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Zhong H, Wang XG, Wang J, Chen YJ, Qin HL, Yang R. Impact of probiotics supplement on the gut microbiota in neonates with antibiotic exposure: an open-label single-center randomized parallel controlled study. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:385-393. [PMID: 34331676 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics, a common strategy used for neonatal infection, show consistent effect on the gut microbiota of neonates. Supplementation with probiotics has become increasingly popular in mitigating the loss of the gut microbiota. However, no clear consensus recommending the use of probiotics in the infection of neonates currently exists. This study examined the effects of probiotics on the gut microbiota of infectious neonates when used concurrently with or during the recovery period following antibiotic therapy. METHODS Fifty-five full-term neonates diagnosed with neonatal infections were divided into the following groups: NI (no intervention, antibiotic therapy only), PCA (probiotics used concurrently with antibiotics), and PAA (probiotics used after antibiotics). The NI group received antibiotic treatment (piperacillin-tazobactam) for 1 week and the PCA group received antibiotic treatment together with probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis) for 1 week. The PAA group received antibiotic treatment for 1 week followed by probiotics for 1 week. Fecal samples were collected at four time nodes: newborn, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 42 days after birth. The composition of the gut microbiota was determined by the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. RESULTS Antibiotic exposure was found to dramatically alter gut microbiota, with a significant decrease of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. The use of probiotics did not restore the overall diversity of the gut microbiota. However, using probiotics simultaneously with the antibiotics was found to be beneficial for the gut microbiota as compared to delaying the use of probiotics to follow treatment with antibiotics, particularly in promoting the abundance of Bifidobacterium. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the early use of probiotics may have a potential ability to remodel the gut microbiota during recovery from antibiotic treatment. However, further study is required to fully understand the long-term effects including the clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Geng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan-Long Qin
- Institute for Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China.
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Plessas S, Kiousi DE, Rathosi M, Alexopoulos A, Kourkoutas Y, Mantzourani I, Galanis A, Bezirtzoglou E. Isolation of a Lactobacillus paracasei Strain with Probiotic Attributes from Kefir Grains. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120594. [PMID: 33322295 PMCID: PMC7764135 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Κefir is a rich source of potentially probiotic bacteria. In the present study, firstly, in vitro screening for probiotic characteristics of ten lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kefir grains was performed. Strain AGR 4 was selected for further studies. Molecular characterization of strain AGR 4, confirmed that AGR 4 belongs to the Lactobacillus paracasei (reclassified to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei) species. Further testing revealed that L. paracasei AGR 4 displayed adhesion capacity on human adenocarcinoma cells, HT-29, similar to that of the reference strain, L. casei ATCC 393. In addition, the novel strain exerted significant time- and dose-dependent antiproliferative activity against HT-29 cells and human melanoma cell line, A375, as demonstrated by the sulforhodamine B cytotoxicity assay. Flow cytometry analysis was employed to investigate the mechanism of cellular death; however, it was found that AGR 4 did not act by inducing cell cycle arrest and/or apoptotic cell death. Taken together, these findings promote the probiotic character of the newly isolated strain L. paracasei AGR 4, while further studies are needed for the detailed description of its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Plessas
- Laboratory of Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece; (A.A.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-25520-41141
| | - Despoina Eugenia Kiousi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Marina Rathosi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Athanasios Alexopoulos
- Laboratory of Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece; (A.A.); (I.M.)
| | - Yiannis Kourkoutas
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Mantzourani
- Laboratory of Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece; (A.A.); (I.M.)
| | - Alex Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
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Baldassarre ME, Di Mauro A, Capozza M, Rizzo V, Schettini F, Panza R, Laforgia N. Dysbiosis and Prematurity: Is There a Role for Probiotics? Nutrients 2019; 11:E1273. [PMID: 31195600 PMCID: PMC6627287 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy microbiota is a critical mediator in maintaining health and it is supposed that dysbiosis could have a role in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Evidence supports the hypothesis that maternal dysbiosis could act as a trigger for preterm birth; aberrant colonization of preterm infant gut might have a role in feeding intolerance and pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Despite several clinical trials and meta-analyses, it is still not clear if modulation of maternal and neonatal microbiota with probiotic supplementation decreases the risk of preterm birth and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Mauro
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Manuela Capozza
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Valentina Rizzo
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Federico Schettini
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Panza
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, P.zza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Mantzourani I, Chondrou P, Bontsidis C, Karolidou K, Terpou A, Alexopoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E, Galanis A, Plessas S. Assessment of the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir grains: evaluation of adhesion and antiproliferative properties in in vitro experimental systems. ANN MICROBIOL 2019; 69:751-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase is heavily used in the food processing industries to improve food qualities. Being a protein's glue, by cross-linking it creates neoepitope complexes that are immunogenic and potentially pathogenic in celiac disease. Despite low sequence identity, it imitates functionally its family member, the endogenous tissue transglutaminase, which is the autoantigen of celiac disease. The present comprehensive review highlights the enzyme characteristics, endogenous and exogenous intestinal sources, its cross-talks with gluten and gliadin, its immunogenicity and potential pathogenicity and risks for the gluten induced conditions. If substantiated, it might represent a new environmental inducer of celiac disease. The present findings might affect nutritional product labeling, processed food additive policies and consumer health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerner Aaron
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany.
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Mantzourani I, Terpou A, Alexopoulos A, Chondrou P, Galanis A, Bekatorou A, Bezirtzoglou E, Koutinas AA, Plessas S. Application of A Novel Potential Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei Strain Isolated from Kefir Grains in the Production of Feta-Type Cheese. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E121. [PMID: 30501107 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study 38 lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated from kefir grains and were monitored regarding probiotic properties in a series of established in vitro tests, including resistance to low pH, resistance to pepsin and pancreatin, and tolerance to bile salts, as well as susceptibility against common antibiotics. Among them, the strain SP3 displayed potential probiotic properties. Multiplex PCR analysis indicated that the novel strain belongs to the paracasei species. Likewise, the novel strain (Lactobacillus paracasei SP3) was applied as a starter culture for Feta-type cheese production. Feta-type cheese production resulted in significantly higher acidity; lower pH; reduced counts of coliforms, yeasts and fungi; and improved quality characteristics compared with cheese samples produced with no starter culture. Finally, it is highlighted that the application of the novel strain led to Feta-type cheese production with improved overall quality and sensory characteristics.
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Abstract
Many essential functions of the human body are dependent on the symbiotic microbiota, which is present at especially high numbers and diversity in the gut. This intricate host-microbe relationship is a result of the long-term coevolution between the two. While the inheritance of mutational changes in the host evolution is almost exclusively vertical, the main mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene exchange. The gut conditions, with stable temperature, continuous food supply, constant physicochemical conditions, extremely high concentration of microbial cells and phages, and plenty of opportunities for conjugation on the surfaces of food particles and host tissues, represent one of the most favorable ecological niches for horizontal gene exchange. Thus, the gut microbial system genetically is very dynamic and capable of rapid response, at the genetic level, to selection, for example, by antibiotics. There are many other factors to which the microbiota may dynamically respond including lifestyle, therapy, diet, refined food, food additives, consumption of pre- and probiotics, and many others. The impact of the changing selective pressures on gut microbiota, however, is poorly understood. Presumably, the gut microbiome responds to these changes by genetic restructuring of gut populations, driven mainly via horizontal gene exchange. Thus, our main goal is to reveal the role played by horizontal gene exchange in the changing landscape of the gastrointestinal microbiome and potential effect of these changes on human health in general and autoimmune diseases in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | | | - Rustam Aminov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Toscano M, De Grandi R, Pastorelli L, Vecchi M, Drago L. A consumer's guide for probiotics: 10 golden rules for a correct use. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:1177-1184. [PMID: 28830747 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are used all over the world as their beneficial effects on the human organism have been widely demonstrated. Certain probiotics can down-regulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote intestinal epithelial barrier functions, increasing an anti-inflammatory response and contributing to the host's overall health. The main mechanisms by which probiotic microorganisms can interact with the host are by modulating the immune system and the epithelial cell functions and interacting with intestinal gut microbiota. To date, hundreds of different microorganisms are used for the formulation of numerous probiotic products; therefore, it is very difficult to choose the best probiotic product for specific or more general needs. Therefore, physicians are getting more and more confused due to the high number of commercial products which are often lacking healthy effects on the host. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the main characteristics that probiotic microorganisms and products should possess to have a positive impact on the host's health. To this purpose, this review suggests "10 golden rules" or "commandments" that clinicians should follow to properly select the optimal probiotic product and avoid misidentifications, mislabelling and "pie in the sky" stories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Toscano
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta De Grandi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical-Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Amaral DM, Silva LF, Casarotti SN, Nascimento LCS, Penna ALB. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus durans isolated from cheese: Survival in the presence of medications under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and adhesion properties. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:933-949. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Chronic constipation is a prevalent, burdensome gastrointestinal disorder whose aetiology and pathophysiology remains poorly understood and is most likely multifactorial. Differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been demonstrated when constipated patients and healthy controls have been compared. Growing evidence indicates that alterations of intestinal microbiota may contribute to constipation and constipation-related symptoms. The intestinal microbiota is a collection of microorganisms that live within the gastrointestinal tract, and perform many important health-promoting functions. The intestinal microbiota aids in the breakdown of food products into absorbable nutrients, stimulates the host immune system, prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria and produces a great variety of biologically important compounds. In this review, we will summarize the current evidence supporting roles of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and management of chronic constipation. The discussion will shed light on the novel mechanisms of intestinal microbiota and gut function interactions, which is invaluable in ultimately developing new therapeutic tools for the treatment of chronic constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, 250031 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 People's Republic of China
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Drago L, De Grandi R, De Vecchi E, Toscano M. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of a new Lactobacillus kefiri strain. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 4:74-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Anandharaj M, Sivasankari B, Santhanakaruppu R, Manimaran M, Rani RP, Sivakumar S. Determining the probiotic potential of cholesterol-reducing Lactobacillus and Weissella strains isolated from gherkins (fermented cucumber) and south Indian fermented koozh. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:428-439. [PMID: 25839996 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from traditionally fermented south Indian koozh and gherkin (cucumber). A total of 51 LAB strains were isolated, among which four were identified as Lactobacillus spp. and three as Weissella spp. The strains were screened for their probiotic potential. All isolated Lactobacillus and Weissella strains were capable of surviving under low pH and bile salt conditions. GI9 and FKI21 were able to survive at pH 2.0 and 0.50% bile salt for 3 h without losing their viability. All LAB strains exhibited inhibitory activity against tested pathogens and were able to deconjugate bile salt. Higher deconjugation was observed in the presence of sodium glycocholate (P < 0.05). Strain FKI21 showed maximum auto-aggregation (79%) and co-aggregation with Escherichia coli MTCC 1089 (68%). Exopolysaccharide production of LAB strains ranged from 68.39 to 127.12 mg/L (P < 0.05). Moreover, GI9 (58.08 μg/ml) and FKI21 (56.25 μg/ml) exhibited maximum cholesterol reduction with bile salts. 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed GI9 and FKI21 as Lactobacillus crispatus and Weissella koreensis, respectively. This is the first study to report isolation of W. koreensis FKI21 from fermented koozh and demonstrates its cholesterol-reducing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Anandharaj
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Balayogan Sivasankari
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Santhanakaruppu
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Manimaran
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rizwana Parveen Rani
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramaniyan Sivakumar
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamilnadu, India
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Toscano M, De Vecchi E, Gabrieli A, Zuccotti GV, Drago L. Probiotic characteristics and in vitro compatibility of a combination of Bifidobacterium breve M-16 V, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M-63 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Patel A, Prajapati J, Holst O, Ljungh A. Determining probiotic potential of exopolysaccharide producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from vegetables and traditional Indian fermented food products. FOOD BIOSCI 2014; 5:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Probiotics are living microorganisms which have demonstrated many benefits in prevention, mitigation, and treatment of various disease states in critically ill populations. These diseases include antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile diarrhea, ventilator-associated pneumonia, clearance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from the GI tract, pancreatitis, liver transplant, major abdominal surgery, and trauma. However, their use has been severely limited due to a variety of factors including a general naïveté within the physician community, lack of regulation, and safety concerns. This article focuses on uses for probiotics in prevention and treatment, addresses current concerns regarding their use as well as proposing a protocol for safe use of probiotics in the critically ill patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Urben
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In pediatrics, prebiotics and/or probiotics are added to infant formula, mainly to prevent diseases such as diarrheal disorders. Probiotic food supplements and medication are frequently used in the treatment of diarrheal disorders. This paper reviews the recent published evidence on these topics. AREAS COVERED Relevant literature published using PubMed and CINAHL was collected and reviewed. Recent review papers were give special attention. EXPERT OPINION The addition of pre- and/or probiotics to infant formula seems not harmful, but the evidence for benefit is limited. Most probiotics are commercialized as food supplements, and therefore do not qualify for medication legislation. Worldwide, Saccharomyces boulardii is the only strain which is registered as "medication" in the majority of countries. Efficacy data can only be considered if performed with the commercialized product. Some products reduce the risk for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and reduced the duration of acute infectious diarrhea with about 24 h. Overall, data in the other indications (inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome) are disappointing, although there are some recent promising results. The use of food supplements as medication opens the discussion to create a category of "medical food."
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Vandenplas
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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