1
|
Kaczmarek MP. Heterogenous circulating miRNA changes in ME/CFS converge on a unified cluster of target genes: A computational analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296060. [PMID: 38157384 PMCID: PMC10756525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a debilitating, multisystem disease of unknown mechanism, with a currently ongoing search for its endocrine mediators. Circulating microRNAs (miRNA) are a promising candidate for such a mediator and have been reported as significantly different in the patient population versus healthy controls by multiple studies. None of these studies, however, agree with each other on which specific miRNA are under- or over-expressed. This discrepancy is the subject of the computational study presented here, in which a deep dive into the predicted gene targets and their functional interactions is conducted, revealing that the aberrant circulating miRNAs in ME/CFS, although different between patients, seem to mainly target the same specific set of genes (p ≈ 0.0018), which are very functionally related to each other (p ≲ 0.0001). Further analysis of these functional relations, based on directional pathway information, points to impairments in exercise hyperemia, angiogenic adaptations to hypoxia, antioxidant defenses, and TGF-β signaling, as well as a shift towards mitochondrial fission, corroborating and explaining previous direct observations in ME/CFS. Many transcription factors and epigenetic modulators are implicated as well, with currently uncertain downstream combinatory effects. As the results show significant similarity to previous research on latent herpesvirus involvement in ME/CFS, the possibility of a herpesvirus origin of these miRNA changes is also explored through further computational analysis and literature review, showing that 8 out of the 10 most central miRNAs analyzed are known to be upregulated by various herpesviruses. In total, the results establish an appreciable and possibly central role for circulating microRNAs in ME/CFS etiology that merits further experimental research.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mushtaq I, Mushtaq I, Akhlaq A, Usman S, Ishtiaq A, Khan M, Mustafa G, Khan MS, Urooj I, Bibi S, Liaqat F, Akhtar Z, Murtaza I. Cardioprotective effect of tetra(aniline) containing terpolymers through miR-15a-5p and MFN-2 regulation against hypertrophic responses. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 747:109763. [PMID: 37739116 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac hypertrophy is a condition of abnormal cardiomyocyte enlargement accompanied by ventricular wall thickening. The study aims to investigate the role of miR-15a-5p in the regulation of mitofusin-2 (MFN-2) and to explore the cardioprotective effect of terpolymers ES-37 and L-37. METHODS In this study, the Sprague Dawley rats' cardiac hypertrophic model was established by administering 5 mg/kg Isoproterenol subcutaneously every other day for 14 days. As treatment rats received NAC (50 mg/kg), NAC treatment (50 mg/kg NAC + 5 mg/kg ISO), ES-37 (1 mg/kg) and ES-37 treatment (1 mg/kg ES-37+5 mg/kg ISO), L-37 (1 mg/kg) and L-37 treatment (1 mg/kg L-37+5 mg/kg ISO). subcutaneously every other day for 14 days. NAC, ES 37 and L-37 were given after 1 h of Isoproterenol administration in treatment groups. Cardiac hypertrophy was confirmed through morphological and histological analysis. For estimation of oxidative stress profiling, ROS and TBARS and antioxidative profiling superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and Glutathione (GSH) levels were checked. Triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were performed to evaluate levels of lipid profiling and liver profiling. Molecular expression analysis was checked through real-time PCR, and western blotting both at the transcriptional and translational levels. Molecular docking studies were performed to study the interactions and modes of binding between the synthetic polymers with three proteins (Mitofusin-2, DRP-1 and PUMA). All the studies were carried out using the AutoDock Vina software and the protein-ligand complexes were visualized in Biovia Discovery Studio. Cardiac hypertrophy was confirmed by the relative changes in the cellular structure of the heart by histopathological examination and physiological changes by estimating organ weights. Biochemical profiling results depict elevated oxidative and lipid profiles signify myocardial damage. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), ES-37, and L-37 overcome the cardiac hypertrophic responses through attenuating oxidative stress and enhancing the antioxidative signaling mechanism. miR-15a-5p was identified as hypertrophic microRNA directly regulating the expression of Mitofusin-2 (MFN-2). Significantly increased expression of miR-15a-5p, Dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), and P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), was observed in the disease group, whereas MFN-2 expression was observed downregulated. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), ES-37, and L-37 showed increased expression of antiapoptotic maker MFN-2 and decreased expression of miR-15a-5p, Drp1, and PUMA in treatment groups suggesting their cardioprotective role in attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy. An analysis of the docking results shows that ES-37 has greater binding affinity with the target proteins compared to L-37, with the highest binding values reported for MFN-2. CONCLUSION The physiochemical properties of ES-37 and L-37 predicted it as a good drug-like molecule and its mechanism of action is predictably through inhibition of ROS. Molecular docking results shows that the polymer ES-37 has greater binding affinity with the target proteins compared to L-37, with the highest binding values reported for MFN-2. Thus, the study validates the role and targeting of miR-15a-5p and MFN-2 in cardiac hypertrophy as well as the therapeutic potential of NAC, ES-37, and L-37 in overcoming oxidative stress and myocardial damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iram Mushtaq
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irrum Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asia Akhlaq
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Usman
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ishtiaq
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehmand Khan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Urooj
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China; Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faroha Liaqat
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zareen Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Iram Murtaza
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lim KM, Han J, Lee Y, Park J, Dayem AA, Myung S, An J, Song K, Kang G, Kim S, Kwon S, Kim KS, Cho S, Kim T. Rapid production method with increased yield of high-purity extracellular vesicles obtained using extended mitochondrial targeting domain peptide. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12274. [PMID: 36239712 PMCID: PMC9563391 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano‐sized membranous structures involved in intercellular communication and various physiological and pathological processes. Here, we present a novel method for rapid (within 15 min), large‐scale production of high‐purity EVs using eMTDΔ4, a peptide derived from Noxa. The treatment of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human Wharton's jelly after trypsinization and subsequent eMTDΔ4 stimulation in a chemically defined sucrose buffer with orbital shaking led to a substantial increase (approximately 30‐fold) in EV production with markedly high purity (approximately 45‐fold). These EVs (TS‐eEVs) showed higher regenerative and immunomodulatory potential than natural EVs obtained from the culture media after 48 h. The calcium chelator BAPTA‐AM and calpain inhibitor ALLM, but not the natural EV biogenesis inhibitor GW4869, blocked the TS‐eEV production induced by eMTDΔ4, indicating that the eMTDΔ4‐mediated regulation of intracellular calcium levels and calpain activity are closely associated with the rapid, mass production of TS‐eEVs. The present study may lead to considerable advances in EV‐based drug development and production of stem cell‐derived EVs for cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative ScienceKonkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Hye Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyChosun University School of MedicineDong‐Gu, GwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative ScienceKonkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Junghee Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyChosun University School of MedicineDong‐Gu, GwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative ScienceKonkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Hyun Myung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyChosun University School of MedicineDong‐Gu, GwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jongyub An
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative ScienceKonkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kwonwoo Song
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative ScienceKonkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Geun‐Ho Kang
- StemExOne Ltd. Konkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sejong Kim
- StemExOne Ltd. Konkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of MedicineKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of MedicineKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ssang‐Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative ScienceKonkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea,StemExOne Ltd. Konkuk UniversityGwangjin‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyChosun University School of MedicineDong‐Gu, GwangjuRepublic of Korea,ExoCalibre Ltd. Chosun UniversityDong‐Gu, GwangjuRepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park J, Han JH, Myung SH, Chung HJ, Park JI, Cho JY, Kim TH. Mitochondrial Targeting Domain Homologs Induce Necrotic Cell Death Via Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Disruption. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:875-881. [PMID: 34024890 PMCID: PMC9705834 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2104.04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD) of Noxa contributes to its mitochondrial localization and to apoptosis induction. As a peptide, MTD fused with octa-arginine (R8), a CPP, induces necrosis related to intracellular calcium influx and destruction of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. We searched for homologs of MTD, and compared their cell killing capability when fused with R8. Three of the seven peptides triggered cell death with similar mechanisms. The comparative analysis of peptide sequences showed that four amino acid sites of MTD are critical in regulating necrosis, suggesting the potential to generate artificial, adjustable cytotoxic peptides, which could be effective medicines for many diseases. Thus, homologs functionality could hint to the functions of their belonging proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Myung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-jong Chung
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 61168, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-il Park
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 61168, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Cho
- Department of Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-62-230-6294 Fax: +82-62-226-4165 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han JH, Park J, Myung SH, Lee SH, Kim HY, Kim KS, Seo YW, Kim TH. Noxa mitochondrial targeting domain induces necrosis via VDAC2 and mitochondrial catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31285435 PMCID: PMC6614423 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Noxa, a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only protein of the Bcl-2 family, is responsive to cell stresses and triggers apoptosis by binding the prosurvival Bcl-2-like proteins Mcl1, BclXL, and Bcl2A1. Although the Noxa BH3 domain is necessary to induce apoptosis, the mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD) of Noxa functions as a pronecrotic domain, an inducer of mitochondrial fragmentation, and delivery to mitochondria. In this study, we demonstrate that the extended MTD (eMTD) peptide induces necrotic cell death by interaction with the VDAC2 protein. The eMTD peptide penetrates the cell membrane, causing cell membrane blebbing, cytosolic calcium influx, and mitochondrial swelling, fragmentation, and ROS generation. The MTD domain binds VDACs and opens the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in a CypD-independent manner. The opening of mPTP induced by eMTD is inhibited either by down-regulation of VDAC2 or by the VDACs inhibitor DIDS. These results indicate that the MTD domain of Noxa causes mitochondrial damage by opening mPTP through VDACs, especially VDAC2, during necrotic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmoon-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, 61452, Korea
| | - Junghee Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmoon-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, 61452, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Myung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmoon-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, 61452, Korea
| | - Sung Hang Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmoon-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, 61452, Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute Gwang-Ju Center, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju, 61186, Korea.
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmoon-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, 61452, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nguyen D, He S, Han J, Park J, Seo Y, Kim T. Mitochondrial targeting domain of NOXA causes necrosis in apoptosis-resistant tumor cells. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1707-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
7
|
Kim JY, Han JH, Park G, Seo YW, Yun CW, Lee BC, Bae J, Moon AR, Kim TH. Necrosis-inducing peptide has the beneficial effect on killing tumor cells through neuropilin (NRP-1) targeting. Oncotarget 2018; 7:32449-61. [PMID: 27083053 PMCID: PMC5078025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of most anti-cancer drugs depends on their apoptosis-inducing abilities. Previously, we showed that a peptide containing the mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD) found in Noxa, a BH-3 only protein of Bcl-2 family, induces necrosis. Here, a fusion peptide of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) targeting peptide and MTD peptide, designated tumor homing motif 17:MTD (TU17:MTD), was found to induce necrosis in cancer cells in vitro and to cause the regression of tumors when intravenously injected into mice bearing subcutaneous CT26 colorectal carcinoma tumors. The necrosis within tumor tissues was evident upon administering TU17:MTD. TU17:MTD penetrated into tumor cells by targeting to Neuropilin-1, which could be blocked by anti-NRP-1 antibody. The efficacy of TU17:MTD on tumor regression was higher than that of TU17:D(KLAKLAK)2, a fusion peptide of NRP-1 targeting peptide and a pro-apoptotic peptide. The necrotic cell death within tumor tissues was evident at day 1 after administering TU17:MTD systemically. Transplanted subcutaneous substantially reduced in size within two weeks and 5 days, respectively, with no apparent side effects. Together, these results propose that the pro-necrotic peptide MTD may present an alternative approach for development of targeted anti-cancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, Korea
| | - Geon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute Gwang-Ju Center, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwang-Ju, Korea
| | - Cheol-Won Yun
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jeehyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ae Ran Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Dong-Gu, Gwang-Ju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park J, Han JH, Myung SH, Seo YW, Kim TH. MTD-like motif of a BH3-only protein, BNIP1, induces necrosis accompanied by an intracellular calcium spike. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:1661-7. [PMID: 29222049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD) of Noxa has necrosis-inducing activity when conjugated with cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). In this study, we report another MTD-like motif, B1MLM, found in BNIP1, a pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The B1MLM peptide, conjugated with CPP, induced necrosis in a way similar to that of R8:MTD. R8:B1MLM caused an intracellular calcium spike, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, and mitochondrial fragmentation. The cytosolic calcium spike was likely due to the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu YJ, Kumar V, Lin YF, Liang PH. Disrupting CCT-β : β-tubulin selectively kills CCT-β overexpressed cancer cells through MAPKs activation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3052. [PMID: 28906489 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the ability of I-Trp to disrupt the protein–protein interaction of β-tubulin with chaperonin-containing TCP-1β (CCT-β). This caused more severe apoptosis in multidrug-resistant MES-SA/Dx5, compared to MES-SA, due to its higher CCT-β overexpression. In this study, we screened a panel of cancer cell lines, finding CCT-β overexpression in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, colorectal cancer cell lines Colo205 and HCT116, and a gastric cancer cell line MKN-45. Thus, I-Trp killed these cancers with sub- to low-μM EC50, whereas it was non-toxic to MCF-10A. We then synthesized analogs of I-Trp and evaluated their cytotoxicity. Furthermore, apoptotic mechanism investigations revealed the activation of both protein ubiquitination/degradation and ER-associated protein degradation pathways. These pathways proceeded through activation of MAPKs at the onset of CCT-β : β-tubulin complex disruption. We thus establish an effective strategy to treat CCT-β overexpressed cancers by disrupting the CCT-β : β-tubulin complex.
Collapse
|
10
|
D'Orsi B, Mateyka J, Prehn JHM. Control of mitochondrial physiology and cell death by the Bcl-2 family proteins Bax and Bok. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:162-170. [PMID: 28315370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death is often triggered by events that involve intracellular increases in Ca2+. Under resting conditions, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is tightly controlled by a number of extrusion and sequestering mechanisms involving the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and ER. These mechanisms act to prevent a disruption of neuronal ion homeostasis. As these processes require ATP, excessive Ca2+ overloading may cause energy depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and may eventually lead to Ca2+-dependent cell death. Excessive Ca2+ entry though glutamate receptors (excitotoxicity) has been implicated in several neurologic and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence has revealed that excitotoxic cell death is regulated by the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins. Bcl-2 proteins, comprising of both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members, have been shown to not only mediate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by controlling mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) integrity, but to also control neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and energetics. In this review, the role of Bcl-2 family proteins in the regulation of apoptosis, their expression in the central nervous system and how they control Ca2+-dependent neuronal injury are summarized. We review the current knowledge on Bcl-2 family proteins in the regulation of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics, including the fusion and fission machinery, and their role in Ca2+ homeostasis regulation at the mitochondria and ER. Specifically, we discuss how the 'pro-apoptotic' Bcl-2 family proteins, Bax and Bok, physiologically expressed in the nervous system, regulate such 'non-apoptotic/daytime' functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice D'Orsi
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Julia Mateyka
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar R, Han J, Lim HJ, Ren WX, Lim JY, Kim JH, Kim JS. Mitochondrial Induced and Self-Monitored Intrinsic Apoptosis by Antitumor Theranostic Prodrug: In Vivo Imaging and Precise Cancer Treatment. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17836-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510421q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyou Han
- Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joung Lim
- Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Xiu Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Yun Lim
- Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Su J, Zhou L, Xia MH, Xu Y, Xiang XY, Sun LK. Bcl-2 family proteins are involved in the signal crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor chemotherapy resistance. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:234370. [PMID: 25177684 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells overexpress antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2) family, which can lead to both escape from cell death and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can produce proapoptotic signals, amplifying the apoptotic signaling cascade. The crosstalk between mitochondria and ER plays a decisive role in many cellular events but especially in cell death. Bcl-2 family proteins located in the ER and mitochondria can influence not only the function of the two organelles but also the interaction between them. Therefore, the Bcl-2 family of proteins may also be involved in the mechanism of tumor chemotherapy resistance by influencing crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria. In this review we will briefly discuss evidence to support this concept.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao K, Yang J, Lin C, Wang BN, Yang Y, Zhang J, Dai J, Li L, Nie CL, Yuan Z, Li MY. Noxa enhances the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine in human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:259-66. [PMID: 22489660 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noxa is an important proapoptotic protein in the intrinsic pathway of cell apoptosis. Experiments were carried out to investigate whether Noxa could, therefore, enhance the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine in human ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and COC1). In this study, the combined treatment of Noxa and gemcitabine, in vitro, significantly inhibited the proliferation of A2780 and COC1 cells, as verified by MTT assay, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, the combination of Noxa and gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of nude mice in vivo. The combined treatment also inhibited the growth of tumor xenografts through the inhibition of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis, as observed in immunohistochemical anti-PCNA staining and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Our data suggest that Noxa exhibited potent proapoptotic activity against human ovarian cancer cells, and the combination of Noxa and gemcitabine showed a more significant cytotoxic effect against ovarian cancer cells in comparison with either of these agents alone. To our knowledge, we have provided the first evidence that Noxa can enhance therapeutic responses of ovarian cancer cells to gemcitabine, and that it could be potentially useful as a chemosensitizer in ovarian cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wilfling F, Weber A, Potthoff S, Vögtle FN, Meisinger C, Paschen SA, Häcker G. BH3-only proteins are tail-anchored in the outer mitochondrial membrane and can initiate the activation of Bax. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1328-36. [PMID: 22343714 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitochondrial apoptosis, pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins cause the translocation of cytosolic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) where it is activated to release cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space, but the mechanism is under dispute. We show that most BH3-only proteins are mitochondrial proteins that are imported into the OMM via a C-terminal tail-anchor domain in isolated yeast mitochondria, independently of binding to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. This C-terminal domain acted as a classical mitochondrial targeting signal and was sufficient to direct green fluorescent protein to mitochondria in human cells. When expressed in mouse fibroblasts, these BH3-only proteins localised to mitochondria and were inserted in the OMM. The BH3-only proteins Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), tBid and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis sensitised isolated mitochondria from Bax/Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer-deficient fibroblasts to cytochrome c-release by recombinant, extramitochondrial Bax. For Bim, this activity is shown to require the C-terminal-targeting signal and to be independent of binding capacity to and presence of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Bim further enhanced Bax-dependent killing in yeast. A model is proposed where OMM-tail-anchored BH3-only proteins permit passive 'recruitment' and catalysis-like activation of extra-mitochondrial Bax. The recognition of C-terminal membrane-insertion of BH3-only proteins will permit the development of a more detailed concept of the initiation of mitochondrial apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Wilfling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lu Y, Rolland SG, Conradt B. A molecular switch that governs mitochondrial fusion and fission mediated by the BCL2-like protein CED-9 of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E813-22. [PMID: 21949250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103218108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Depending on the cellular context, BCL2-like proteins promote mitochondrial fusion or fission. What determines which of these two opposing processes they promote has so far been unknown. Furthermore, the mechanisms through which BCL2-like proteins affect mitochondrial dynamics remain to be fully understood. The BCL2-like protein CED-9 of Caenorhabditis elegans has previously been shown to promote mitochondrial fusion by physically interacting with the mitochondrial fusion protein FZO-1. Here, we report that CED-9 also physically interacts with the mitochondrial fission protein DRP-1 and that this interaction can be enhanced when CED-9 is associated with the BH3-only protein EGL-1. In addition, we show that the EGL-1-CED-9 complex promotes mitochondrial fission by recruiting DRP-1 to mitochondria and that the egl-1 gene is required for CED-9-dependent mitochondrial fission in vivo. Based on these results, we propose that EGL-1 converts CED-9 into a mitochondrial receptor for DRP-1, thereby shifting its activity from profusion to profission. We hypothesize that BCL2-like proteins act as mitochondrial receptors for DRP-1-like proteins in higher organisms as well and that BH3-only proteins play a general role as modifiers of the function in mitochondrial dynamics of BCL2-like proteins. We speculate that this function of BCL2-like proteins may be as couplers of mitochondrial fusion and fission.
Collapse
|
16
|
Barbone D, Ryan JA, Kolhatkar N, Chacko AD, Jablons DM, Sugarbaker DJ, Bueno R, Letai AG, Coussens LM, Fennell DA, Broaddus VC. The Bcl-2 repertoire of mesothelioma spheroids underlies acquired apoptotic multicellular resistance. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e174. [PMID: 21697949 PMCID: PMC3169000 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are a valuable platform to study acquired multicellular apoptotic resistance of cancer. We used spheroids of cell lines and actual tumor to study resistance to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in mesothelioma, a highly chemoresistant tumor. Spheroids from mesothelioma cell lines acquired resistance to bortezomib by failing to upregulate Noxa, a pro-apoptotic sensitizer BH3-only protein that acts by displacing Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bax/Bak-activator protein. Surprisingly, despite their resistance, spheroids also upregulated Bim and thereby acquired sensitivity to ABT-737, an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 molecules. Analysis using BH3 profiling confirmed that spheroids acquired a dependence on anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and were ‘primed for death'. We then studied spheroids grown from actual mesothelioma. ABT-737 was active in spheroids grown from those tumors (5/7, ∼70%) with elevated levels of Bim. Using immunocytochemistry of tissue microarrays of 48 mesotheliomas, we found that most (33, 69%) expressed elevated Bim. In conclusion, mesothelioma cells in 3D alter the expression of Bcl-2 molecules, thereby acquiring both apoptotic resistance and sensitivity to Bcl-2 blockade. Mesothelioma tumors ex vivo also show sensitivity to Bcl-2 blockade that may depend on Bim, which is frequently elevated in mesothelioma. Therefore, mesothelioma, a highly resistant tumor, may have an intrinsic sensitivity to Bcl-2 blockade that can be exploited therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Barbone
- Lung Biology Center, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rolland SG, Conradt B. New role of the BCL2 family of proteins in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:852-8. [PMID: 20729050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly fuse and divide. Dynamin-related GTPases are the core components of the machineries that mediate mitochondrial fusion and fission. The role and regulation of these machineries are currently under intense investigation. Recently, members of the BCL2 family of proteins, conserved regulators of apoptosis, have been implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Here, we review the functions of mitochondrial fusion and fission in apoptotic and nonapoptotic cells and how members of the BCL2 family of proteins regulate these functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane G Rolland
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Genetics, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|