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Diao Y, Sun W, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Chen X. Clinical report and genetic analysis of a neonate with genitourinary and/or brain malformation syndrome caused by a non-coding sequence variant of PPP1R12A. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2223. [PMID: 37272772 PMCID: PMC10568382 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genitourinary and/or brain malformation syndrome (GUBS) is a recently discovered syndrome involving abnormalities of the neurological or urogenital system. PPP1R12A may be the pathological gene causing this syndrome. Currently, to our knowledge, there is only one study related to GUBS in the world. Here, we report a clinical case of a Chinese newborn with congenital micropenis caused by a non-coding sequence pathogenic variant of PPP1R12A, providing additional evidence on genetic causes of genital malformation. METHODS The genetic cause of the patient's malformation was detected using trio-whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, and reverse transcription-PCR analysis was performed by constructing the minigene mutant plasmid in vitro. RESULTS Genetic testing revealed a novel heterozygous variant, c.2666+3A>G, of the PPP1R12A gene of the patient. The parents at this site were wild-type, indicating that this might be a de novo variant. The minigene experiment showed that the c.2666+3A>G plasmid led to the deletion of 17 bp in exon 20, and a new mRNA product c.2650_2666del (p.Thr884IleTer2) with skipping of exon 20 was produced. This may lead to PPP1R12A haploinsufficiency and cause biological harm. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study on a rare variant of PPP1R12A in the Chinese population. The c.2666+3A>G may lead to external genitalia malformation, such as congenital micropenis in male neonates. The results of this study further verified the correlation between GUBS and PPP1R12A haploinsufficiency and revealed the important role of a non-coding sequence variant in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Diao
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Beijing Chigene Translational Medicine Research Center Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
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Lang I, Virk G, Zheng DC, Young J, Nguyen MJ, Amiri R, Fong M, Arata A, Chadaideh KS, Walsh S, Weiser DC. The Evolution of Duplicated Genes of the Cpi-17/Phi-1 ( ppp1r14) Family of Protein Phosphatase 1 Inhibitors in Teleosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165709. [PMID: 32784920 PMCID: PMC7460850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cpi-17 (ppp1r14) gene family is an evolutionarily conserved, vertebrate specific group of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitors. When phosphorylated, Cpi-17 is a potent inhibitor of myosin phosphatase (MP), a holoenzyme complex of the regulatory subunit Mypt1 and the catalytic subunit PP1. Myosin phosphatase dephosphorylates the regulatory myosin light chain (Mlc2) and promotes actomyosin relaxation, which in turn, regulates numerous cellular processes including smooth muscle contraction, cytokinesis, cell motility, and tumor cell invasion. We analyzed zebrafish homologs of the Cpi-17 family, to better understand the mechanisms of myosin phosphatase regulation. We found single homologs of both Kepi (ppp1r14c) and Gbpi (ppp1r14d) in silico, but we detected no expression of these genes during early embryonic development. Cpi-17 (ppp1r14a) and Phi-1 (ppp1r14b) each had two duplicate paralogs, (ppp1r14aa and ppp1r14ab) and (ppp1r14ba and ppp1r14bb), which were each expressed during early development. The spatial expression pattern of these genes has diverged, with ppp1r14aa and ppp1r14bb expressed primarily in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle, respectively, while ppp1r14ab and ppp1r14ba are primarily expressed in neural tissue. We observed that, in in vitro and heterologous cellular systems, the Cpi-17 paralogs both acted as potent myosin phosphatase inhibitors, and were indistinguishable from one another. In contrast, the two Phi-1 paralogs displayed weak myosin phosphatase inhibitory activity in vitro, and did not alter myosin phosphorylation in cells. Through deletion and chimeric analysis, we identified that the difference in specificity for myosin phosphatase between Cpi-17 and Phi-1 was encoded by the highly conserved PHIN (phosphatase holoenzyme inhibitory) domain, and not the more divergent N- and C- termini. We also showed that either Cpi-17 paralog can rescue the knockdown phenotype, but neither Phi-1 paralog could do so. Thus, we provide new evidence about the biochemical and developmental distinctions of the zebrafish Cpi-17 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Guneet Virk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Dale C. Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Jason Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Michael J. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Rojin Amiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Michelle Fong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Alisa Arata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Katia S. Chadaideh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Life Sciences, Soka University of America, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA;
| | - Douglas C. Weiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA; (I.L.); (G.V.); (D.C.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.J.N.); (R.A.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (K.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-209-946-2955
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