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Anderson MJ, Valdiviezo A, Conway MH, Farrell C, Andringa RK, Janik A, Chiu WA, Rusyn I, Hamer SA. Imidacloprid exposure is detectable in over one third of wild bird samples from diverse Texas ecoregions. Sci Total Environ 2023; 876:162723. [PMID: 36907393 PMCID: PMC10744339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Avian decline is occurring globally with neonicotinoid insecticides posed as a potentially contributing factor. Birds can be exposed to neonicotinoids through coated seeds, soil, water, and insects, and experimentally exposed birds show varied adverse effects including mortality and disruption of immune, reproductive, and migration physiology. However, few studies have characterized exposure in wild bird communities over time. We hypothesized that neonicotinoid exposure would vary temporally and based on avian ecological traits. Birds were banded and blood sampled at eight non-agricultural sites across four Texas counties. Plasma from 55 species across 17 avian families was analyzed for the presence of 7 neonicotinoids using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Imidacloprid was detected in 36 % of samples (n = 294); this included quantifiable concentrations (12 %; 10.8-36,131 pg/mL) and concentrations that were below the limit of quantification (25 %). Additionally, two birds were exposed to imidacloprid, acetamiprid (18,971.3 and 6844 pg/mL) and thiacloprid (7022.2 and 17,367 pg/mL), whereas no bird tested positive for clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, or thiamethoxam, likely reflecting higher limits of detection for all compounds compared to imidacloprid. Birds sampled in spring and fall had higher incidences of exposure than those sampled in summer or winter. Subadult birds had higher incidences of exposure than adult birds. Among the species for which we tested more than five samples, American robin (Turdus migratorius) and red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) had significantly higher incidences of exposure. We found no relationships between exposure and foraging guild or avian family, suggesting birds with diverse life histories and taxonomies are at risk. Of seven birds resampled over time, six showed neonicotinoid exposure at least once with three showing exposures at multiple time points, indicating continued exposure. This study provides exposure data to inform ecological risk assessment of neonicotinoids and avian conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J Anderson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, United States of America; Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Alan Valdiviezo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Mark H Conway
- Master Bird Bander, Lower Rio Grande Valley, TX, United States of America
| | | | - R Keith Andringa
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Amy Janik
- Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States of America.
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Addy-Orduna L, Mateo R. Field Availability and Avoidance of Imidacloprid-Treated Soybean Seeds and Cotyledons by Birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:1049-1060. [PMID: 36848322 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Treated seeds and their cotyledons can present a toxicological risk to seed-eating birds. To assess whether avoidance behavior limits exposure and consequently the risk to birds, three fields were sown with soybeans. Half of the surface of each field was sown with seeds treated with 42 g/100 kg seed of insecticide imidacloprid (T plot, treated) and the other half with seeds without imidacloprid (C plot, control). Unburied seeds were surveyed in C and T plots at 12 and 48 h post-sowing. Damaged seedlings were surveyed in C and T plots at 12 days post-sowing. The abundance and richness of birds was surveyed at the field level (without distinguishing between C and T plots) before, during, and after sowing, and 12 days post-sowing. Unburied seed density was higher in the headlands of the T plots than in the C plots, but did not differ between 12 and 48 h. The damage to cotyledons of seedlings was 15.4% higher in C plots than in T plots. The abundance and richness/ha of birds that eat seeds and cotyledons were lower after sowing, indicating a deterrent effect on birds by sowing imidacloprid-treated seeds. Although the variation in seed density over time does not allow solid conclusions to be drawn about the avoidance of seeds treated by birds, the seedling results suggest an aversive effect of imidacloprid-treated soybeans on birds. The dominant species was the eared dove (Zenaida auriculata), whose risk of acute poisoning by imidacloprid in soybean seeds and cotyledons was low, according to its toxicity exposure ratio, foraged area of concern, and foraged time of concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1049-1060. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Addy-Orduna
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná, Paraná, Argentina
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, España
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Shinya S, Kawai Y, Kondo M, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Ikenaka Y. Characteristics of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism against acetamiprid in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 265:109537. [PMID: 36563948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Soricidae spp. (shrews) play an essential role in soil ecosystems and, due to their habitat and behavior, are exposed to soil pollutants, such as pesticides. Still, toxicity risk in Soricidae spp. has not been appropriately assessed. In this study, the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) was used as a model organism for toxicity assessment in Soricidae. Considering their carnivorous diet, it is reasonable to assume that the musk shrew has unique metabolic traits that are different from those of other common experimental models. This study describes the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolism affected by acetamiprid (ACP), a neonicotinoid insecticide. Pharmacokinetics analysis, an in vitro metabolic assay, and genetic analysis of CYP were performed and compared with data from mice and rats. Through phylogenetic and syntenic analyses, three families of CYP were identified in the musk shrew. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the blood concentration of ACP decreased more quickly in musk shrews than in mice. Moreover, the in vitro metabolic assay suggested more efficient metabolic responses toward ACP in musk shrews than in mice or rats. One of the CYP2A isoforms in musk shrews might be linked to a better ACP metabolism. From the results above, we describe novel metabolic traits of the musk shrew. Future research on recombinant CYP enzymes is necessary to fully understand CYP-dependent metabolism of xenobiotics in musk shrews.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Shinya
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inaba-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Kondo
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Biomedical Science Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, M18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Humann-Guilleminot S, Andreo L, Blatti E, Glauser G, Helfenstein F, Desprat J. Experimental evidence for clothianidin deposition in feathers of house sparrows after ingestion of sublethal doses treated seeds. Chemosphere 2023; 315:137724. [PMID: 36592842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bird feathers are commonly used to assess environmental contamination by chemical pollutants. However, although neonicotinoid insecticides are widely applied worldwide, feathers have rarely been used to survey the contamination by neonicotinoids in birds. To investigate whether clothianidin, one compound of the neonicotinoid class, is deposited into birds' feathers, we conducted an experiment with 56 wild male and female house sparrows dispatched in 7 aviaries. During this experiment, house sparrows were fed with certified organic seeds treated with clothianidin at an estimated concentration of 0.25 μg/g BW per day and per individual. We collected blood samples and plucked four tail feathers at the onset of the experiment to confirm that no birds were previously exposed to clothianidin. 35 days later, we collected blood samples and the newly grown feathers. Before exposure, a small number of birds showed very low clothianidin concentrations in plasma and feathers. After exposure, the plasma and the newly grown feathers of all birds contained clothianidin. Clothianidin concentrations in feathers were similar in both sexes, but the plasma of males contained clothianidin at higher concentrations than that of females. Our results confirm that ingested clothianidin transits in the plasma and is deposited in feathers during their growth. They also suggest substantial individual variation in the amounts of clothianidin transiting in the plasma and being deposited in feathers that may reflect variation in metabolism and/or access to food in relation to sex, social hierarchy and group dynamics. Whether increasing levels of exposure translate linearly or non-linearly (e.g. saturation process) into increasing clothianidin concentrations in bird plasma and feathers remains to be investigated. To conclude, these results confirm the relevance of using feathers to biomonitor the presence of neonicotinoids, but the relationship between the level of exposure and the concentrations found in feathers remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Humann-Guilleminot
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 45 Rue Buffon, CP50, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - L Andreo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Blatti
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - G Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - F Helfenstein
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; CTU-Insel Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Desprat
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
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Roy CL, Chen D. High population prevalence of neonicotinoids in sharp-tailed grouse and greater prairie-chickens across an agricultural gradient during spring and fall. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159120. [PMID: 36183773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids have been detected in many species of wild birds; however, few studies have quantified population-level exposure. We examined population-level exposure to 7 neonicotinoids in 2 species that use agricultural areas, sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) and greater prairie-chickens (T. cupido). We sampled fecal pellets at leks in spring and collected livers from hunter-harvested birds in fall along an agricultural gradient throughout their respective ranges in Minnesota, USA. Most sharp-tailed grouse (93 %) and prairie-chicken (80 %) fecal pellets and livers (90 % and 76 %, respectively) had detectable concentrations of ≥1 neonicotinoid, with imidacloprid (IMI) and clothianidin (CLO) most commonly detected. Spring detections of IMI in both species increased with the proportion of a 2-km buffer in cultivation surrounding sampling locations and varied by year. A similar relationship with cultivation was not supported for CLO, which may reflect differences in the availability of seed types treated with IMI and CLO on the soil surface after planting. However, we also detected IMI and CLO from birds sampled in areas of low cultivation. Sharp-tailed grouse and prairie-chickens may select crop fields preferentially to forage, and thus have a higher risk of exposure than would be expected based only on the amount of cultivation. Year was important in models of IMI and CLO in both species and seasons, which likely reflects differences in planting and in the availability of natural foods among years. In contrast, the proportion of surrounding area in cultivation was not supported in models of fall neonicotinoid detections. Fewer crops are planted in the fall in Minnesota and grouse may be exposed through routes other than treated seeds. High detections, even in areas with little cultivation and during seasons with little planting, likely reflect prairie grouse selection of cultivated fields for food, but may also indicate that exposure risk extends beyond sites of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Roy
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1201 East Highway 2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA.
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, 251 Life Science II, Mail Code 6504, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Moreau J, Rabdeau J, Badenhausser I, Giraudeau M, Sepp T, Crépin M, Gaffard A, Bretagnolle V, Monceau K. Pesticide impacts on avian species with special reference to farmland birds: a review. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:790. [PMID: 36107257 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For decades, we have observed a major biodiversity crisis impacting all taxa. Avian species have been particularly well monitored over the long term, documenting their declines. In particular, farmland birds are decreasing worldwide, but the contribution of pesticides to their decline remains controversial. Most studies addressing the effects of agrochemicals are limited to their assessment under controlled laboratory conditions, the determination of lethal dose 50 (LD50) values and testing in a few species, most belonging to Galliformes. They often ignore the high interspecies variability in sensitivity, delayed sublethal effects on the physiology, behaviour and life-history traits of individuals and their consequences at the population and community levels. Most importantly, they have entirely neglected to test for the multiple exposure pathways to which individuals are subjected in the field (cocktail effects). The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview for ecologists, evolutionary ecologists and conservationists. We aimed to compile the literature on the effects of pesticides on bird physiology, behaviour and life-history traits, collecting evidence from model and wild species and from field and lab experiments to highlight the gaps that remain to be filled. We show how subtle nonlethal exposure might be pernicious, with major consequences for bird populations and communities. We finally propose several prospective guidelines for future studies that may be considered to meet urgent needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Moreau
- Équipe Écologie Évolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Juliette Rabdeau
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Isabelle Badenhausser
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies Plantes Fourragères, INRAE, 86600, Lusignan, France
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- UMR IRD, CREEC, Université de Montpellier, 224-CNRS 5290, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Recherche en Écologie Et Évolution de La Sante (CREES), Montpellier, France
- Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS- La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Tuul Sepp
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Malaury Crépin
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Agathe Gaffard
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
- LTSER "Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre", CNRS, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Karine Monceau
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
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Addy-Orduna L, Cazenave J, Mateo R. Avoidance of neonicotinoid-treated seeds and cotyledons by captive eared doves (Zenaida auriculata, Columbidae). Environ Pollut 2022; 304:119237. [PMID: 35367505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Farmland birds can be exposed to neonicotinoids through the ingestion of treated unburied seeds and cotyledons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the avoidance of sorghum with imidacloprid, clothianidin or thiamethoxam, soybean with imidacloprid, and soybean cotyledons with imidacloprid or thiamethoxam on eared doves (Zenaida auriculata). Doves were fed with test food (untreated and neonicotinoid-treated sorghum, soybean or soybean cotyledons) and maintenance food (seed mix) for 3-5 days to study the repellency (primary repellency and conditioned aversion) and anorexia caused by neonicotinoid-treated food, followed by a 7-day period on maintenance food to study the persistence of the anorexic effect after neonicotinoid exposure. Immediately afterward, the same doves were exposed to treated test food during a second period of 3-5 days to study the potential reinforcement of food avoidance. Finally, doves were fed with untreated test food to test the capacity of the pesticide to induce conditioned food aversion against untreated food in subsequent encounters. Intoxication signs and differences of body weight were determined. With sorghum, the three neonicotinoids produced a decrease in the consumption of treated seeds by >97% compared to control birds. However, this was not enough to prevent the death of 3/8 and 1/8 of the doves exposed to imidacloprid and clothianidin, respectively. Anorexia was clearly observed with neonicotinoid-treated sorghum. The birds did not avoid the untreated sorghum after exposure to the treated sorghum, indicating that avoidance is not generalized to the type of food without an associated sensory cue. The results obtained with soybean seeds and cotyledons were less conclusive because captive doves hardly consumed these foods, even without neonicotinoid treatment. The avoidance of sorghum seeds treated with neonicotinoids was insufficient to prevent poisoning and death of eared doves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Addy-Orduna
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná, Ruta 11 km 12.5, 3100, Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
| | - Jimena Cazenave
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI) del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 Km 0, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Sabin LB, Mora MA. Ecological risk assessment of the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in the South Texas Plains Ecoregion. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022; 18:488-499. [PMID: 34125478 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are among the latest class of insecticides that can have harmful effects on birds. Approximately 30 000 kg of neonicotinoid insecticides are applied annually to 429 100 ha of row-crop fields within the South Texas Plains Ecoregion, Texas, USA. Various studies have demonstrated that treated seeds can be highly toxic to northern bobwhites, with the consumption of only 20 corn seeds causing a fatality. Similarly, other studies have indicated that neonicotinoid insecticides can reduce arthropod populations-a substantial prey base for northern bobwhites, especially during the breeding season-by approximately 60%. Our objective was to conduct an ecological risk assessment of neonicotinoid insecticides' impact on northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations in the South Texas Plains Ecoregion. We estimated that juvenile and adult northern bobwhites could intake from 7.32 to 27.0 mg/kg/day and from 10.0 to 37.5 mg/kg/day of neonicotinoid insecticides, respectively, which can cause adverse effects on growth, reproductive output, and long-term survival. Our study determined that the application of 30 000 kg of neonicotinoid insecticides annually in the South Texas Plains Ecoregion harms the region's northern bobwhite that are exposed to neonicotinoids. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:488-499. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Mora
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Eng ML, Hao C, Watts C, Sun F, Morrissey CA. Characterizing imidacloprid and metabolites in songbird blood with applications for diagnosing field exposures. Sci Total Environ 2021; 760:143409. [PMID: 33218798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides globally, but their rapid metabolism in vertebrates makes diagnosing wildlife exposure challenging. More detailed information on the pattern of imidacloprid metabolites over time could be used to better approximate the timing and level of exposure. Here, we applied recently developed sensitive analytical methods to measure imidacloprid (IMI) parent compound along with an expanded suite of metabolites (5-OH-IMI, IMI-olefin, desnitro-IMI, IMI-urea, 6-chloronicotinic acid, 5-AMCP, 6-OH nicotinic acid) and six other neonicotinoids in adult red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) that were experimentally exposed to one of two field-realistic concentrations of imidacloprid (0.8 or 6.9 mg/kg bw). We measured concentrations in small (25 μL) plasma samples collected pre-exposure and at 1-, 6-, 24- and 48-h post-exposure. Imidacloprid was rapidly absorbed and metabolized within 48 h at both doses, with the largest decrease within 6 h post-exposure. The average proportion of parent IMI decreased from 68% of total detectable residues at 1-h to 34% at 6-h post-exposure. Two primary metabolites in blood were 5-OH-IMI and IMI-olefin, and 5-OH-IMI was the most persistent marker of exposure at 48-h. Desnitro-IMI was consistently detected following very recent (≤ 1-h) IMI exposure, and a higher ratio of parent IMI to metabolites also indicated recent exposure. Other metabolites were only detected in the higher dose group, and could be used as indicators of exposure to higher IMI concentrations. This sensitive analytical method and the observed metabolite patterns could be used to inform a growing body of field studies linking neonicotinoid exposure and effects in free-living birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Eng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunyan Hao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Christena Watts
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Fengrong Sun
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Christy A Morrissey
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada.
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