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Ge Y, Zhu S, Wang K, Liu F, Zhang S, Wang R, Ho SH, Chang JS. One-step synthesis of a core-shell structured biochar using algae (Chlorella) powder and ferric sulfate for immobilizing Hg(II). J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133991. [PMID: 38492405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) pollution poses a significant environmental challenge. One promising method for its removal is the sorption of mercuric ions using biochar. FeS-doped biochar (FBC) exhibits effective mercury adsorption, however may release excess iron into the surrounding water. To address this issue, a novel magnetic pyrrhotite/magnetite-doped biochar with a core-shell structure was synthesized for the adsorption of 2-valent mercury (Hg(II)). The proposed synthesis process involved the use of algae powder and ferric sulfate in a one-step method. By varying the ratio of ferric sulfate and alga powder (within the range of 0.18 - 2.5) had a notable impact on the composition of FBC. As the ferric sulfate content increased, the FBC exhibited a higher concentration of oxygen-containing groups. To assess the adsorption capacity, Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to the experimental data. The most effective adsorption was achieved with FBC-4, reaching a maximum capacity (Qm) of 95.51 mg/g. In particular, at low Hg(II) concentrations, FBC-5 demonstrated the ability to reduce Hg(II) concentrations to less than 0.05 mg/L within 30 min. Additionally, the stability of FBC was confirmed within the pH range of 3.8 - 7.2. The study also introduced a model to analyze the adsorption preference for different Hg(II) species. Calomel was identified in the mercury saturated FBC, whereas the core-shell structure exhibited excellent conductivity, which most likely contributed to the minimal release of iron. In summary, this research presents a novel and promising method for synthesizing core-shell structured biochar and provides a novel approach to explore the adsorption contribution of different metal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Feiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Rupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan.
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2
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Tan L, Nie Y, Chang H, Zhu L, Guo K, Ran X, Zhong N, Zhong D, Xu Y, Ho SH. Adsorption performance of Ni(II) by KOH-modified biochar derived from different microalgae species. Bioresour Technol 2024; 394:130287. [PMID: 38181998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae biochar is potential adsorbents to remove heavy metals from wastewater due to abundant functional groups, high porosity and wide sources, but performance is not fully developed since it depends on microalgae species attributing to distinct morphology and biomass compositions. Here, two microalgae species Chlorella Pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus Obliquus were used for biochar preparation via KOH-modification, biochar properties and their influences on Ni(II) adsorption were investigated. Ni(II) adsorption performances responding to biochar properties and operating conditions were upgraded via progressive optimization and response surface methodology. Together, adsorption isotherms and kinetics were analyzed to obtain significant factors for Ni(II) removal. As results, 100 % of Ni(II) removal was achieved under 100 mg/L initial Ni(II) concentration as pH was higher than the biochar zero-charge point of 6.87 with low biochar dosage (0.5 g/L), which provides an efficient approach for heavy metal removal from wastewater with microalgae biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yudong Nie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Haixing Chang
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Liandong Zhu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Kehong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiongwei Ran
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Nianbing Zhong
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Dengjie Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yunlan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
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Tan X, Zhang F, Wang H, Ho SH. The magic of algae-based biochar: advantages, preparation, and applications. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2252157. [PMID: 37661772 PMCID: PMC10478747 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with other biomass sources, the use of algae as a raw material to prepare biochar (BC) has important advantages including safety, high yield and economy. The protein content of algae cells is as high as 3.2 mg DCW/L, and the graphitic-N and N-O functional groups generated by the pyrolysis of proteins could effectively activate free radicals. Combined with the generated pore structure, the electron transfer/exchange capability was enhanced, which is conducive to improving its catalytic performance. Algae as a natural N source, the manuscript analyzed the surface properties and physicochemical properties of algae-based BC, and investigated its degradation effect on organic/inorganic pollutants in wastewater. Subsequently, the effect of nitrogen-doped BC on the adsorption/catalysis capacity was discussed. Finally, the directed preparation of algae-based BC applied in different scenarios was summarized. Algae-based BC has the property of N doping, which broadens its application efficiency in the environmental field. Overall, this manuscript reviews how to achieve efficient utilization of algae-based BC in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Fengfa Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
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Costa JAV, Zaparoli M, Cassuriaga APA, Cardias BB, Vaz BDS, Morais MGD, Moreira JB. Biochar production from microalgae: a new sustainable approach to wastewater treatment based on a circular economy. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 169:110281. [PMID: 37390584 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The generation of wastewater due to human activities are the main responsible for environmental problems. These problems are caused by the large amount of organic and inorganic pollutants related to the presence of pesticides, metals, pathogens, drugs and dyes. The photosynthetic treatment of effluents emerges as a sustainable and low-cost alternative for developing wastewater treatment systems based on a circular economy. Chemical compounds present in wastewater can be recovered and reused as a source of nutrients in microalgae cultivation to produce value-added bioproducts. The microalgal biomass produced in the cultivation with effluents has the potential to produce biochar. Biochar is carbon-rich charcoal that can be obtained by converting microalgae biomass through thermal decomposition of organic raw material under limited oxygen supply conditions. Pyrolysis, torrefaction, and hydrothermal carbonization are processes used for biochar synthesis. The application of microalgal biochar as an adsorbent material to remove several compounds present in effluents is an effective and fast treatment. This effectiveness is usually related to the unique physicochemical characteristics of the biochar, such as the presence of functional groups, ion exchange capacity, thermal stability, and high surface area, volume, and pore area. In addition, biochar can be reused in the adsorption process or applied in agriculture for soil correction. In this context, this review article describes the production, characterization, and use of microalgae biochar through a sustainable approach to wastewater treatment, emphasizing its potential in the circular economy. In addition, the article approaches the potential of microalgal biochar as an adsorbent material and its reuse after the adsorption of contaminants, as well as highlights the challenges and future perspectives on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Munise Zaparoli
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Aguiar Cassuriaga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barcelos Cardias
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Silva Vaz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal Uni-versity of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michele Greque de Morais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal Uni-versity of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Botelho Moreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal Uni-versity of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Yoo SH, Lee SC, Ko M, Yoon S, Lee J, Park JA, Kim SB. Adsorption of Hg(II) on polyethyleneimine-functionalized carboxymethylcellulose beads: Characterization, toxicity tests, and adsorption experiments. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124516. [PMID: 37086762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is widely used in many industrial processes and is released into the environment. Therefore, efficient removal of Hg from water is of vital importance worldwide. Here, we explored the adsorption characteristics of Hg(II) on polyethyleneimine-functionalized carboxymethylcellulose (PEI-CMC) beads and studied the toxicity of the beads toward Daphnia magna and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The PEI-CMC beads had an average particle size of 2.04 ± 0.25 mm, a point of zero charge (pHpzc) of 5.8, and a swelling ratio of 2.45. Acute toxicity tests demonstrated that the PEI-CMC beads had no toxic effects on D. magna. The growth inhibition tests revealed that growth inhibition of P. subcapitata could be attributed to adsorption of trace elements in growth media on the PEI-CMC beads. The adsorption experiments exhibited that the Matthews and Weber model best described the kinetic data, whereas the Redlich-Peterson model was well fitted to the isotherm data. The theoretical maximum Hg(II) adsorption capacity of the PEI-CMC beads was 313.1 mg/g. The thermodynamic experiments showed endothermic nature of the Hg(II) adsorption on the PEI-CMC beads at 10-40 °C. The adsorption experiments exhibited that the Hg(II) adsorption capacity decreased gradually as pH increased from 2 to 12. The adsorption of Hg(II) on the PEI-CMC beads can occur through chelation and electrostatic attraction. The FTIR and XPS spectra before and after Hg(II) adsorption confirmed that chelation of neutral Hg(II) species (HgCl2, HgClOH, and Hg(OH)2) can occur with amino and oxygen-containing functional groups on the PEI-CMC beads. Considering species distribution of Hg(II) and the pHpzc of the PEI-CMC beads, electrostatic attraction between the positively-charged beads and anionic Hg(II) species (HgCl3- and HgCl42-) can take place in highly acidic solutions. The PEI-CMC beads were regenerated and reused for Hg(II) adsorption using 0.1 M HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Hyun Yoo
- Environmental Functional Materials and Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chan Lee
- Environmental Functional Materials and Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Ko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Yoon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ann Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Bae Kim
- Environmental Functional Materials and Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Ferreira N, Viana T, Henriques B, Tavares DS, Jacinto J, Colónia J, Pinto J, Pereira E. Application of response surface methodology and box-behnken design for the optimization of mercury removal by Ulva sp. J Hazard Mater 2023; 445:130405. [PMID: 36437192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a global and top priority contaminant, toxic at low concentrations. Although it has been progressively eliminated from processes, this metal continues to circulate in the atmosphere, soil, and water. In this work, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined with a Box-Behnken Design (3 factors - 3 levels) was used to optimize key operational conditions that influence the removal and uptake of Hg by living macroalga Ulva sp. in a complex mixture containing several elements used in industry (potentially toxic elements, rare earth elements, and platinum-group elements) (initial concentration 10, 100 and 190 µg/L, salinity 15, 25 and 35, seaweed stock density 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 g/L). Results evidenced the great capability of Ulva sp. to remove Hg, with removal efficiencies between 69 % and 97 %. 3-D surfaces showed that the most impactful variable was seaweed stock density, with higher densities leading to higher removal. Regarding the uptake, a positive correlation between initial concentration and qt values was observed. The appliance of RSM made possible to obtain optimal operating conditions for removing virtually 100 % of Hg from waters with high ionic strength, which is a pivotal step in the direction of the application of this remediation biotechnology at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Thainara Viana
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Central Laboratory of Analysis, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniela S Tavares
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Jacinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Colónia
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Central Laboratory of Analysis, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Khan AA, Gul J, Naqvi SR, Ali I, Farooq W, Liaqat R, AlMohamadi H, Štěpanec L, Juchelková D. Recent progress in microalgae-derived biochar for the treatment of textile industry wastewater. Chemosphere 2022; 306:135565. [PMID: 35793745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Textile industry utilize a massive amount of dyes for coloring. The dye-containing effluent is released into wastewater along with heavy metals that are part of dye structure. The treatment of textile industry wastewater using conventional techniques (coagulation, membrane technique, electrolysis ion exchange, etc.) is uneconomical and less efficient (for a low concentration of pollutants). Moreover, most of these techniques produce toxic sludge, making them less environmentally friendly. Algae base industry is growing for food, cosmetics and energy needs. Algae biomass in unique compared to lignocellulosic biomass due to presence of various functional group on its surface and presence of various cations. These two characteristics are unique for biochar as a tool for environmental decontamination. Algae biomass contain functional groups and cations that can be effective for removal of organic contaminants (dyes) and heavy metals. Algae can be micro and macro and both have entirely different biomass composition which will lead to a synthesis of different biochar even under same synthesis process. This study reviews the recent progress in the development of an economically viable and eco-friendly approach for textile industry wastewater using algae biomass-derived absorbents. The strategy employed microalgal biochar to remove organic pollutants (dyes) and heavy metals from textile effluents by biosorption. This article discusses different methods for preparing algal biochar (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction), and the adsorption capacity of biochar for dyes and heavy metals. Work on hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction of microalgal biomass for biochar is limited. Variation in structural and functional groups changes on biochar compared to original microalgal biomass are profound in contract with lignocellulosic biomass. Existing Challenges, future goals, and the development of these technologies at the pilot level are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad Khan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Science & Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jawad Gul
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Science & Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Raza Naqvi
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Science & Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasif Farooq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum, and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Liaqat
- U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hamad AlMohamadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Libor Štěpanec
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava-Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava-Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
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Medeiros DCCDS, Chelme-Ayala P, Benally C, Al-Anzi BS, Gamal El-Din M. Review on carbon-based adsorbents from organic feedstocks for removal of organic contaminants from oil and gas industry process water: Production, adsorption performance and research gaps. J Environ Manage 2022; 320:115739. [PMID: 35932737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of process water with considerable concentrations of recalcitrant organic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), phenolic compounds (PCs), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), are generated by several segments of oil and gas industries. These segments include refineries, hydraulic fracturing (HF), and produced waters from the extraction of shale gas (SGPW), coalbed methane (CBMPW) and oil sands (OSPW). In fact, the concentration of PCs and PAHs in process water from refinery can reach 855 and 742 mg L-1, respectively. SGPW can contain BTEX at concentrations as high as 778 mg L-1. Adsorption can effectively target those organic compounds for the remediation of the process water by applying carbon-based adsorbents generated from organic feedstocks. Such organic feedstocks usually come from organic waste materials that would otherwise be conventionally disposed of. The objective of this review paper is to cover the scientific progress in the studies of carbon-based adsorbents from organic feedstocks that were successfully applied for the removal of organic contaminants PAHs, PCs, and BTEX. The contributions of this review paper include the important aspects of (i) production and characterization of carbon-based adsorbents to enhance the efficiency of organic contaminant adsorption, (ii) adsorption properties and mechanisms associated with the engineered adsorbent and expected for certain pollutants, and (iii) research gaps in the field, which could be a guidance for future studies. In terms of production and characterization of materials, standalone pyrolysis or hybrid procedures (pyrolysis associated with chemical activation methods) are the most applied techniques, yielding high surface area and other surface properties that are crucial to the adsorption of organic contaminants. The adsorption of organic compounds on carbonaceous materials performed well at wide range of pH and temperatures and this is desirable considering the pH of process waters. The mechanisms are frequently pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, and same precursor material can present more than one adsorption mechanism, which can be beneficial to target more than one organic contaminant. Research gaps include the evaluation of engineered adsorbents in terms of competitive adsorption, application of adsorbents in oil and gas industry process water, adsorbent regeneration and reuse studies, and pilot or full-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chelsea Benally
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Bader S Al-Anzi
- Department of Environmental Technology Management, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Law XN, Cheah WY, Chew KW, Ibrahim MF, Park YK, Ho SH, Show PL. Microalgal-based biochar in wastewater remediation: Its synthesis, characterization and applications. Environ Res 2022; 204:111966. [PMID: 34450156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are drawing attentions among researchers for their biorefinery use or value-added products. The high production rate of biomasses produced are attractive for conversion into volatile biochar. Torrefaction, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization are the recommended thermochemical conversion techniques that could produce microalgal-based biochar with desirable physiochemical properties such as high surface area and pore volume, abundant surface functional groups, as well as functionality such as high adsorption capacity. The characterizations of the biochar significantly influence the mechanisms in adsorption of pollutants from wastewaters. Specific adsorption of the organic and inorganic pollutants from the effluent are reviewed to examine the adsorption capacity and efficiency of biochar derived from different microalgae species. Last but not least, future remarks over the challenges and improvements are discussed accordingly. Overall, this review would discuss the synthesis, characterization and application of the microalgal-based biochar in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ni Law
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; School of Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wai Yan Cheah
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MAHSA University, 42610, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Lee XJ, Ong HC, Ooi J, Yu KL, Tham TC, Chen WH, Ok YS. Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants. J Hazard Mater 2022; 423:126921. [PMID: 34523506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colourants, micropollutants and heavy metals are regarded as the most notorious hazardous contaminants found in rivers, oceans and sewage treatment plants, with detrimental impacts on human health and environment. In recent development, algal biomass showed great potential for the synthesis of engineered algal adsorbents suitable for the adsorptive management of various pollutants. This review presents comprehensive investigations on the engineered synthesis routes focusing mainly on mechanical, thermochemical and activation processes to produce algal adsorbents. The adsorptive performances of engineered algal adsorbents are assessed in accordance with different categories of hazardous pollutants as well as in terms of their experimental and modelled adsorption capacities. Due to the unique physicochemical properties of macroalgae and microalgae in their adsorbent forms, the adsorption of hazardous pollutants was found to be highly effective, which involved different mechanisms such as physisorption, chemisorption, ion-exchange, complexation and others depending on the types of pollutants. Overall, both macroalgae and microalgae not only can be tailored into different forms of adsorbents based on the applications, their adsorption capacities are also far more superior compared to the conventional adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiat Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Energy Sciences (ENERGY), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Jecksin Ooi
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, No.1, Cheras Lumpur, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Yu
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thing Chai Tham
- Axcel Campus, No. 11, The Cube, Jalan Puteri 7/15, Bandar Puteri, 47100 Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Tan X, Zhu S, Wang R, Chen Y, Show P, Zhang F, Ho S. Role of biochar surface characteristics in the adsorption of aromatic compounds: Pore structure and functional groups. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021; 32:2939-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen WH, Du JT, Lee KT, Ong HC, Park YK, Huang CC. Pore volume upgrade of biochar from spent coffee grounds by sodium bicarbonate during torrefaction. Chemosphere 2021; 275:129999. [PMID: 33639554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for upgrading the pore volume of biochar at low temperatures using a green additive of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is developed in this study. The biochar was produced from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) torrefied at different temperatures (200-300 °C) with different residence times (30-60 min) and NaHCO3 concentrations (0-8.3 wt%). The results reveal that the total pore volume of biochar increases with rising temperature, residence time, or NaHCO3 aqueous solution concentration, whereas the bulk density has an opposite trend. The specific surface area and total pore volume of pore-forming SCG from 300 °C torrefaction for 60 min with an 8.3 wt% NaHCO3 solution (300-TP-SCG) are 42.050 m2 g-1 and 0.1389 cm3·g-1, accounting for the improvements of 141% and 76%, respectively, compared to the parent SCG. The contact angle (126°) and water activity (0.48 aw) of 300-TP-SCG reveal that it has long storage time. The CO2 uptake capacity of 300-TP-SCG is 0.32 mmol g-1, rendering a 39% improvement relative to 300-TSCG, namely, SCG torrefied at 300 °C for 60 min. 300-TP-SCG has higher HHV (28.31 MJ·kg-1) and lower ignition temperature (252 °C). Overall, it indicates 300-TP-SCG is a potential fuel substitute for coal. This study has successfully produced mesoporous biochar at low temperatures to fulfill "3E", namely, energy (biofuel), environment (biowaste reuse solid waste), and circular economy (bioadsorbent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan.
| | - Jyun-Ting Du
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Lee
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Chien-Chang Huang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200 Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist., Taichung, 433, Taiwan
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Shen W, Fang Y, Azeem M, Gao Y, Li X, Zhao P, Ali A, Li M, Li R. Chitosan crosslinked with polyamine-co-melamine for adsorption of Hg 2+: Application in purification of polluted water. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:778-785. [PMID: 33798587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A batch experiment was carried out in order to remove Hg2+ from the aqueous solution as well as the polluted water using modified chitosan (CS) with polyamine compounds (triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA)), and melamine. The obtained polyamine-co-melamine crosslinked CS derivatives (MCS-4N and MCS-5N) were characterized and used as adsorbents. In comparison to the raw CS, the modification significantly promoted the adsorption of Hg2+ ions. The results of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model revealed that pH-dependent derivatives adsorbents achieved the equilibrium state within 12 h. The Langmuir model was best fitted with the Hg2+ adsorption isotherm and showed the highest adsorption capacities of 140.3 and 109.7 mg/g for MCS-4N and MCS-5N, respectively. A slight decrease in the adsorption efficiency of Hg2+ was noticed with the increment of the ionic strength of the solution. However, the studied adsorbents were easily regenerated and presented adequate reusability. The Hg2+ adsorption was regulated by the combined process of coordination reaction and electrostatic attraction as well. The as-prepared polyamine-co-melamine crosslinked CS derivatives were found potential adsorbents for the adsorptive capture of Hg2+ ions from aqueous solutions and polluted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Shen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yueru Fang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yuxi Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xianxi Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Amjad Ali
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Manlin Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Lab Nat Prod & ChemBiol, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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