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Rosenblum JS, Liethen A, Miller-Robbie L. Prioritization and Risk Ranking of Regulated and Unregulated Chemicals in US Drinking Water. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6878-6889. [PMID: 38564650 PMCID: PMC11044589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Drinking water constituents were compared using more than six million measurements (USEPA data) to prioritize and risk-rank regulated and unregulated chemicals and classes of chemicals. Hazard indexes were utilized for hazard- and risk-based chemicals, along with observed (nondetects = 0) and censored (nondetects = method detection limit/2) data methods. Chemicals (n = 139) were risk-ranked based on population exposed, resulting in the highest rankings for inorganic compounds (IOCs) and disinfection byproducts (DBPs), followed by semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs), nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for observed data. The top 50 risk-ranked chemicals included 15 that were unregulated, with at least one chemical from each chemical class (chromium-6 [#1, IOC], chlorate and NDMA [#11 and 12, DBP], 1,4-dioxane [#25, SOC], PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS [#42, 44, and 49, NVOC], and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [#48, VOC]). These results suggest that numerous unregulated chemicals are of higher exposure risk or hazard in US drinking water than many regulated chemicals. These methods could be applied following each Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) data collection phase and compared to retrospective data that highlight what chemicals potentially pose the highest exposure risk or hazard among US drinking water, which could inform regulators, utilities, and researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Rosenblum
- Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander Liethen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Leslie Miller-Robbie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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2
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Covaciu FD, Feher I, Cristea G, Dehelean A. Nutritional Quality and Safety Assessment of Pork Meat Cuts from Romania: Fatty Acids and Elemental Profile. Foods 2024; 13:804. [PMID: 38472917 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the fatty acids and elemental profiles of 53 pork cut samples were determined. To offer insights into their potential health implications, we computed 18 key nutritional indices. These indices included parameters such as saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), the MUFAs/SFAs ratio, PUFAs/SFAs ratio, atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), the hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H), health-promoting index (HPI), hypocholesterolemic index (HI), unsaturation index (UI), saturation index (SI), peroxidizability index (PI), nutritional value index (NVI), hypocholesterolemic index of fatty acids (DFAs), hypercholesterolemic index of fatty acids (OFAs), and the DFAs/OFAs ratio. These indices were calculated based on their fatty acid composition to provide comprehensive nutritional information. A health risk assessment revealed the safety and minimum health risk for the population from consuming the investigated pork cuts using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), and target cancer risk (TR). The ANOVA test showed significant differences in the levels of K, Fe, Mn, Zn, MUFAs, and AI among the pork cut samples. It was noted that by employing the correlation between the fatty acids profile, nutritional indices, and elemental concentrations and an unsupervised statistical method, such as PCA, a perfect separation from the different pork cuts could not be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina-Dorina Covaciu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Feher
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Cristea
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Dehelean
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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3
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Pham LT, Tran YTH, Tran TT, Bui HM, Le LT, Dao ST, Nguyen DT. Ecological and human health risk assessments of cyanotoxins and heavy metals in a drinking water supply reservoir. J Water Health 2023; 21:1004-1016. [PMID: 37632377 PMCID: wh_2023_027 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Human beings are frequently exposed to a mixture of chemical pollutants through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water. The present study aimed to assess the ecological and human health risks associated with the contamination of cyanotoxins and heavy metals in a drinking water supply reservoir, the Tri An Reservoir (TAR), in Vietnam. Results demonstrated that the concentrations of individual heavy metals varied in the following order: iron (Fe) > lead (Pb) > arsenic (As) > zinc (Zn). Although the ecological potential risk of heavy metals was low during the study period, the concentration of Fe sometimes exceeded the Vietnamese standard for drinking water. Toxic cyanobacteria and microcystins (MCs) frequently occurred in the TAR with the highest density of 198.7 × 103 cells/mL and 7.8 μg/L, respectively, indicating a high risk of health impacts to humans. The results of the study indicate that exposure to heavy metals does not pose any non-carcinogenic health risks for both adults and children. However, the contamination of MCs in the surface water posed a serious disease enhancement to both adults and children through direct ingestion and dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luu Thanh Pham
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam E-mail:
| | - Yen Thi Hoang Tran
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thai Thanh Tran
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Manh Bui
- Faculty of Environment, Saigon University, 273 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Luom Thi Le
- Dong Nai Technical Resources and Environment Center, Dong Khoi Street, Tan Hiep Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province 810000, Vietnam
| | - Son Thanh Dao
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; CARE, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Duc Tan Nguyen
- Department of Production Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki City, Japan
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4
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Leoni C, Majorani C, Cresti R, Marcello I, Berardi E, Fava L, Attias L, D'Ilio S. Determination and risk assessment of phthalates in face masks. An Italian study. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130176. [PMID: 36283214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Serious human health concerns have been recently raised from daily use of face masks, due to the possible presence of hazardous compounds as the phthalic acid esters (PAEs). In this study, the content of 11 PAEs in 35 commercial masks was assessed by applying a specific and accurate method, using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Surgical, FFP2 and non-surgical models, for both adults and children were collected from the Italian market. Analyses showed that four of the target analytes were detected in all tested samples with median total concentrations ranging between 23.6 mg/kg and 54.3 mg/kg. Results obtained from the experimental analysis were used in the risk assessment studies carried out for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. Doses of exposure (Dexp) of PAEs ranged from 6.43 × 10-5 mg/kg bw/day to 1.43 × 10-2 mg/kg bw/day. Cumulative risk assessment was performed for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. No potential risk was found for non-carcinogenic effects, yet the 20% of the mask samples showed potential carcinogenic effects for humans. A refined exposure assessment was performed showing no risk for carcinogenic effects. This paper presents a risk assessment approach for the identification of potential risks associated to the use of face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Leoni
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Costanza Majorani
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Cresti
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Marcello
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Fava
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonello Attias
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia D'Ilio
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Wilson AM, Victory KR, Reynolds KA, Cabrera NL, Larson D, Latura J, Sexton JD, Burgess JL, Beamer PI. Measured and Modeled Comparisons of Chemical and Microbial Contaminants in Tap and Bottled Water in a US-Mexico Border Community. ACS ES T Water 2022; 2:2657-2667. [PMID: 37810444 PMCID: PMC10552926 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tap water quality concerns and advertisements often drive increased bottled water consumption, especially in communities with historical tap water quality problems (e.g., Nogales, Arizona). The study objective was to assess contamination of municipal tap and bottled water in Nogales, Arizona. Bottled (sealed, open/partially consumed bottles, and reusable containers for vended water) and tap water samples were collected from 30 homes and analyzed for chemical and microbial contaminants. Fisher exact tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare proportions of positive samples and contaminant concentrations between tap and bottled water samples. While none of the chemical contaminants were above MCLs, there were statistically significantly greater concentrations and proportions of positive samples for some contaminants, including arsenic, in tap vs. bottled water. E. coli concentrations were >0 CFU/100mL in some unsealed bottled water samples but not for sealed bottles. This study demonstrates that 1) the measured concentrations in tap and bottled water likely pose low risks, as they are below the MCLs, 2) more education in this community on hygiene maintenance of refillable or opened bottled water containers is needed, and 3) using tap water over bottled water is advantageous due to likely lower E. coli risk and lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Wilson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Kerton R Victory
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Kelly A Reynolds
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Nolan L Cabrera
- Center for the Study of Higher Education, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Daniela Larson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Joyce Latura
- Mariposa Community Health Center, Nogales, Arizona, United States
| | - Jonathan D Sexton
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Paloma I Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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6
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Yasasve M, Manjusha M, Manojj D, Hariharan NM, Sai Preethi P, Asaithambi P, Karmegam N, Saravanan M. Unravelling the emerging carcinogenic contaminants from industrial waste water for prospective remediation by electrocoagulation - A review. Chemosphere 2022; 307:136017. [PMID: 35977566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The need of the hour relies on finding new but sustainable ways to curb rising pollution levels. The accelerated levels of urbanization and increase in population deplete the finite resources essential for human sustenance. In this aspect, water is one of the non-renewable sources that is running out very fast and is polluted drastically day by day. One way of tackling the problem is to reduce the pollution levels by decreasing the usage of chemicals in the process, and the other is to find ways to reuse or reduce the contaminants in the effluent by treatment methods. Most of the available water recycling or treatment methods are not sustainable. Some of them even use toxic chemicals in the processing steps. Treatment of organic wastes from industries is a challenging task as they are hard to remove. Electrocoagulation is one of the emerging water treatment technologies that is highly sustainable and has a comparatively cheaper operating cost. Being a broad-spectrum treatment process, it is suitable for treating the most common water pollutants ranging from oils, bacteria, heavy metals, and others. The process is also straightforward, where electrical current is used to coagulate the contaminates. The presence of carcinogens in these waste water increases the need for its treatment towards further use. The present investigation is made as an extensive analysis of the emerging carcinogens and their various sources from process industries, especially in the form of organic waste and their removal by electrocoagulation and its coupled techniques. The paper also aims to ascertain why the electrocoagulation technique may be a better alternative compared with other methods for the removal of carcinogens in organic wastewater, an analysis which has not been explored before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Yasasve
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muralidharan Manjusha
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhinakaran Manojj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N M Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - P Sai Preethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to Anna University), Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Asaithambi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Po Box - 378, Ethiopia
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Halbus AF, Athab ZH, Abbas AS, Khaleel AK, Wahhoodee SM, Atiyah AJ. Adsorption, photodegradation, and selective removal of reactive red 2 dye onto cuprous oxide nanoparticles. Monatsh Chem. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Joseph N, Kolok AS. Assessment of Pediatric Cancer and Its Relationship to Environmental Contaminants: An Ecological Study in Idaho. Geohealth 2022; 6:e2021GH000548. [PMID: 35310467 PMCID: PMC8917512 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine the degree to which a multivariable principal component model based on several potentially carcinogenic metals and pesticides could explain the county-level pediatric cancer rates across Idaho. We contend that human exposure to environmental contaminants is one of the reasons for increased pediatric cancer incidence in the United States. Although several studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between environmental contaminants and carcinogenesis among children, research gaps exist in developing a meaningful association between them. For this study, pediatric cancer data was provided by the Cancer Data Registry of Idaho, concentrations of metals and metalloids in groundwater were collected from the Idaho Department of Water Resources, and pesticide use data were collected from the United States Geological Survey. Most environmental variables were significantly intercorrelated at an adjusted P-value <0.01 (97 out of 153 comparisons). Hence, a principal component analysis was employed to summarize those variables to a smaller number of components. An environmental burden index (EBI) was constructed using these principal components, which categorized the environmental burden profiles of counties into low, medium, and high. EBI was significantly associated with pediatric cancer incidence (P-value <0.05). The rate ratio of high EBI profile to low EBI profile for pediatric cancer incidence was estimated as 1.196, with lower and upper confidence intervals of 1.061 and 1.348, respectively. A model was also developed in the study using EBI to estimate the county-level pediatric cancer incidence in Idaho (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.97).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Joseph
- Idaho Water Resources Research InstituteUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
| | - Alan S. Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research InstituteUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
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9
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Weiner GJ, Winn RA. Disparate groups share cancer disparities. Trends Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Hill CB, Yadav OP, Khan E. Examining hydraulic fracturing chemicals: A temporal and comparative analysis. Water Res 2022; 208:117878. [PMID: 34837809 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) remains a current global energy policy issue, and understanding risks to drinking water resources from HF chemicals is an important aspect of this topic. The quantity and quality of disclosed HF chemical information are significant barriers for stakeholders attempting to perform systemic environmental and public health research. A repeatable approach for processing HF chemical disclosure data is provided using United States FracFocus data as a case study. We fill research gaps by examining HF chemical trends between 2014 and 2020 and comparing HF chemicals with a list of reference chemicals known or suspected to be in contact (unrelated to HF) with drinking water, food, or cosmetics. In total, 1,244 unique HF chemicals were identified. Compared with EPA's 2016 HF chemical disclosure research, 480 new chemicals are identified, and 318 previously reported chemicals were not observed. The annual unique chemical counts have dropped from 878 to 594 (32.3%) over the research period, while data quality and transparency have increased. Approximately 69.7% of the identified HF ingredients were found in a list of reference chemicals known or suspected to be in contact (unrelated to HF) with drinking water, food, or cosmetics. Chemical differences between production types (gas and oil) and states are also reviewed. Our research reveals that the sociotechnical system surrounding HF is dynamic and moving toward fewer and, in general, safer chemicals, for those that are disclosed. This study highlights opportunities for new and updated systemic research regarding HF chemical hazard dynamics and associated risk to drinking water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Hill
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States.
| | - Om P Yadav
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States; Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States.
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11
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Marcillo C, Krometis LA, Krometis J. Approximating Community Water System Service Areas to Explore the Demographics of SDWA Compliance in Virginia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:13254. [PMID: 34948863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) theoretically ensures drinking water quality, recent studies have questioned the reliability and equity associated with community water system (CWS) service. This study aimed to identify SDWA violation differences (i.e., monitoring and reporting (MR) and health-based (HB)) between Virginia CWSs given associated service demographics, rurality, and system characteristics. A novel geospatial methodology delineated CWS service areas at the zip code scale to connect 2000 US Census demographics with 2006–2016 SDWA violations, with significant associations determined via negative binomial regression. The proportion of Black Americans within a service area was positively associated with the likelihood of HB violations. This effort supports the need for further investigation of racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to safe drinking water within the United States in particular and offers a geospatial strategy to explore demographics in other settings where data on infrastructure extents are limited. Further interdisciplinary efforts at multiple scales are necessary to identify the entwined causes for differential risks in adverse drinking water quality exposures and would be substantially strengthened by the mapping of official CWS service boundaries.
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12
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Wang C, Huertas DS, Rowe JW, Finkelstein R, Carstensen LL, Jackson RB. Rethinking the urban physical environment for century-long lives: from age-friendly to longevity-ready cities. Nat Aging 2021; 1:1088-1095. [PMID: 35937461 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In response to increasing life expectancies and urbanization, initiatives for age-friendly cities seek to facilitate active and healthy aging by strengthening supports and services for older people. While laudable, these efforts typically neglect early-life exposures that influence long-term well-being. With a focus on the urban physical environment, we argue that longevity-ready cities can accomplish more than initiatives focused solely on old age. We review features of cities that cumulatively influence healthy aging and longevity, discuss the need for proactive interventions in a changing climate, and highlight inequities in the ambient physical environment, especially those encountered at early ages, that powerfully contribute to disparities in later life stages. Compared with strategies aimed largely at accommodating older populations, longevity-ready cities would aim to reduce the sources of disadvantages across the life course and simultaneously improve the well-being of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Diego Sierra Huertas
- Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John W Rowe
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Finkelstein
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura L Carstensen
- Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Chen R, Li T, Huang C, Yu Y, Zhou L, Hu G, Yang F, Zhang L. Characteristics and health risks of benzene series and halocarbons near a typical chemical industrial park. Environ Pollut 2021; 289:117893. [PMID: 34385133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Health risks of typical benzene series and halocarbons (BSHs) in a densely populated area near a large-scale chemical industrial park were investigated. Ambient and indoor air and tap water samples were collected in summer and winter; and the concentration characteristics, sources, and exposure risks of typical BSH species, including five benzene series (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m,p-xylene) and five halocarbons (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, and tetrachloroethylene), were analysed. The total mean concentrations of BSHs were 53.32 μg m-3, 36.29 μg m-3, and 26.88 μg L-1 in indoor air, ambient air, and tap water, respectively. Halocarbons dominated the total BSHs with concentrations relatively higher than those in many other industrial areas. Industrial solvent use, industrial processes, and vehicle exhaust emissions were the principal sources of BSHs in ambient air. The use of household products (e.g., detergents and pesticides) was the principal source of indoor BSHs. Inhalation is the primary human exposure route. Ingestion of drinking water was also an important exposure route but had less impact than inhalation. Lifetime non-cancer risks of individual and cumulative BSHs were below the threshold (HQ = 1), indicating no significant lifetime non-cancer risks in the study area. However, tetrachloromethane, benzene, trichloromethane, ethylbenzene, and trichloroethylene showed potential lifetime cancer risk. The cumulative lifetime cancer risks exceeded the tolerable benchmark (1 × 10-4), indicating a lifetime cancer risk of BSHs to residents near the chemical industry park. This study provides valuable information for the management of public health in chemical industrial parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Tingzhen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Chengtao Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China.
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Odetola L, Sills S, Morrison S. A pilot study on the feasibility of testing residential tap water in North Carolina: implications for environmental justice and health. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2021; 31:972-978. [PMID: 34183761 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2015 alone, community water systems serving about 21 million Americans violated the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (US-EPA) water quality standards. While water at community treatment and distribution centers is regularly monitored and tested, little is known about pollutants in the water systems at the household level. AIMS This pilot study assessed the feasibility of (1) testing for the presence and concentration of 14 contaminants and physicochemical parameters in household tap water in a low-income neighborhood and (2) using community engagement for recruitment and citizen science approaches to data collection. METHODS We used a multistage approach that included geo-mapping to delineate testing sites, community engagement for recruitment and citizen science approaches to increase the response rate. We used a 14-in-one dipstick test designed to measure trace amounts of heavy metals, non-metallic elements, and physicochemical water properties in drinking water in a sample of 70 homes. RESULTS In 50%, 25%, and 7% of water samples tested, the concentration of mercury, lead, and chromium, respectively, were higher than US-EPA drinking water standards. Citizen science approaches were effective for increasing response rates and low-income household participation in water quality testing. SIGNIFICANCE The overlap between poverty, older homes, and high concentrations of potentially toxic metals in drinking water presents concerns for community health. Our pilot community engagement and citizen science approaches are likely scalable and would be of benefit to both the scientific community and to municipalities with constrained budgets. Future studies may examine the role of the principles of environmental justice in the distribution and prevalence of toxic elements in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Love Odetola
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina - Greensboro, Greensboro, USA.
| | - Stephen Sills
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina - Greensboro, Greensboro, USA
- Center for Housing & Community Studies, University of North Carolina - Greensboro, Greensboro, USA
| | - Sharon Morrison
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina - Greensboro, Greensboro, USA
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15
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Uche UI, Evans S, Rundquist S, Campbell C, Naidenko OV. Community-Level Analysis of Drinking Water Data Highlights the Importance of Drinking Water Metrics for the State, Federal Environmental Health Justice Priorities in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph181910401. [PMID: 34639699 PMCID: PMC8507655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research studies analyzing the geospatial distribution of air pollution and other types of environmental contamination documented the persistence of environmental health disparities between communities. Due to the shortage of publicly available data, only limited research has been published on the geospatial distribution of drinking water pollution. Here we present a framework for the joint consideration of community-level drinking water data and demographic data. Our analysis builds on a comprehensive data set of drinking water contaminant occurrence for the United States for 2014–2019 and the American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2015–2019) from the U.S. Census Bureau. Focusing on the U.S. states of California and Texas for which geospatial data on community water system service boundaries are publicly available, we examine cumulative cancer risk for water served by community water systems of different sizes relative to demographic characteristics for the populations served by these water systems. In both California and Texas, greater cumulative cancer risk was observed for water systems serving communities with a higher percentage of Hispanic/Latino and Black/African American community members. This investigation demonstrates that it is both practical and essential to incorporate and expand the drinking water data metrics in the analysis of environmental pollution and environmental health. The framework presented here can support the development of public policies to advance environmental health justice priorities on state and federal levels in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uloma Igara Uche
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (C.C.); (O.V.N.)
- Correspondence: (U.I.U.); (S.E.)
| | - Sydney Evans
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (C.C.); (O.V.N.)
- Correspondence: (U.I.U.); (S.E.)
| | - Soren Rundquist
- Environmental Working Group, 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 240, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA;
| | - Chris Campbell
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (C.C.); (O.V.N.)
| | - Olga V. Naidenko
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (C.C.); (O.V.N.)
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16
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Pérez-Vidal A, Silva-Leal JA, Diaz-Gómez J, Meneses-Torres CJ, Arias-Vallejo JE, Giraldo-Tenorio GA, Bacca-Jordán MC. Performance evaluation of ceramic pot filters combined with adsorption processes for the removal of heavy metals and phenolic compounds. J Water Health 2021; 19:750-761. [PMID: 34665768 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the ceramic pot filters (CPFs) with impregnated colloidal silver are efficient for the removal of turbidity and pathogens for household water treatment. This investigation evaluated the efficiency of two filter models for the removal of chemical contaminants (Hg, Pb, As and phenolic compounds) during 175 days. The first model is a traditional CPF impregnated with colloidal silver and the second consists of the ceramic silver-impregnated pot plus a post-filtration column with granular activated carbon and zeolite (CPF + GAC-Z). The results of the CPF showed average efficiencies of 91.5% (Hg), 92% (Pb), 50.2% (As) and 78.7% (phenols). The CPF + GAC-Z showed similar efficiencies for the removal of heavy metals (92.5% Hg, 98.1% Pb and 52.3% As) and a considerably higher efficiency for the removal of phenols (96.4%). The As concentration of the filtered water in both systems was higher than the regulatory limit. The ceramic pot was responsible for the highest removal of chemical compounds. It can be concluded that the traditional CPF is a viable option for water supply treatment at the household level for the removal of chemical contaminants. The efficiency of this filter can be improved with the post-filtration column mainly for the removal of organic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pérez-Vidal
- Faculty of Engineering, Research Group in Electronic, Industrial and Environmental Engineering - GIEIAM, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Street 5 # 62-00, Cali, Colombia E-mail:
| | - Jorge Antonio Silva-Leal
- Faculty of Engineering, Research Group in Electronic, Industrial and Environmental Engineering - GIEIAM, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Street 5 # 62-00, Cali, Colombia E-mail:
| | - Jaime Diaz-Gómez
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Research Group of Management of Water Resources, Universidad de Boyacá, Carrera 2E # 64-169, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Camilo J Meneses-Torres
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Academic Program, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Street 5 # 62-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan E Arias-Vallejo
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Academic Program, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Street 5 # 62-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Giovanna A Giraldo-Tenorio
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Academic Program, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Street 5 # 62-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria Camila Bacca-Jordán
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Academic Program, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Street 5 # 62-00, Cali, Colombia
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17
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Bradley PM, Padilla IY, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Breitmeyer SE, Cardon MC, Conley JM, Evans N, Givens CE, Gray JL, Gray LE, Hartig PC, Higgins CP, Hladik ML, Iwanowicz LR, Lane RF, Loftin KA, McCleskey RB, McDonough CA, Medlock-Kakaley E, Meppelink S, Weis CP, Wilson VS. Pilot-scale expanded assessment of inorganic and organic tapwater exposures and predicted effects in Puerto Rico, USA. Sci Total Environ 2021; 788:147721. [PMID: 34134358 PMCID: PMC8504685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale expanded target assessment of mixtures of inorganic and organic contaminants in point-of-consumption drinking water (tapwater, TW) was conducted in Puerto Rico (PR) to continue to inform TW exposures and corresponding estimations of cumulative human-health risks across the US. In August 2018, a spatial synoptic pilot assessment of than 524 organic and 37 inorganic chemicals was conducted in 14 locations (7 home; 7 commercial) across PR. A follow-up 3-day temporal assessment of TW variability was conducted in December 2018 at two of the synoptic locations (1 home, 1 commercial) and included daily pre- and post-flush samples. Concentrations of regulated and unregulated TW contaminants were used to calculate cumulative in vitro bioactivity ratios and Hazard Indices (HI) based on existing human-health benchmarks. Synoptic results confirmed that human exposures to inorganic and organic contaminant mixtures, which are rarely monitored together in drinking water at the point of consumption, occurred across PR and consisted of elevated concentrations of inorganic contaminants (e.g., lead, copper), disinfection byproducts (DBP), and to a lesser extent per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and phthalates. Exceedances of human-health benchmarks in every synoptic TW sample support further investigation of the potential cumulative risk to vulnerable populations in PR and emphasize the importance of continued broad characterization of drinking-water exposures at the tap with analytical capabilities that better represent the complexity of both inorganic and organic contaminant mixtures known to occur in ambient source waters. Such health-based monitoring data are essential to support public engagement in source water sustainability and treatment and to inform consumer point-of-use treatment decision making in PR and throughout the US.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary C Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - L Earl Gray
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher P Weis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Bradley PM, LeBlanc DR, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Cardon MC, Clark JM, Conley JM, Evans N, Givens CE, Gray JL, Earl Gray L, Hartig PC, Higgins CP, Hladik ML, Iwanowicz LR, Loftin KA, Blaine McCleskey R, McDonough CA, Medlock-Kakaley EK, Weis CP, Wilson VS. Public and private tapwater: Comparative analysis of contaminant exposure and potential risk, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Environ Int 2021; 152:106487. [PMID: 33752165 PMCID: PMC8268049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are primary drivers of environmental contamination worldwide, including in drinking-water resources. In the United States (US), federal and state agencies regulate and monitor public-supply drinking water while private-supply monitoring is rare; the current lack of directly comparable information on contaminant-mixture exposures and risks between private- and public-supplies undermines tapwater (TW) consumer decision-making. METHODS We compared private- and public-supply residential point-of-use TW at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where both supplies share the same groundwater source. TW from 10 private- and 10 public-supply homes was analyzed for 487 organic, 38 inorganic, 8 microbial indicators, and 3 in vitro bioactivities. Concentrations were compared to existing protective health-based benchmarks, and aggregated Hazard Indices (HI) of regulated and unregulated TW contaminants were calculated along with ratios of in vitro exposure-activity cutoffs. RESULTS Seventy organic and 28 inorganic constituents were detected in TW. Median detections were comparable, but median cumulative concentrations were substantially higher in public supply due to 6 chlorine-disinfected samples characterized by disinfection byproducts and corresponding lower heterotrophic plate counts. Public-supply applicable maximum contaminant (nitrate) and treatment action (lead and copper) levels were exceeded in private-supply TW samples only. Exceedances of health-based HI screening levels of concern were common to both TW supplies. DISCUSSION These Cape Cod results indicate comparable cumulative human-health concerns from contaminant exposures in private- and public-supply TW in a shared source-water setting. Importantly, although this study's analytical coverage exceeds that currently feasible for water purveyors or homeowners, it nevertheless is a substantial underestimation of the full breadth of contaminant mixtures documented in the environment and potentially present in drinking water. CONCLUSION Regardless of the supply, increased public engagement in source-water protection and drinking-water treatment, including consumer point-of-use treatment, is warranted to reduce risks associated with long-term TW contaminant exposures, especially in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary C Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - L Earl Gray
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher P Weis
- U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Oyewo OA, Nevondo NG, Onwudiwe DC, Onyango MS. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl blue in water using sawdust-derived cellulose nanocrystals-metal oxide nanocomposite. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The goals of this research are to evaluate which chemical contaminations were detected in Brazil's drinking water reported in papers published from 2012 to 2019, to propose guideline values for emerging contaminants and assess which are the priority parameters from a health risk perspective. The methodology used was a systematic review. The chemical contaminants quantified were evaluated according to Brazilian drinking-water standards, and Guideline Values were proposed for emerging pollutants using conservative endpoints from NOAEL and LOAEL available in literature. From 1351 articles evaluated, 15 reached the research goal. Seventy-seven parameters were quantified in Brazilian drinking water from underground, surface and rainwater sources. Soil composition, mining, sewage and agricultural activities were the main sources for the seven classes framed: pesticides, metals, organic, endocrine disruptors, drugs, personal care products and illicit drugs. Twenty-two parameters are listed in the current Brazilian drinking water quality standard and 54 are not. Water was not considered appropriate to drink due to cadmium, aluminum, iron, nickel, mercury, atrazine, propionaldehyde, beryllium, acetone and 17 α-ethinyl estradiol (carcinogenic). Measures to reduce chemical contamination in drinking water need to be taken such as the expansion of sewage treatment and upgrading to tertiary treatment, and controlling and reducing the application of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Barros Zini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Luiz Englert s/n°, downtown, 90040-040, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil E-mail: ; Health State Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Environmental Vigilance, Av. Ipiranga, 5400, 90610-000, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Mariliz Gutterres
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Luiz Englert s/n°, downtown, 90040-040, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil E-mail:
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21
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Oyewo OA, Adeniyi A, Sithole BB, Onyango MS. Sawdust-Based Cellulose Nanocrystals Incorporated with ZnO Nanoparticles as Efficient Adsorption Media in the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye. ACS Omega 2020; 5:18798-18807. [PMID: 32775881 PMCID: PMC7408268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increase in the wastes generated from forestry, timber, and paper industries has engendered the need for their transformation into economically viable materials for the benefit of mankind. This study reports the preparation and application of sawdust-derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) incorporated with zinc oxide as a novel adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from water. The CNC/ZnO nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy. The amount of MB adsorbed was determined by a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The microscopic analysis revealed that the nanocomposite had a narrow particle size range and exhibited both spherical and rod-like morphologies. The XRD analysis of the nanocomposite showed characteristic high-intensity peaks in the range of 30-75° attributed to the presence of ZnO nanoparticles, which were responsible for the enhancement of the crystallinity of the nanocomposite. The results revealed a relationship between the MB removal efficiency and changes in solution pH, nanocomposite dosage, initial concentration, temperature, and reaction time. The adsorption equilibrium isotherm, measured in the temperature range of 25-45 °C and using a concentration of 20-100 mg/L, showed that the MB sorption followed the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 64.93 mg/g. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave the best fit to the experimental data. Based on adsorption performance, the CNC/ZnO nanocomposite offers prospects for further research and application in amelioration of dye-containing effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi A. Oyewo
- Department
of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- . Tel: +27123823596
| | - Amos Adeniyi
- Department
of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - B. Bruce Sithole
- Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4125, South Africa
| | - Maurice S. Onyango
- Department
of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- . Tel: 0123823533
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22
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Singla V. Carcinogens in Products: Inadequate Protections Raise Cancer Risks. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:619-622. [PMID: 32430153 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence shows, that over their life cycle, chemicals used in everyday products contribute to raising cancer risks, especially for vulnerable populations such as children and communities of color. This article outlines how US policies have not yet incorporated current science in relation to environmental carcinogenesis and recommends improvements to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Singla
- Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA; Healthy People and Thriving Communities Program, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Evans S, Campbell C, Naidenko OV. Analysis of Cumulative Cancer Risk Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in United States Drinking Water. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2149. [PMID: 32213849 PMCID: PMC7142415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of different disinfection byproducts form in drinking water following necessary treatment with chlorine and other disinfectants, and many of those byproducts can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer. This study offers the first side-by-side comparison of cancer risk assessments based on toxicological and epidemiological studies of disinfection byproducts using a comprehensive contaminant occurrence dataset for haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes, two groups of disinfection byproducts that are regulated in drinking water. We also provide the first analysis of a new occurrence dataset for unregulated haloacetic acids that became available from the latest, fourth round of the U.S. EPA-mandated unregulated contaminant monitoring program (UCMR4). A toxicological assessment indicated that haloacetic acids, and in particular brominated haloacetic acids, are more carcinogenic and are associated with a greater number of attributable cancer cases than trihalomethanes. Based on the toxicological analysis, cumulative lifetime cancer risk due to exposure to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids for community water systems monitored under UCMR4, estimated with standard default parameters for body weight and water intake, corresponds to 7.0 × 10-5 (3.5 × 10-5-1.3 × 10-4). The same analysis conducted with age sensitivity factors to account for elevated risk in infants and children yielded a cumulative risk estimate of 2.9 × 10-4 (1.7 × 10-4-6.2 × 10-4). Epidemiological data suggest that lifetime cancer risk from disinfection byproducts for the U.S. population served by community water systems is approximately 3.0 × 10-3 (2.1 × 10-4-5.7 × 10-3), or a lifetime cancer risk of three cases per thousand people. Overall, this analysis highlights the value of using human data in health risk assessments to the greatest extent possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Evans
- Environmental Working Group, 1436 U Street NW, Suite 100, Washington, DC 20009, USA; (C.C.); (O.V.N.)
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McDonough LK, Santos IR, Andersen MS, O'Carroll DM, Rutlidge H, Meredith K, Oudone P, Bridgeman J, Gooddy DC, Sorensen JPR, Lapworth DJ, MacDonald AM, Ward J, Baker A. Changes in global groundwater organic carbon driven by climate change and urbanization. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1279. [PMID: 32152271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and urbanization can increase pressures on groundwater resources, but little is known about how groundwater quality will change. Here, we use a global synthesis (n = 9,404) to reveal the drivers of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is an important component of water chemistry and substrate for microorganisms that control biogeochemical reactions. Dissolved inorganic chemistry, local climate and land use explained ~ 31% of observed variability in groundwater DOC, whilst aquifer age explained an additional 16%. We identify a 19% increase in DOC associated with urban land cover. We predict major groundwater DOC increases following changes in precipitation and temperature in key areas relying on groundwater. Climate change and conversion of natural or agricultural areas to urban areas will decrease groundwater quality and increase water treatment costs, compounding existing constraints on groundwater resources.
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