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Segner H, Rehberger K, Bailey C, Bo J. Assessing Fish Immunotoxicity by Means of In Vitro Assays: Are We There Yet? Front Immunol 2022; 13:835767. [PMID: 35296072 PMCID: PMC8918558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that a range of environmental chemicals target the immune system of fish and may compromise the resistance towards infectious pathogens. Existing concepts to assess chemical hazards to fish, however, do not consider immunotoxicity. Over recent years, the application of in vitro assays for ecotoxicological hazard assessment has gained momentum, what leads to the question whether in vitro assays using piscine immune cells might be suitable to evaluate immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish. In vitro systems using primary immune cells or immune cells lines have been established from a wide array of fish species and basically from all immune tissues, and in principal these assays should be able to detect chemical impacts on diverse immune functions. In fact, in vitro assays were found to be a valuable tool in investigating the mechanisms and modes of action through which environmental agents interfere with immune cell functions. However, at the current state of knowledge the usefulness of these assays for immunotoxicity screening in the context of chemical hazard assessment appears questionable. This is mainly due to a lack of assay standardization, and an insufficient knowledge of assay performance with respect to false positive or false negative signals for the different toxicant groups and different immune functions. Also the predictivity of the in vitro immunotoxicity assays for the in vivo immunotoxic response of fishes is uncertain. In conclusion, the currently available database is too limited to support the routine application of piscine in vitro assays as screening tool for assessing immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Helmut Segner,
| | - Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China
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Katakura F, Nishiya K, Wentzel AS, Hino E, Miyamae J, Okano M, Wiegertjes GF, Moritomo T. Paralogs of Common Carp Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) Have Different Functions Regarding Development, Trafficking and Activation of Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2019; 10:255. [PMID: 30837998 PMCID: PMC6389648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; CSF3) is a primary cytokine that promotes the development, mobilization, and activation of neutrophils and their precursors. Teleosts have been reported to possess two paralogs as a likely result of the teleost-wide whole genome duplication (WGD) event, but functional divergence of G-CSF paralogs remains poorly understood. Common carp are an allotetraploid species owing to an additional WGD event in the carp lineage and here, we report on genomic synteny, sequence similarity, and phylogeny of four common carp G-CSF paralogs (g-csfa1 and g-csfa2; g-csfb1 and g-csfb2). G-csfa1 and g-csfa2 show differential and relatively high gene expression levels, while g-csfb1 and g-csfb2 show low basal gene expression levels in most tissues. All paralogs are expressed higher in macrophages than in other leukocyte sub-types and are highly up-regulated by treatment of macrophages with mitogens. Recombinant G-CSFa1 and G-CSFb1 both promoted the proliferation of kidney hematopoietic cells, while only G-CSFb1 induced the differentiation of kidney cells along the neutrophil-lineage. Colony-forming unit assays revealed that G-CSFb1 alone stimulates the formation of CFU-G colonies from head- and trunk-kidney whereas the combination of G-CSFa1 and G-CSFb1 stimulates the formation of both CFU-G and CFU-GM colonies. Recombinant G-CSFa1 and G-CSFb1 also exhibit chemotactic activity against kidney neutrophils and up-regulation of cxcr1 mRNA expression was highest in neutrophils after G-CSFb1 stimulation. Furthermore, G-CSFb1 more than G-CSFa1 induced priming of kidney neutrophils through up-regulation of a NADPH-oxidase component p47 phox . In vivo administration of G-CSF paralogs increased the number of circulating blood neutrophils of carp. Our findings demonstrate that gene duplications in teleosts can lead to functional divergence between paralogs and shed light on the sub-functionalization of G-CSF paralogs in cyprinid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Katakura
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishiya
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Annelieke S Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Erika Hino
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Okano
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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Andreyeva AY, Soldatov AA, Kukhareva TA. Black Scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus) Hemopoiesis: Analysis by Flow Cytometry and Light Microscopy. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1993-1999. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Y. Andreyeva
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; Institute of Marine Biological Research Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky ave 14, Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander A. Soldatov
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; Institute of Marine Biological Research Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky ave 14, Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A. Kukhareva
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; Institute of Marine Biological Research Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky ave 14, Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
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Wen CM. Development and characterization of a cell line from tilapia head kidney with melanomacrophage characteristics. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 49:442-449. [PMID: 26806163 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel cell line THK, derived from the tilapia head kidney, was developed and characterized. The THK cell line comprised fibroblastoid cells that markedly proliferated in Leibovitz L-15 medium containing 2%-15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 20 °C-35 °C. Cell proliferation was dependent on the FBS concentration, and the optimal temperature for proliferation ranged between 25 °C and 30 °C. THK cells were characterized for the presence of phagocytic activity, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, α-naphthyl acetate esterase, lipofuscin, and tyrosinase. Transcripts of CD33, CD53, CD82, CD205, macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor, GATA2, and GATA3 that are specific for leucocytes or monocytes/macrophages or both were detected in the THK cells through PCR. However, THK cells lacked for CD83, a specific marker for dendritic cells. The results indicated that the fibroblastoid THK cells were melanomacrophage-related progenitors. PCR revealed that the THK cells exhibited the transcripts of toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2, TLR3, and CD200, of which concern with immunity as well as the transcripts of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3, angiomotin, and angiopoietin-like protein 2 that associate with angiogenesis regulation and macrophage proliferation. THK cells were subcultured more than 90 times and can be useful for investigating the development and functioning of the teleostean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ming Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Stachura DL, Svoboda O, Lau RP, Balla KM, Zon LI, Bartunek P, Traver D. Clonal analysis of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the zebrafish. Blood 2011; 118:1274-82. [PMID: 21415264 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-331199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been hindered by a lack of functional assays to gauge proliferative potential and differentiation capacity. To investigate the nature of myeloerythroid progenitor cells, we developed clonal methylcellulose assays by using recombinant zebrafish erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. From adult whole kidney marrow, erythropoietin was required to support erythroid colony formation, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was required to support the formation of colonies containing neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Myeloid and erythroid colonies showed distinct morphologies and were easily visualized and scored by their expression of lineage-specific fluorescent transgenes. Analysis of the gene-expression profiles after isolation of colonies marked by gata1:DsRed or mpx:eGFP transgenes confirmed our morphological erythroid and myeloid lineage designations, respectively. The majority of progenitor activity was contained within the precursor light scatter fraction, and more immature precursors were present within the lymphoid fraction. Finally, we performed kinetic analyses of progenitor activity after sublethal irradiation and demonstrated that recovery to preirradiation levels occurred by 14 days after irradiation. Together, these experiments provide the first report of clonal hematopoietic progenitor assays in the zebrafish and establish the number, characteristics, and kinetics of myeloerythroid progenitors during both steady-state and stress hematopoiesis.
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Yamaguchi T, Katakura F, Shitanda S, Niida Y, Toda H, Ohtani M, Yabu T, Suetake H, Moritomo T, Nakanishi T. Clonal growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio) T cells in vitro. Dev Comp Immunol 2011; 35:193-202. [PMID: 20875447 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carp kidney leukocytes co-cultured with a supporting cell layer resulted in the rapid proliferation of various types of leukocytes including immature leukocytes. Expressions of marker genes for multiple blood cell lineages were observed in the primary culture. However, after several passages, the proliferating cells expressed only T cell and macrophage marker genes. Further RT-PCR analysis revealed that the proliferating cells expressed TCR constant regions (Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ), CD3γ/δ and CD4 (CD4L-1), but did not express CD8α and CD8β. Additionally, in situ hybridization analysis showed that the majority of proliferating cells expressed Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ and CD4. Moreover, 5'-RACE sequences of TCR variable regions (Vα, Vβ, Vγ, Vδ) revealed that the proliferating cells contained a polyclonal T cell repertoire, and most of the Vα and Vβ sequences were functional, but the Vγ and Vδ sequences were non-functional with frame shifts and stop codons. Taken together, these results indicate that the proliferating cells after serial passages predominantly contained CD4+ CD8- αβT cells that simultaneously co-expressed non-functional γδTCR. To obtain CD4+ αβT cell (helper T cell) clones, single cells were picked up from the bulk culture, seeded into each well of 96-well plates and cultured in the presence of supporting cells and conditioned media. T cell colonies formed from single cells after 2-3 weeks. These colony cells expressed Cα, Cβ, Cδ and CD4, and weakly expressed Cγ, but did not express CD8α, CD8β and CD4L-2. Taken together, these results indicate that these clonal T cells resemble a subpopulation of mammalian CD4+ helper T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Carps/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells/cytology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor
- In Situ Hybridization
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Segawa T, Itou T, Suzuki M, Moritomo T, Nakanishi T, Sakai T. Hematopoietic cell populations in dolphin bone marrow: Analysis of colony formation and differentiation. Results Immunol 2011; 1:1-5. [PMID: 24371545 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow biopsy is useful for diagnosis of hematopoietic diseases. We have recently reported that bone marrow biopsy from the flipper might be useful for diagnosis of hematopoietic diseases in dolphins. In this study, to demonstrate whether biopsy from the flipper is useful for clinical diagnosis, we investigated the gene expression profiles and proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) isolated from the humeral bone marrow of bottlenose dolphins. BMMC exhibited gene expression profiles considered to be characteristic of hematopoietic cells. Similarly, a colony forming unit assay showed that dolphin BMMC possessed vigorous colony forming ability. The proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells resulted in the formation of three types of colonies, containing neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and eosinophils with or without megakaryocytes, all of which could be identified based on the morphological characteristics and gene expression profiles typically associated with hematopoietic markers. Thus, dolphin BMMCs from humeral bone marrow contain many hematopoietic progenitor cells, and bone marrow biopsy from the flipper is suggested useful for clinical diagnosis for the dolphins.
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Key Words
- BMMC, bone marrow mononuclear cell
- Bone marrow
- CFU assay, colony forming unit assay
- Colony forming unit assay
- Dolphin
- EBF, early B-cell factor
- EPOR, erythropoietin receptor
- Epx, eosinophil peroxidase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- G-CSFR, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor
- Gene expression
- Hematopoiesis
- Humeral bone
- IMDM, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium
- LCM, lymphocyte conditioned medium
- M-CSFR, macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor
- M-MuLV, Moloney murine leukemia virus
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MSR, macrophage scavenger receptor
- NE, neutrophil elastase
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PHA, phytohemagglutinin
- PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte
- Pax5, paired box gene 5
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SCL, stem cell leukemia
- TCRβ, T cell receptor β
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Segawa
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takuya Itou
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Miwa Suzuki
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takeo Sakai
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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