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Naik B, Kumar V, Goyal SK, Dutt Tripathi A, Mishra S, Joakim Saris PE, Kumar A, Rizwanuddin S, Kumar V, Rustagi S. Pullulanase: unleashing the power of enzyme with a promising future in the food industry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1139611. [PMID: 37449089 PMCID: PMC10337586 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1139611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pullulanases are the most important industrial group of enzymes in family 13 glycosyl hydrolases. They hydrolyze either α-1,6 and α-1,4 or both glycosidic bonds in pullulan as well as other carbohydrates to produce glucose, maltose, and maltotriose syrups, which have important uses in food and other related sectors. However, very less reports are available on pullulanase production from native strains because of low yield issues. In line with the increasing demands for pullulanase, it has become important to search for novel pullulanase-producing microorganisms with high yields. Moreover, high production costs and low yield are major limitations in the industrial production of pullulanase enzymes. The production cost of pullulanase by using the solid-state fermentation (SSF) process can be minimized by selecting agro-industrial waste. This review summarizes the types, sources, production strategies, and potential applications of pullulanase in different food and other related industries. Researchers should focus on fungal strains producing pullulanase for better yield and low production costs by using agro-waste. It will prove a better enzyme in different food processing industries and will surely reduce the cost of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Naik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - S. K. Goyal
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Per Erik Joakim Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sheikh Rizwanuddin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, UCLAS, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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Zhao S, Wang JX, Hou R, Ning YN, Chen ZX, Liu Q, Luo XM, Feng JX. Novel Transcription Factor CXRD Regulates Cellulase and Xylanase Biosynthesis in Penicillium oxalicum under Solid-State Fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0036023. [PMID: 37191516 PMCID: PMC10305053 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00360-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium oxalicum produces an integrated, extracellular cellulase and xylanase system, strictly regulated by several transcription factors. However, the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of cellulase and xylanase biosynthesis in P. oxalicum is limited, particularly under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. In our study, deletion of a novel gene, cxrD (cellulolytic and xylanolytic regulator D), resulted in 49.3 to 2,230% enhanced production of cellulase and xylanase, except for 75.0% less xylanase at 2 days, compared with the P. oxalicum parental strain, when cultured on solid medium containing wheat bran plus rice straw for 2 to 4 days after transfer from glucose. In addition, the deletion of cxrD delayed conidiospore formation, leading to 45.1 to 81.8% reduced asexual spore production and altered mycelial accumulation to various extents. Comparative transcriptomics and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR found that CXRD dynamically regulated the expression of major cellulase and xylanase genes and conidiation-regulatory gene brlA under SSF. In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that CXRD bound to the promoter regions of these genes. The core DNA sequence 5'-CYGTSW-3' was identified to be specifically bound by CXRD. These findings will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of negative regulation of fungal cellulase and xylanase biosynthesis under SSF. IMPORTANCE Application of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) as catalysts in biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass into bioproducts and biofuels reduces both chemical waste production and carbon footprint. The filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum can secrete integrated CWDEs, with potential for industrial application. Solid-state fermentation (SSF), simulating the natural habitat of soil fungi, such as P. oxalicum, is used for CWDE production, but a limited understanding of CWDE biosynthesis hampers the improvement of CWDE yields through synthetic biology. Here, we identified a novel transcription factor CXRD, which negatively regulates the biosynthesis of cellulase and xylanase in P. oxalicum under SSF, providing a potential target for genetic engineering to improve CWDE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiu-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Run Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ni Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Shen L, Roullier C, Porée FH, Gaslonde T, Riffault-Valois L, Grovel O, Ruprich-Robert G, Chapeland-Leclerc F. Complementary Strategies to Unlock Biosynthesis Gene Clusters Encoding Secondary Metabolites in the Filamentous Fungus Podospora anserina. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9. [PMID: 36675830 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coprophilous ascomycete Podospora anserina is known to have a high potential to synthesize a wide array of secondary metabolites (SMs). However, to date, the characterization of SMs in this species, as in other filamentous fungal species, is far less than expected by the functional prediction through genome mining, likely due to the inactivity of most SMs biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) under standard conditions. In this work, our main objective was to compare the global strategies usually used to deregulate SM gene clusters in P. anserina, including the variation of culture conditions and the modification of the chromatin state either by genetic manipulation or by chemical treatment, and to show the complementarity of the approaches between them. In this way, we showed that the metabolomics-driven comparative analysis unveils the unexpected diversity of metabolic changes in P. anserina and that the integrated strategies have a mutual complementary effect on the expression of the fungal metabolome. Then, our results demonstrate that metabolite production is significantly influenced by varied cultivation states and epigenetic modifications. We believe that the strategy described in this study will facilitate the discovery of fungal metabolites of interest and will improve the ability to prioritize the production of specific fungal SMs with an optimized treatment.
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Anisha GS. Molecular advances in microbial α-galactosidases: challenges and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:148. [PMID: 35773364 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase (α-D-galactosidase galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22), is an industrially important enzyme that hydrolyzes the galactose residues in galactooligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The industrial production of α-galactosidase is currently insufficient owing to the high production cost, low production efficiency and low enzyme activity. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the worldwide research on molecular techniques to improve the production efficiency of microbial α-galactosidases. Cloning and overexpression of the gene sequences coding for α-galactosidases can not only increase the enzyme yield but can confer industrially beneficial characteristics to the enzyme protein. This review focuses on the molecular advances in the overexpression of α-galactosidases in bacterial and yeast/fungal expression systems. Recombinant α-galactosidases have improved biochemical and hydrolytic properties compared to their native counterparts. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce high yields of α-galactosidase can also assist in the production of value-added products. Developing new variants of α-galactosidases through directed evolution can yield enzymes with increased catalytic activity and altered regioselectivity. The bottlenecks in the recombinant production of α-galactosidases are also discussed. The knowledge about the hurdles in the overexpression of recombinant proteins illuminates the emerging possibilities of developing a successful microbial cell factory and widens the opportunities for the production of industrially beneficial α-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Mitri S, Salameh S, Khelfa A, Leonard E, Maroun RG, Louka N, Koubaa M. Valorization of Brewers’ Spent Grains: Pretreatments and Fermentation, a Review. Fermentation 2022; 8:50. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewers’ spent grains constitute a valuable byproduct of the beer industry. They are characterized by a rich nutritional composition consisting of around 70% lignocellulosic fibrous material, 20% proteins, 10% lipids, in addition to vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and phenolic compounds. These spent grains are produced in large amounts all through the year, are cheap, and lack economically feasible applications. Nowadays, 70% of these spent grains are used as animal feed, 10% are used for biogas production, and the remaining 20% are disposed in landfills. Due to the aforementioned facts, alternative uses of the brewers’ spent grains are highly sought-after. In fact, this nutrient-rich industrial by-product makes it a very good candidate for valorization through biotechnological processing, particularly microbial fermentation. After applying the needed pretreatments, using brewers’ spent grains as a substrate in submerged and solid-state fermentation of different microorganisms leads to the production of various value-added compounds such as organic acids, amino acids, volatile fatty acids, enzymes, vitamins, second-generation biofuels and other products.
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Anisha GS. Microbial α-galactosidases: Efficient biocatalysts for bioprocess technology. Bioresour Technol 2022; 344:126293. [PMID: 34752888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Galactomannans, abundantly present in plant biomass, can be used as renewable fermentation feedstock for biorefineries working for the production of bioethanol and other value-added products. The complete and efficient bioconversion of biomass to fermentable sugars for the generation of biofuels and other value-added products require the concerted action of accessory enzymes like α-galactosidases, which can work in cohesion with other carbohydrases in an enzyme cocktail. In the paper industry, α-galactosidases enhance the bleaching effect of endo-β-1,4-mannanases on softwood kraft pulp. Microbial α-galactosidases also find applications in the treatment of legume foods, recovery of sucrose from sugar beet syrup, improving the rheological properties of galactomannans, and synthesis of α-galactooligosaccharides to be used as functional food ingredients. Owing to their industrial applications, there is a surge in the research focused on α-galactosidases. The current review illustrates the diverse industrial applications of microbial α-galactosidases and their challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Guo W, Yang J, Huang T, Liu D, Liu Q, Li J, Sun W, Wang X, Zhu L, Tian C. Synergistic effects of multiple enzymes from industrial Aspergillus niger strain O1 on starch saccharification. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:225. [PMID: 34838099 PMCID: PMC8627030 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is one of the most important renewable polysaccharides in nature for production of bio-ethanol. The starch saccharification step facilitates the depolymerization of starch to yield glucose for biofuels production. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger (A. niger) is the most used microbial cell factory for production of the commercial glucoamylase. However, the role of each component in glucoamylases cocktail of A. niger O1 for starch saccharification remains unclear except glucoamylase. RESULTS In this study, we identified the key enzymes contributing to the starch saccharification process are glucoamylase, α-amylase and acid α-amylase out of 29 glycoside hydrolases from the 6-day fermentation products of A. niger O1. Through the synergistic study of the multienzymes for the starch saccharification in vitro, we found that increasing the amount of α-amylase by 5-10 times enhanced the efficiency of starch saccharification by 14.2-23.2%. Overexpression of acid α-amylase in strain O1 in vivo increased the total glucoamylase activity of O1 cultures by 15.0%. CONCLUSIONS Our study clarifies the synergistic effects among the components of glucoamylases cocktail, and provides an effective approach to optimize the profile of saccharifying enzymes of strain O1 for improving the total glucoamylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tianchen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jingen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Wenliang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xingji Wang
- Longda Biotechnology Inc, Shandong, 276400, China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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Garrigues S, Kun RS, Peng M, Gruben BS, Benoit Gelber I, Mäkelä M, de Vries RP. The Cultivation Method Affects the Transcriptomic Response of Aspergillus niger to Growth on Sugar Beet Pulp. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0106421. [PMID: 34431718 PMCID: PMC8552599 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01064-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, filamentous fungi are exposed to diverse nutritional sources and changes in substrate availability. Conversely, in submerged cultures, mycelia are continuously exposed to the existing substrates, which are depleted over time. Submerged cultures are the preferred choice for experimental setups in laboratory and industry and are often used for understanding the physiology of fungi. However, to what extent the cultivation method affects fungal physiology, with respect to utilization of natural substrates, has not been addressed in detail. Here, we compared the transcriptomic responses of Aspergillus niger grown in submerged culture and solid culture, both containing sugar beet pulp (SBP) as a carbon source. The results showed that expression of CAZy (Carbohydrate Active enZyme)-encoding and sugar catabolic genes in liquid SBP was time dependent. Moreover, additional components of SBP delayed the A. niger response to the degradation of pectin present in SBP. In addition, we demonstrated that liquid cultures induced wider transcriptome variability than solid cultures. Although there was a correlation regarding sugar metabolic gene expression patterns between liquid and solid cultures, it decreased in the case of CAZyme-encoding genes. In conclusion, the transcriptomic response of A. niger to SBP is influenced by the culturing method, limiting the value of liquid cultures for understanding the behavior of fungi in natural habitats. IMPORTANCE Understanding the interaction between filamentous fungi and their natural and biotechnological environments has been of great interest for the scientific community. Submerged cultures are preferred over solid cultures at a laboratory scale to study the natural response of fungi to different stimuli found in nature (e.g., carbon/nitrogen sources, pH). However, whether and to what extent submerged cultures introduce variation in the physiology of fungi during growth on plant biomass have not been studied in detail. In this study, we compared the transcriptomic responses of Aspergillus niger to growth on liquid and solid cultures containing sugar beet pulp (a by-product of the sugar industry) as a carbon source. We demonstrate that the transcriptomic response of A. niger was highly affected by the culture condition, since the transcriptomic response obtained in a liquid environment could not fully explain the behavior of the fungus in a solid environment. This could partially explain the differences often observed between the phenotypes on plates compared to liquid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garrigues
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland S. Kun
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit S. Gruben
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit Gelber
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miia Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Guerrero-urrutia C, Volke-sepulveda T, Figueroa-martinez F, Favela-torres E. Solid-state fermentation enhances inulinase and invertase production by Aspergillus brasiliensis. Process Biochem 2021; 108:169-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Paul JS, Gupta N, Beliya E, Tiwari S, Jadhav SK. Aspects and Recent Trends in Microbial α-Amylase: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2649-2698. [PMID: 33715051 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylases are the oldest and versatile starch hydrolysing enzymes which can replace chemical hydrolysis of starch in industries. It cleaves the α-(1,4)-D-glucosidic linkage of starch and other related polysaccharides to yield simple sugars like glucose, maltose and limit dextrin. α-Amylase covers about 30% shares of the total enzyme market. On account of their superior features, α-amylase is the most widely used among all the existing amylases for hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Endo-acting α-amylase of glycoside hydrolase family 13 is an extensively used biocatalyst and has various biotechnological applications like in starch processing, detergent, textile, paper and pharmaceutical industries. Apart from these, it has some novel applications including polymeric material for drug delivery, bioremediating agent, biodemulsifier and biofilm inhibitor. The present review will accomplish the research gap by providing the unexplored aspects of microbial α-amylase. It will allow the readers to know about the works that have already been done and the latest trends in this field. The manuscript has covered the latest immobilization techniques and the site-directed mutagenesis approaches which are readily being performed to confer the desirable property in wild-type α-amylases. Furthermore, it will state the inadequacies and the numerous obstacles coming in the way of its production during upstream and downstream steps and will also suggest some measures to obtain stable and industrial-grade α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Shankar Paul
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Nisha Gupta
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Esmil Beliya
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.,Department of Botany, Govt. College, Bichhua, Chhindwara, MP, 480111, India
| | - Shubhra Tiwari
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Jadhav
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.
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