degrees, one unexplored possibility is that it tracks the real-world geometry of physical objects, such as their size and distance to the observer in centimeters. This distinction bears fundamentally on the nature of object representation in IT and on the scope of visual operations supported by the ventral visual pathway. To address this question, we assessed the response dependency of neurons in the macaque anterior fundus (AF) face patch to the angular versus physical size of faces. We employed a macaque avatar to stereoscopically render three-dimensional (3D) photorealistic faces at multiple sizes and distances, including a subset of size/distance combinations designed to cast the same size retinal image projection. We found that most AF neurons were modulated principally by the 3D physical size of the face rather than its two-dimensional (2D) angular size on the retina. Further, most neurons responded strongest to extremely large and small faces, rather than to those of normal size. Together, these findings reveal a graded encoding of physical size among face patch neurons, providing evidence that category-selective regions of the primate ventral visual pathway participate in a geometric analysis of real-world objects.
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Yang Z, Freiwald WA. Encoding of dynamic facial information in the middle dorsal face area. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212735120. [PMID: 36787369 PMCID: PMC9974491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212735120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Faces in motion reveal a plethora of information through visual dynamics. Faces can move in complex patterns while transforming facial shape, e.g., during the generation of different emotional expressions. While motion and shape processing have been studied extensively in separate research enterprises, much less is known about their conjunction during biological motion. Here, we took advantage of the discovery in brain-imaging studies of an area in the dorsal portion of the macaque monkey superior temporal sulcus (STS), the middle dorsal face area (MD), with selectivity for naturalistic face motion. To gain mechanistic insights into the coding of facial motion, we recorded single-unit activity from MD, testing whether and how MD cells encode face motion. The MD population was highly sensitive to naturalistic facial motion and facial shape. Some MD cells responded only to the conjunction of facial shape and motion, others were selective for facial shape even without movement, and yet others were suppressed by facial motion. We found that this heterogeneous MD population transforms face motion into a higher dimensional activity space, a representation that would allow for high sensitivity to relevant small-scale movements. Indeed, we show that many MD cells carry such sensitivity for eye movements. We further found that MD cells encode motion of head, mouth, and eyes in a separable manner, requiring the use of multiple reference frames. Thus, MD is a bona fide face-motion area that uses highly heterogeneous cell populations to create codes capturing even complex facial motion trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetian Yang
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Winrich A. Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- The Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA02139
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Trujillo LT, Anderson EM. Facial typicality and attractiveness reflect an ideal dimension of face structure. Cogn Psychol 2023; 140:101541. [PMID: 36587465 PMCID: PMC9899519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Face perception and recognition are important processes for social interaction and communication among humans, so understanding how faces are mentally represented and processed has major implications. At the same time, faces are just some of the many stimuli that we encounter in our everyday lives. Therefore, more general theories of how we represent objects might also apply to faces. Contemporary research on the mental representation of faces has centered on two competing theoretical frameworks that arose from more general categorization research: prototype-based face representation and exemplar-based face representation. Empirically distinguishing between these frameworks is difficult and neither one has been ruled out. In this paper, we advance this area of research in three ways. First, we introduce two additional frameworks for mental representation of categories, varying abstraction and ideal representation, which have not been applied to face perception and recognition before. Second, we fit formal computational models of all four of these theories to human perceptual judgments of the typicality and attractiveness (a strong correlate of typicality) of 100 young adult Caucasian female faces, with the models expressed within a face space derived from facial similarity judgments via multidimensional scaling. Third, we predict the perceived typicality and attractiveness of the faces using these models and compare the predictive performance of each to the empirical data. We found that of all four models, the ideal representation model provided the best account of perceived typicality and attractiveness for the present set of faces, although all models showed discrepancies from the empirical data. These findings demonstrate the relevance of mental categorization processes for representing faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Trujillo
- Department of Psychology, UAC 253, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos TX 78666, USA.
| | - Erin M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Elson R, Schluppeck D, Johnston A. fMRI evidence that hyper-caricatured faces activate object-selective cortex. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1035524. [PMID: 36710782 PMCID: PMC9878608 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1035524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many brain imaging studies have looked at the cortical responses to object categories and faces. A popular way to manipulate face stimuli is by using a "face space," a high dimensional representation of individual face images, with the average face located at the origin. However, how the brain responds to faces that deviate substantially from average has not been much explored. Increasing the distance from the average (leading to increased caricaturing) could increase neural responses in face-selective regions, an idea supported by results from non-human primates. Here, we used a face space based on principal component analysis (PCA) to generate faces ranging from average to heavily caricatured. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we first independently defined face-, object- and scene-selective areas with a localiser scan and then measured responses to parametrically caricatured faces. We also included conditions in which the images of faces were inverted. Interestingly in the right fusiform face area (FFA), we found that the patterns of fMRI response were more consistent as caricaturing increased. However, we found no consistent effect of either caricature level or facial inversion on the average fMRI response in the FFA or face-selective regions more broadly. In contrast, object-selective regions showed an increase in both the consistency of response pattern and the average fMRI response with increasing caricature level. This shows that caricatured faces recruit processing from regions typically defined as object-selective, possibly through enhancing low-level properties that are characteristic of objects.
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Waidmann EN, Koyano KW, Hong JJ, Russ BE, Leopold DA. Local features drive identity responses in macaque anterior face patches. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5592. [PMID: 36151142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and other primates recognize one another in part based on unique structural details of the face, including both local features and their spatial configuration within the head and body. Visual analysis of the face is supported by specialized regions of the primate cerebral cortex, which in macaques are commonly known as face patches. Here we ask whether the responses of neurons in anterior face patches, thought to encode face identity, are more strongly driven by local or holistic facial structure. We created stimuli consisting of recombinant photorealistic images of macaques, where we interchanged the eyes, mouth, head, and body between individuals. Unexpectedly, neurons in the anterior medial (AM) and anterior fundus (AF) face patches were predominantly tuned to local facial features, with minimal neural selectivity for feature combinations. These findings indicate that the high-level structural encoding of face identity rests upon populations of neurons specialized for local features. Anterior face patches in the macaque have been assumed to represent face identity in a holistic manner. Here the authors show that the neural encoding of face identity in the anterior medial and anterior fundus face patches are instead driven principally by local features.
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Zaldivar D, Koyano KW, Ye FQ, Godlove DC, Park SH, Russ BE, Bhik-Ghanie R, Leopold DA. Brain-wide functional connectivity of face patch neurons during rest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206559119. [PMID: 36044550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206559119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), areas showing coherent hemodynamic fluctuations across the brain are operationally defined to be functionally connected. However, it is unknown how the activity of single units residing within a voxel contributes to this network structure. Here we demonstrate a shared but restricted pattern of functional connectivity among neighboring neurons residing in functionally defined face patches. Unexpectedly, such neurons also exhibited a prominent inverse correlation with thalamic structures and brainstem neuromodulatory centers. Single unit maps differed from analogous maps obtained with local field potentials and seed-based fMRI. These findings suggest that during rest, individual cortical neurons have a restricted set of functional connections, which is governed in part by anatomical projections and in part by neuromodulation. The brain is a highly organized, dynamic system whose network architecture is often assessed through resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) functional connectivity. The functional interactions between brain areas, including those observed during rest, are assumed to stem from the collective influence of action potentials carried by long-range neural projections. However, the contribution of individual neurons to brain-wide functional connectivity has not been systematically assessed. Here we developed a method to concurrently measure and compare the spiking activity of local neurons with fMRI signals measured across the brain during rest. We recorded spontaneous activity from neural populations in cortical face patches in the macaque during fMRI scanning sessions. Individual cells exhibited prominent, bilateral coupling with fMRI fluctuations in a restricted set of cortical areas inside and outside the face patch network, partially matching the pattern of known anatomical projections. Within each face patch population, a subset of neurons was positively coupled with the face patch network and another was negatively coupled. The same cells showed inverse correlations with distinct subcortical structures, most notably the lateral geniculate nucleus and brainstem neuromodulatory centers. Corresponding connectivity maps derived from fMRI seeds and local field potentials differed from the single unit maps, particularly in subcortical areas. Together, the results demonstrate that the spiking fluctuations of neurons are selectively coupled with discrete brain regions, with the coupling governed in part by anatomical network connections and in part by indirect neuromodulatory pathways.
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Dal Monte O, Fan S, Fagan NA, Chu CCJ, Zhou MB, Putnam PT, Nair AR, Chang SWC. Widespread implementations of interactive social gaze neurons in the primate prefrontal-amygdala networks. Neuron 2022; 110:2183-2197.e7. [PMID: 35545090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Social gaze interaction powerfully shapes interpersonal communication. However, compared with social perception, very little is known about the neuronal underpinnings of real-life social gaze interaction. Here, we studied a large number of neurons spanning four regions in primate prefrontal-amygdala networks and demonstrate robust single-cell foundations of interactive social gaze in the orbitofrontal, dorsomedial prefrontal, and anterior cingulate cortices, in addition to the amygdala. Many neurons in these areas exhibited high temporal heterogeneity for social discriminability, with a selectivity bias for looking at a conspecific compared with an object. Notably, a large proportion of neurons in each brain region parametrically tracked the gaze of self or other, providing substrates for social gaze monitoring. Furthermore, several neurons displayed selective encoding of mutual eye contact in an agent-specific manner. These findings provide evidence of widespread implementations of interactive social gaze neurons in the primate prefrontal-amygdala networks during social gaze interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dal Monte
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Siqi Fan
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nicholas A Fagan
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Cheng-Chi J Chu
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael B Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Philip T Putnam
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amrita R Nair
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steve W C Chang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Zou H, Chen J, Wang Z, Luo Z, Yao Z, Fang B, Huang L. Exploration of molecular mechanism of intraspecific cross-incompatibility in sweetpotato by transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Plant Mol Biol 2022; 109:115-133. [PMID: 35338442 PMCID: PMC9072463 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cross-incompatibility, frequently happening in intraspecific varieties, has seriously restricted sweetpotato breeding. However, the mechanism of sweetpotato intraspecific cross-incompatibility (ICI) remains largely unexplored, especially for molecular mechanism. Treatment by inducible reagent developed by our lab provides a method to generate material for mechanism study, which could promote incompatible pollen germination and tube growth in the ICI group. Based on the differential phenotypes between treated and untreated samples, transcriptome and metabolome were employed to explore the molecular mechanism of sweetpotato ICI in this study, taking varieties 'Guangshu 146' and 'Shangshu 19', a typical incompatible combination, as materials. The results from transcriptome analysis showed oxidation-reduction, cell wall metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction were the essential pathways for sweetpotato ICI regulation. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in these pathways were the important candidate genes to response ICI. Metabolome analysis showed that multiple differential metabolites (DMs) involved oxidation-reduction were identified. The most significant DM identified in comparison between compatible and incompatible samples was vitexin-2-O-glucoside, a flavonoid metabolite. Corresponding to it, cytochrome P450s were the most DEGs identified in oxidation-reduction, which were implicated in flavonoid biosynthesis. It further suggested oxidation-reduction play an important role in sweetpotato ICI regulation. To validate function of oxidation-reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in compatible and incompatible samples. The green fluorescence was observed in incompatible but not in compatible samples. It indicated ROS regulated by oxidation-reduction is important pathway to response sweetpotato ICI. The results in this study would provide valuable insights into molecular mechanisms for sweetpotato ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiongjian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hongda Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhangying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhongxia Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhufang Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Boping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lifei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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14
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Zhang Y, Bu T, Zhang J, Tang S, Yu Z, Liu JK, Huang T. Decoding Pixel-Level Image Features from Two-Photon Calcium Signals of Macaque Visual Cortex. Neural Comput 2022; 34:1369-1397. [PMID: 35534008 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Images of visual scenes comprise essential features important for visual cognition of the brain. The complexity of visual features lies at different levels, from simple artificial patterns to natural images with different scenes. It has been a focus of using stimulus images to predict neural responses. However, it remains unclear how to extract features from neuronal responses. Here we address this question by leveraging two-photon calcium neural data recorded from the visual cortex of awake macaque monkeys. With stimuli including various categories of artificial patterns and diverse scenes of natural images, we employed a deep neural network decoder inspired by image segmentation technique. Consistent with the notation of sparse coding for natural images, a few neurons with stronger responses dominated the decoding performance, whereas decoding of ar tificial patterns needs a large number of neurons. When natural images using the model pretrained on artificial patterns are decoded, salient features of natural scenes can be extracted, as well as the conventional category information. Altogether, our results give a new perspective on studying neural encoding principles using reverse-engineering decoding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Peking 100871, P.R.C.
| | - Tong Bu
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R.C.
| | - Jiyuan Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R.C.
| | - Shiming Tang
- School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R.C.
| | - Zhaofei Yu
- Department of Computer Science and Technology and In stitute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R.C.
| | - Jian K Liu
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Tiejun Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology and Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R.C.,Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing 100190, P.R.C.
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15
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Park SH, Koyano KW, Russ BE, Waidmann EN, McMahon DBT, Leopold DA. Parallel functional subnetworks embedded in the macaque face patch system. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm2054. [PMID: 35263138 PMCID: PMC8906740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During normal vision, our eyes provide the brain with a continuous stream of useful information about the world. How visually specialized areas of the cortex, such as face-selective patches, operate under natural modes of behavior is poorly understood. Here we report that, during the free viewing of movies, cohorts of face-selective neurons in the macaque cortex fractionate into distributed and parallel subnetworks that carry distinct information. We classified neurons into functional groups on the basis of their movie-driven coupling with functional magnetic resonance imaging time courses across the brain. Neurons from each group were distributed across multiple face patches but intermixed locally with other groups at each recording site. These findings challenge prevailing views about functional segregation in the cortex and underscore the importance of naturalistic paradigms for cognitive neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Park
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenji W. Koyano
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian E. Russ
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena N. Waidmann
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David B. T. McMahon
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A. Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Abstract
We are curious by nature, particularly when young. Evolution has endowed our brain with an inbuilt obligation to educate itself. In this perspectives article, we posit that self-tuition is an evolved principle of vertebrate brain design that is reflected in its basic architecture and critical for its normal development. Self-tuition involves coordination between functionally distinct components of the brain, with one set of areas motivating exploration that leads to the experiences that train another set. We review key hypothalamic and telencephalic structures involved in this interplay, including their anatomical connections and placement within the segmental architecture of conserved forebrain circuits. We discuss the nature of educative behaviours motivated by the hypothalamus, innate stimulus biases, the relationship to survival in early life, and mechanisms by which telencephalic areas gradually accumulate knowledge. We argue that this aspect of brain function is of paramount importance for systems neuroscience, as it confers neural specialization and allows animals to attain far more sophisticated behaviours than would be possible through genetic mechanisms alone. Self-tuition is of particular importance in humans and other primates, whose large brains and complex social cognition rely critically on experience-based learning during a protracted childhood period. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory’.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruno B Averbeck
- Section on Learning and Decision Making, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Cui Y, Lu X, Gou X. Receptor-like protein kinases in plant reproduction: Current understanding and future perspectives. Plant Commun 2022; 3:100273. [PMID: 35059634 PMCID: PMC8760141 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a crucial process in the life span of flowering plants, and directly affects human basic requirements in agriculture, such as grain yield and quality. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are a large family of membrane proteins sensing extracellular signals to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species, RLK-mediated signaling pathways play essential roles in regulating the reproductive process by sensing different ligand signals. Molecular understanding of the reproductive process is vital from the perspective of controlling male and female fertility. Here, we summarize the roles of RLKs during plant reproduction at the genetic and molecular levels, including RLK-mediated floral organ development, ovule and anther development, and embryogenesis. In addition, the possible molecular regulatory patterns of those RLKs with unrevealed mechanisms during reproductive development are discussed. We also point out the thought-provoking questions raised by the research on these plant RLKs during reproduction for future investigation.
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18
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Pavez-Fox MA, Negron-Del Valle JE, Thompson IJ, Walker CS, Bauman SE, Gonzalez O, Compo N, Ruiz-Lambides A, Martinez MI, Platt ML, Montague MJ, Higham JP, Snyder-Mackler N, Brent LJN. Sociality predicts individual variation in the immunity of free-ranging rhesus macaques. Physiol Behav 2021; 241:113560. [PMID: 34454245 PMCID: PMC8605072 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social integration and social status can substantially affect an individual’s health and survival. One route through which this occurs is by altering immune function, which can be highly sensitive to changes in the social environment. However, we currently have limited understanding of how sociality influences markers of immunity in naturalistic populations where social dynamics can be fully realized. To address this gap, we asked if social integration and social status in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) predict anatomical and physiological markers of immunity. We used data on agonistic interactions to determine social status, and social network analysis of grooming interactions to generate measures of individual variation in social integration. As measures of immunity, we included the size of two of the major organs involved in the immune response, the spleen and liver, and counts of three types of blood cells (red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells). Controlling for body mass and age, we found that neither social status nor social integration predicted the size of anatomical markers of immunity. However, individuals that were more socially connected, i.e., with more grooming partners, had lower numbers of white blood cells than their socially isolated counterparts, indicating lower levels of inflammation with increasing levels of integration. These results build upon and extend our knowledge of the relationship between sociality and the immune system in humans and captive animals to free-ranging primates, demonstrating generalizability of the beneficial role of social integration on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pavez-Fox
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Indya J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, United States
| | - Christopher S Walker
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, United States
| | - Samuel E Bauman
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Melween I Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States; Department of Marketing, University of Pennsylvania , PA, United States
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, NY, United States
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, AZ, United States
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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19
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Rollot Y, Evers SW, Joyce WG. A redescription of the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) turtle Uluops uluops and a new phylogenetic hypothesis of Paracryptodira. Swiss J Palaeontol 2021; 140:23. [PMID: 34721284 PMCID: PMC8550081 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-021-00234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We study the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) turtle Uluops uluops using micro-computed tomography scans to investigate the cranial anatomy of paracryptodires, and provide new insights into the evolution of the internal carotid artery and facial nerve systems, as well as the phylogenetic relationships of this group. We demonstrate the presence of a canalis caroticus lateralis in Uluops uluops, the only pleurosternid for which a palatine artery canal can be confidently identified. Our phylogenetic analysis retrieves Uluops uluops as the earliest branching pleurosternid, Helochelydridae within Pleurosternidae, and Compsemydidae including Kallokibotion bajazidi within Baenidae, which suggests at least two independent losses of the palatine artery within paracryptodires. We expect future studies will provide additional insights into the evolution of the circulation system of paracryptodires, as well as clarifying relationships along the turtle stem. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13358-021-00234-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Rollot
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Serjoscha W. Evers
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Walter G. Joyce
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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20
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Russ BE, Petkov CI, Kwok SC, Zhu Q, Belin P, Vanduffel W, Hamed SB. Common functional localizers to enhance NHP & cross-species neuroscience imaging research. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118203. [PMID: 34048898 PMCID: PMC8529529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional localizers are invaluable as they can help define regions of interest, provide cross-study comparisons, and most importantly, allow for the aggregation and meta-analyses of data across studies and laboratories. To achieve these goals within the non-human primate (NHP) imaging community, there is a pressing need for the use of standardized and validated localizers that can be readily implemented across different groups. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the value of localizer protocols to imaging research and we describe a number of commonly used or novel localizers within NHPs, and keys to implement them across studies. As has been shown with the aggregation of resting-state imaging data in the original PRIME-DE submissions, we believe that the field is ready to apply the same initiative for task-based functional localizers in NHP imaging. By coming together to collect large datasets across research group, implementing the same functional localizers, and sharing the localizers and data via PRIME-DE, it is now possible to fully test their robustness, selectivity and specificity. To do this, we reviewed a number of common localizers and we created a repository of well-established localizer that are easily accessible and implemented through the PRIME-RE platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Russ
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York City, NY, United States.
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France; Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Belin
- Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université et CNRS, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, United States.
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, Université de Lyon - CNRS, France.
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21
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Yang Z, Freiwald WA. Joint encoding of facial identity, orientation, gaze, and expression in the middle dorsal face area. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2108283118. [PMID: 34385326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108283118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have established that a network of face-selective areas in the temporal lobe of macaque monkeys supports the visual processing of faces. Each area within the network contains a large fraction of face-selective cells. And each area encodes facial identity and head orientation differently. A recent brain-imaging study discovered an area outside of this network selective for naturalistic facial motion, the middle dorsal (MD) face area. This finding offers the opportunity to determine whether coding principles revealed inside the core network would generalize to face areas outside the core network. We investigated the encoding of static faces and objects, facial identity, and head orientation, dimensions which had been studied in multiple areas of the core face-processing network before, as well as facial expressions and gaze. We found that MD populations form a face-selective cluster with a degree of selectivity comparable to that of areas in the core face-processing network. MD encodes facial identity robustly across changes in head orientation and expression, it encodes head orientation robustly against changes in identity and expression, and it encodes expression robustly across changes in identity and head orientation. These three dimensions are encoded in a separable manner. Furthermore, MD also encodes the direction of gaze in addition to head orientation. Thus, MD encodes both structural properties (identity) and changeable ones (expression and gaze) and thus provides information about another animal's direction of attention (head orientation and gaze). MD contains a heterogeneous population of cells that establish a multidimensional code for faces.
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22
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Landi SM, Viswanathan P, Serene S, Freiwald WA. A fast link between face perception and memory in the temporal pole. Science 2021; 373:581-585. [PMID: 34210891 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi6671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The question of how the brain recognizes the faces of familiar individuals has been important throughout the history of neuroscience. Cells linking visual processing to person memory have been proposed but not found. Here, we report the discovery of such cells through recordings from an area in the macaque temporal pole identified with functional magnetic resonance imaging. These cells responded to faces that were personally familiar. They responded nonlinearly to stepwise changes in face visibility and detail and holistically to face parts, reflecting key signatures of familiar face recognition. They discriminated between familiar identities, as fast as a general face identity area. The discovery of these cells establishes a new pathway for the fast recognition of familiar individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Landi
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pooja Viswanathan
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,The Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Serene
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winrich A Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. .,The Center for Brains, Minds & Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
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23
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Evers SW, Rollot Y, Joyce WG. New interpretation of the cranial osteology of the Early Cretaceous turtle Arundelemys dardeni (Paracryptodira) based on a CT-based re-evaluation of the holotype. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11495. [PMID: 34131522 PMCID: PMC8174147 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arundelemys dardeni is an Early Cretaceous paracryptodire known from a single, incomplete, but generally well-preserved skull. Phylogenetic hypotheses of paracryptodires often find Arundelemys dardeni as an early branching baenid. As such, it has a central role in understanding the early evolution of the successful clade Baenidae, which survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, as well as the diversification of Paracryptodira into its subclades, which recent research suggests to perhaps include helochelydrids, compsemydids, pleurosternids, and baenids. Computer tomography scans of the holotype material that were produced for the initial description of Arundelemeys dardeni reveal several errors in the initial anatomical description of the species, which we correct based on element-by-element segmentation. In addition, we provide entirely novel anatomical information, including descriptions of several previously undescribed cranial bones, the endosseous labyrinth, and the cranial scutes, the latter of which are unknown for most paracryptodires. We provide an interpretation of cranial scutes which homologizes the scutes of Arundelemys dardeni with those of other stem turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serjoscha W. Evers
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yann Rollot
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Walter G. Joyce
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Faces are complex objects of great variety, which the visual brain somehow manages to organize by similarity. Two such orderings in fact exist and one, a new study finds, is transformed into the other over time, enhancing a face's distinctiveness.
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