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Moreno CM, Moreno JN, Valdez MC, Baldwin MP, Vallor AC, Carvalho PB. Fungal-Mediated Biotransformation of the Plant Growth Regulator Forchlorfenuron by Cunninghamella elegans. Metabolites 2024; 14:101. [PMID: 38392993 PMCID: PMC10890479 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron (FCF), while seemingly presenting relatively low toxicity for mammalian organisms, has been the subject of renewed scrutiny in the past few years due to its increasing use in fruit crops and potential for bioaccumulation. Despite many toxicological properties of FCF being known, little research has been conducted on the toxicological effects of its secondary metabolites. Given this critical gap in the existing literature, understanding the formation of relevant FCF secondary metabolites and their association with mammalian metabolism is essential. To investigate the formation of FCF metabolites in sufficient quantities for toxicological studies, a panel of four fungi were screened for their ability to catalyze the biotransformation of FCF. Of the organisms screened, Cunninghamella elegans (ATCC 9245), a filamentous fungus, was found to convert FCF to 4-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron, the major FCF secondary metabolite identified in mammals, after 26 days. Following the optimization of biotransformation conditions using a solid support system, media screening, and inoculation with a solid pre-formed fungal mass of C. elegans, this conversion time was significantly reduced to 7 days-representing a 73% reduction in total reaction time as deduced from the biotransformation products and confirmed by LC-MS, NMR spectroscopic data, as well as a comparison with synthetically prepared metabolites. Our study provides the first report of the metabolism of FCF by C. elegans. These findings suggest that C. elegans can produce FCF secondary metabolites consistent with those produced via mammalian metabolism and could be used as a more efficient, cost-effective, and ethical alternative for producing those metabolites in useful quantities for toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Moreno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Jaclyn N Moreno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Matthew C Valdez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Melinda P Baldwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Ana C Vallor
- Department of Biology, School of Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | - Paulo B Carvalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
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El-Mahrouk ESM, Atef EAM, Gabr MK, Aly MA, Głowacka A, Ahmed MAA. Application of ZnO NPs, SiO 2 NPs and Date Pollen Extract as Partial Substitutes to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilizers for Sweet Basil Production. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:172. [PMID: 38256725 PMCID: PMC10819998 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The reduction in mineral fertilizer usage is crucial to the production of medicinal and aromatic products for safety and health purposes. Presently, nanotechnology and the utilization of natural extracts have been extensively studied due to their significant contribution. Ocimum basilicum is commonly employed for various medicinal and aromatic applications. Therefore, randomized complete block design field experiments containing 10 treatments were conducted during the 2021 and 2022 seasons to investigate the effect of nanoparticles (NPs) of ZnO (1.5 and 2.0 g/L) and SiO2 (100 and 150 mg/L) and date palm pollen extract (DPPE) at 10 and 20 g/L either alone or in combination with the ¾ or ½ NPK recommended dose (RD). The NPK RD was served as a control treatment on basil plant production in each season. The effectiveness of ZnO NPs, SiO2 NPs, and DPPE for the decrease in NPK utilization was evaluated. Meanwhile, the most effective treatment for vegetative traits (except for plant height), essential oil %, and yield was ½ NPK RD + 20 g/L DPPE + 2.0 g/L ZnO NPs. Such a treatment increased the branch number/plant, main stem diameter, relevant chlorophyll content, fresh weight/plant, dry weight/plant, essential oil %, and essential oil yield/plant by 21.00 and 9.94%, 58.70 and 40.00%, 20.69 and 15.83%, 68.83 and 58.28%, 48.70 and 56.16%, 45.71 and 35.53%, and 113.22 and 110.32% over the control in the two seasons, respectively. For total phenol and antioxidant activity, the most effective treatments were the ¾ NPK +1.5 g/L ZnO NPs and ½ NPK +2.0 g/L ZnO NPs, respectively. Simultaneously, essential oil composition (with their compound numbers identified (11-29 for control and ¾ NPK RD + 1.5 g/L ZnO NPs)) and the percentage of total compounds, monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated hydrocarbons were varied among the used applications. The major observed compounds (>8%) estragole, methyl eugenol, linalool, cineole, and caryophyllene were found in different treatments. Thus, the findings of this study indicate the favorable utilization of ZnO NPs, SiO2 NPs, and DPPE in reducing the application of NPK, which may present a novel strategy and beneficial approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekramy Abdel Moatamed Atef
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture—Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Kadry Gabr
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt; (M.K.G.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed Aly
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt; (M.K.G.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Aleksandra Głowacka
- Department of Plant Cultivation Technology and Commodity Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture—Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
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Kang L, Wu Y, Jia Y, Chen Z, Kang D, Zhang L, Pan C. Nano-selenium enhances melon resistance to Podosphaera xanthii by enhancing the antioxidant capacity and promoting alterations in the polyamine, phenylpropanoid and hormone signaling pathways. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:377. [PMID: 37845678 PMCID: PMC10577987 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the main problematic diseases in melon production, requiring the use of chemical pesticides with disease-resistant cultivars for control. However, the often rapid acquisition of fungicidal resistance by mildew pathogens makes this practice unsustainable. The identification of crop treatments that can enhance resistance to powdery mildew resistance is therefore important to reduce melon crop attrition. This study indicates that the application of Nano-Se can reduce the powdery mildew disease index by 21-45%. The Nano-Se treatment reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, with increases in glutathione (GSH), proline and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). Increases were also observed in the activities and transcriptional levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD). Assays with four different cultivars of melon with differing levels of mildew resistance demonstrated that relative to the control, the Nano-Se treatment resulted in larger responses to mildew infection, including increases in the levels of putrescine (PUT; 43-112%) and spermine (SPM; 36-118%), indoleacetic acid (IAA; 43-172%) and salicylic acid (SA; 24-73%), the activities of phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate: Co A ligase (4CL) of the phenylpropanoid pathway (22-38%, 24-126% and 19-64%, respectively). Key genes in the polyamine and phenylpropanoid pathway were also upregulated. These results indicate that the foliar application of Nano-Se improved melon defenses against powdery mildew infection, with a significant reduction in mildew disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control & Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Yangliu Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control & Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yujiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control & Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Dexian Kang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control & Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang Q, Li X, Wang H, Li S, Zhang C, Chen X, Dong J, Shao H, Wang J, Jin F. Spatial Distribution and Migration Characteristic of Forchlorfenuron in Oriental Melon Fruit by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Foods 2023; 12:2858. [PMID: 37569126 PMCID: PMC10417659 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Forchlorfenuron is a widely used plant growth regulator to support the pollination and fruit set of oriental melons. It is critical to investigate the spatial distribution and migration characteristics of forchlorfenuron among fruit tissues to understand its metabolism and toxic effects on plants. However, the application of imaging mass spectrometry in pesticides remains challenging due to the usually extremely low residual concentration and the strong interference from plant tissues. In this study, a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) method was developed for the first time to obtain the dynamic images of forchlorfenuron in oriental melon. A quantitative assessment has also been performed for MALDI-MSI to characterize the time-dependent permeation and degradation sites of forchlorfenuron in oriental melon. The majority of forchlorfenuron was detected in the exocarp and mesocarp regions of oriental melon and decreased within two days after application. The degradation rate obtained by MALDI-MSI in this study was comparable to that obtained by HPLC-MS/MS, indicating that the methodology and quantification approach based on the MALDI-MSI was reliable and practicable for pesticide degradation study. These results provide an important scientific basis for the assessment of the potential risks and effects of forchlorfenuron on oriental melons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Hongping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Simeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Xueying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Shimadzu China MS Center, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.W.); (H.S.)
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Wang Q, Chen X, Zhang C, Li X, Yue N, Shao H, Wang J, Jin F. Discrimination and Characterization of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Fresh Oriental Melon after Forchlorfenuron Application Using Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). Foods 2023; 12:foods12061272. [PMID: 36981198 PMCID: PMC10048207 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroma is a crucial factor determining the market value and consumer satisfaction of fresh oriental melon. However, few studies focus on the volatile flavor of fresh oriental melon, and the effect of forchlorfenuron application on the aroma profile is unclear. This study characterized the volatile profile of fresh oriental melon fruit after forchlorfenuron application by E-nose and HS-GC-IMS. The holistic variation of volatile compounds exhibited evident distinction based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with E-nose. Forty-eight volatile compounds were identified from fresh oriental melon via GC-IMS, mainly esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, along with smaller quantities of sulfides and terpenes. Compared to pollination melon fruits, 13 critical different volatile flavor compounds were screened out in forchlorfenuron application groups by the PLS-DA model, imparting sweet fruity flavor. The results of the current study provide a valuable basis for evaluating the flavor quality of oriental melon after forchlorfenuron treatment.
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Wang M, Yan H, Han Y, Qiao F. Miniaturized extraction and determination of swelling agents in fruits and vegetables based on deep eutectic solvent-molecularly imprinted hydrophilic resin. Food Chem 2023; 398:133920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kang L, Wu Y, Zhang J, An Q, Zhou C, Li D, Pan C. Nano-selenium enhances the antioxidant capacity, organic acids and cucurbitacin B in melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 241:113777. [PMID: 35738099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in melon production causing safety issues around the consumption of melon and increasing pathogen and insect tolerance to pesticides. This study investigated whether a nano-selenium (Nano-Se) spray treatment can improve resistance to biological stress in melon plants, reducing the need for pesticides, and how this mechanism is activated. To achieve this, we examine the ultrastructure and physio-biochemical responses of two melon cultivars after foliar spraying with Nano-Se. Nano-Se treatment reduced plastoglobulins in leaf mesophyll cells, thylakoid films were left intact, and compound starch granules increased. Nano-Se treatment also increased root mitochondria and left nucleoli intact. Nano-Se treatment enhanced ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase activities and their mRNA levels in treated melon plants compared to control plants (without Nano-Se treatments). Exogenous application of Nano-Se improved fructose, glucose, galactitol, stachyose, lactic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and succinic acid in treated plants compared to control plants. In addition, Nano-Se treatment enhanced cucurbitacin B and up-regulated eight cucurbitacin B synthesis-related genes. We conclude that Nano-Se treatment of melon plants triggered antioxidant capacity, photosynthesis, organic acids, and up-regulated cucurbitacin B synthesis-related genes, which plays a comprehensive role in stress resistance in melon plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Yangliu Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingbang Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Quanshun An
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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