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Sierra-López F, Castelan-Ramírez I, Hernández-Martínez D, Salazar-Villatoro L, Segura-Cobos D, Flores-Maldonado C, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Villamar-Duque TE, Méndez-Cruz AR, Talamás-Rohana P, Omaña-Molina M. Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni Have COX and Proteolytic Activity and Induce Hemolysis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2762. [PMID: 38004773 PMCID: PMC10673465 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several species of Acanthamoeba genus are potential pathogens and etiological agents of several diseases. The pathogenic mechanisms carried out by these amoebae in different target tissues have been documented, evidencing the relevant role of contact-dependent mechanisms. With the purpose of describing the pathogenic processes carried out by these protozoans more precisely, we considered it important to determine the emission of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as part of the contact-independent pathogenicity mechanisms of A. culbertsoni, a highly pathogenic strain. Through transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), EVs were characterized. EVs showed lipid membrane and a size between 60 and 855 nm. The secretion of large vesicles was corroborated by confocal and TEM microscopy. The SDS-PAGE of EVs showed proteins of 45 to 200 kDa. Antigenic recognition was determined by Western Blot, and the internalization of EVs by trophozoites was observed through Dil-labeled EVs. In addition, some EVs biological characteristics were determined, such as proteolytic, hemolytic and COX activity. Furthermore, we highlighted the presence of leishmanolysin in trophozites and EVs. These results suggest that EVs are part of a contact-independent mechanism, which, together with contact-dependent ones, allow for a better understanding of the pathogenicity carried out by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sierra-López
- Laboratory of Amphizoic Amoebae, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico (I.C.-R.); (D.H.-M.); (D.S.-C.); (A.R.M.-C.)
| | - Ismael Castelan-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Amphizoic Amoebae, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico (I.C.-R.); (D.H.-M.); (D.S.-C.); (A.R.M.-C.)
| | - Dolores Hernández-Martínez
- Laboratory of Amphizoic Amoebae, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico (I.C.-R.); (D.H.-M.); (D.S.-C.); (A.R.M.-C.)
| | - Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.S.-V.); (V.I.H.-R.); (P.T.-R.)
| | - David Segura-Cobos
- Laboratory of Amphizoic Amoebae, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico (I.C.-R.); (D.H.-M.); (D.S.-C.); (A.R.M.-C.)
| | - Catalina Flores-Maldonado
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Ivonne Hernández-Ramírez
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.S.-V.); (V.I.H.-R.); (P.T.-R.)
| | - Tomás Ernesto Villamar-Duque
- General Biotery, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico;
| | - Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz
- Laboratory of Amphizoic Amoebae, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico (I.C.-R.); (D.H.-M.); (D.S.-C.); (A.R.M.-C.)
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.S.-V.); (V.I.H.-R.); (P.T.-R.)
| | - Maritza Omaña-Molina
- Laboratory of Amphizoic Amoebae, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico (I.C.-R.); (D.H.-M.); (D.S.-C.); (A.R.M.-C.)
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Abstract
Protozoan diseases cause great harm in animal husbandry and require human-provided medical treatment. Protozoan infection can induce changes in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The role played by COX-2 in the response to protozoan infection is complex. COX-2 induces and regulates inflammation by promoting the synthesis of different prostaglandins (PGs), which exhibit a variety of biological activities and participate in pathophysiological processes in the body in a variety of ways. This review explains the roles played by COX-2 in protozoan infection and analyzes the effects of COX-2-related drugs in protozoan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Hernández-Ramírez VI, Estrada-Figueroa LA, Medina Y, Lizarazo-Taborda MR, Toledo-Leyva A, Osorio-Trujillo C, Morales-Mora D, Talamás-Rohana P. A monoclonal antibody against a Leishmania mexicana COX-like enzymatic activity also recognizes similar proteins in different protozoa of clinical importance. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:479-492. [PMID: 36562799 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Leishmania mexicana, the protease gp63 has been documented as the protein responsible for cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. The present work aimed to obtain a monoclonal antibody capable of recognizing this protein without blocking the COX-like enzymatic activity. The antibody produced by the selected hybridoma was named D12 mAb. The antigen recognized by the D12 mAb was characterized by the determination of COX activity associated with immune complexes in the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) using the commercial Activity Assay Abcam kit. LSM-SMS analysis validated the identity of the antigen associated with the D12 mAb as the L. mexicana protease gp63. Confocal microscopy assays with the D12 mAb detected, by cross-recognition, similar proteins in other protozoan parasites. COX-like molecules are located in vesicular structures, homogeneously distributed throughout the cytoplasm in amastigotes (intracellular infectious phase) and promastigotes of L. mexicana, and trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Naegleria fowleri. However, in Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, the distribution of the COX-like molecule was also in perinuclear areas. In comparison, in Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, the distribution was mainly observed in the plasma membrane. Structural analyses of COX-2-like antigens revealed continuous and discontinuous epitopes for B cells, which could be relevant in the cross-reaction of D12 mAb with the analyzed parasites. These results indicate that the D12 mAb against the L. mexicana gp63 also recognizes a COX-like molecule in several protozoan parasites, suggesting that this D12 mAb could potentially be used in combined therapies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica I Hernández-Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México
| | - Luis A Estrada-Figueroa
- Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial, Arenal Número 550, Primer piso, Pueblo Santa María, Ciudad de México, CP16020, México
| | - Yolanda Medina
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Monoclonales Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico e Investigación Molecular INDRE, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad México, CP 01480, México
| | - Mélida R Lizarazo-Taborda
- Programa de Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alfredo Toledo-Leyva
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología., Av. San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, CP 14080, México
| | - Carlos Osorio-Trujillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México
| | - Daniel Morales-Mora
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México.
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Martín-Pérez T, Heredero-Bermejo I, Verdú-Expósito C, Pérez-Serrano J. In Vitro Evaluation of the Combination of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) against Trophozoites and Cysts of Acanthamoeba Strains. Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) Assay as a Method for Drug Screening. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040491. [PMID: 33921633 PMCID: PMC8073477 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameobae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are responsible for the human diseases Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The treatment of these illnesses is hampered by the existence of a resistance stage (cysts). In an attempt to add new agents that are effective against trophozoites and cysts, tea tree oil (TTO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), separately and in combination, were tested In Vitro against two Acanthamoeba isolates, T3 and T4 genotypes. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) assay was used as a drug screening method, which is to some extent useful in amoebicide drug screening; however, evaluation of lethal effects may be misleading when testing products that promote encystment. Trophozoite viability analysis showed that the effectiveness of the combination of both compounds is higher than when either compound is used alone. Therefore, the TTO alone or TTO + DMSO in combination were an amoebicide, but most of the amoebicidal activity in the combination’s treatments seemed to be caused mainly by the TTO effect. In fact, DMSO alone seems to be a non-amoebicide, triggering encystment. Regarding cytotoxicity, these compounds showed toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC), even at low concentrations when tested in combination. In conclusion, the use of TTO and DMSO, in combination or alone, cannot be recommended as an alternative for AK treatment until more cytotoxicity and cyst adhesion tests are performed.
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Bunsuwansakul C, Mahboob T, Hounkong K, Laohaprapanon S, Chitapornpan S, Jawjit S, Yasiri A, Barusrux S, Bunluepuech K, Sawangjaroen N, Salibay CC, Kaewjai C, Pereira MDL, Nissapatorn V. Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia - Overview and Challenges. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:341-357. [PMID: 31533401 PMCID: PMC6753290 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba, one of free-living amoebae (FLA), remains a high risk of direct contact with this protozoan parasite which is ubiquitous in nature and man-made environment. This pathogenic FLA can cause sight-threatening amoebic keratitis (AK) and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) though these cases may not commonly be reported in our clinical settings. Acanthamoeba has been detected from different environmental sources namely; soil, water, hot-spring, swimming pool, air-conditioner, or contact lens storage cases. The identification of Acanthamoeba is based on morphological appearance and molecular techniques using PCR and DNA sequencing for clinico-epidemiological purposes. Recent treatments have long been ineffective against Acanthamoeba cyst, novel anti-Acanthamoeba agents have therefore been extensively investigated. There are efforts to utilize synthetic chemicals, lead compounds from medicinal plant extracts, and animal products to combat Acanthamoeba infection. Applied nanotechnology, an advanced technology, has shown to enhance the anti-Acanthamoeba activity in the encapsulated nanoparticles leading to new therapeutic options. This review attempts to provide an overview of the available data and studies on the occurrence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members with the aim of identifying some potential contributing factors such as distribution, demographic profile of the patients, possible source of the parasite, mode of transmission and treatment. Further, this review attempts to provide future direction for prevention and control of the Acanthamoeba infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooseel Bunsuwansakul
- School of Allied Health, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Tooba Mahboob
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kruawan Hounkong
- Department of Microbiology, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat, Thailand
| | | | | | - Siriuma Jawjit
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Atipat Yasiri
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sahapat Barusrux
- School of Allied Health, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kingkan Bunluepuech
- School of Allied Health, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | | | - Cristina C Salibay
- College of Science and Computer Studies, De La Salle University-Dasmarinas, Dasmarinas City, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Chalermpon Kaewjai
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences & CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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