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Jung H, Pitout JDD, Matsumura Y, Strydom KA, Kingsburgh C, Ehlers MM, Kock MM. Genomic epidemiology and molecular characteristics of bla NDM-1-positive carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to international high-risk clone ST773 in the Gauteng region, South Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:627-640. [PMID: 38265603 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The emergence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) harbouring acquired carbapenemase genes (blaVIM, blaIMP and blaNDM) has become a global public health threat. Three CRPA isolates included in the study had an extensively drug-resistant phenotype with susceptibility to colistin only and were positive for the blaNDM-1 gene. The current study aimed to investigate the genomic epidemiology and molecular characteristics of the blaNDM-1-positive CRPA isolates collected from the Gauteng region, South Africa. METHODS Short read whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to determine sequence types (STs), genetic relatedness, resistome, virulome and the genetic environment of the blaNDM-1 gene. RESULTS The WGS and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the study isolates belonged to an international high-risk clone ST773 and belonged to the same clade with eight blaNDM-1-positive ST773 isolates from Hungary, India, Nigeria, South Korea and USA. The study isolates harboured a wide repertoire of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) related with mobile genetic elements, porins and efflux pumps, as well as virulence factor genes. The clade-specific ARGs (blaNDM-1, floR2/cmlA9, rmtB4, tetG) were found in a putative integrative and conjugative element (ICE) region similar to ICE6660-like. CONCLUSION As ICE carrying the blaNDM-1 gene can easily spread to other P. aeruginosa isolates and other Gram-negative bacteria, the findings in this study highlight the need for appropriate management strategies and active surveillance of CRPA isolates in the Gauteng region, South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsul Jung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johann D D Pitout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Division of Microbiology, Alberta Public Laboratories, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Yasufumi Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kathy-Anne Strydom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Ampath National Reference Laboratory, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Chanel Kingsburgh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Ampath National Reference Laboratory, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Pretoria, South Africa.
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Oliver A, Rojo-Molinero E, Arca-Suarez J, Beşli Y, Bogaerts P, Cantón R, Cimen C, Croughs PD, Denis O, Giske CG, Graells T, Daniel Huang TD, Iorga BI, Karatuna O, Kocsis B, Kronenberg A, López-Causapé C, Malhotra-Kumar S, Martínez LM, Mazzariol A, Meyer S, Naas T, Notermans DW, Oteo-Iglesias J, Pedersen T, Pirš M, Poeta P, Poirel L, Pournaras S, Sundsfjord A, Szabó D, Tambić-Andrašević A, Vatcheva-Dobrevska R, Vitkauskienė A, Jeannot K. Pseudomonasaeruginosa antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, resistance mechanisms and international clonal lineages: update from ESGARS-ESCMID/ISARPAE Group. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:469-480. [PMID: 38160753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen considered one of the paradigms of antimicrobial resistance, is among the main causes of hospital-acquired and chronic infections associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This growing threat results from the extraordinary capacity of P. aeruginosa to develop antimicrobial resistance through chromosomal mutations, the increasing prevalence of transferable resistance determinants (such as the carbapenemases and the extended-spectrum β-lactamases), and the global expansion of epidemic lineages. The general objective of this initiative is to provide a comprehensive update of P. aeruginosa resistance mechanisms, especially for the extensively drug-resistant (XDR)/difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) international high-risk epidemic lineages, and how the recently approved β-lactams and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations may affect resistance mechanisms and the definition of susceptibility profiles. METHODS To address this challenge, the European Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ESGARS) from the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases launched the 'Improving Surveillance of Antibiotic-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Europe (ISARPAE)' initiative in 2022, supported by the Joint programming initiative on antimicrobial resistance network call and included a panel of over 40 researchers from 18 European Countries. Thus, a ESGARS-ISARPAE position paper was designed and the final version agreed after four rounds of revision and discussion by all panel members. QUESTIONS ADDRESSED IN THE POSITION PAPER To provide an update on (a) the emerging resistance mechanisms to classical and novel anti-pseudomonal agents, with a particular focus on β-lactams, (b) the susceptibility profiles associated with the most relevant β-lactam resistance mechanisms, (c) the impact of the novel agents and resistance mechanisms on the definitions of resistance profiles, and (d) the globally expanding XDR/DTR high-risk lineages and their association with transferable resistance mechanisms. IMPLICATION The evidence presented herein can be used for coordinated epidemiological surveillance and decision making at the European and global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Rojo-Molinero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Arca-Suarez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Yeşim Beşli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amerikan Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pierre Bogaerts
- National Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Rafael Cantón
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cansu Cimen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Croughs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Denis
- Department of Microbiology, CHU Namur Site-Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium; Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian G Giske
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tíscar Graells
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Te-Din Daniel Huang
- National Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Onur Karatuna
- EUCAST Development Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology, Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andreas Kronenberg
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carla López-Causapé
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luis Martínez Martínez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Departamento de Química Agrícola, Edafología y Microbiología, Universidad de Córdoba, e Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Spain
| | - Annarita Mazzariol
- Microbiology and Virology Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sylvain Meyer
- INSERM UMR 1092 and Université of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thierry Naas
- Laboratoire Associé du Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques: Entérobactéries Résistantes aux Carbapénèmes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Équipe INSERM ReSIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Daan W Notermans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Oteo-Iglesias
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Reference and Research Laboratory in Resistance to Antibiotics and Infections Related to Healthcare, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Torunn Pedersen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mateja Pirš
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Poeta
- MicroART-Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Laurent Poirel
- Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; University of Fribourg, Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Spyros Pournaras
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Arnfinn Sundsfjord
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research Group on Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dora Szabó
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Human Microbiota Study Group, Semmelweis University-Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arjana Tambić-Andrašević
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Astra Vitkauskienė
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Katy Jeannot
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France; Laboratoire associé du Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France; Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, CNRS, Université Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Gondal AJ, Choudhry N, Niaz A, Yasmin N. Molecular Analysis of Carbapenem and Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes in Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Strains: A Challenge for Tertiary Care Hospitals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:191. [PMID: 38391577 PMCID: PMC10886086 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) strains have become a global threat due to their remarkable capability to survive and disseminate successfully by the acquisition of resistance genes. As a result, the treatment strategies have been severely compromised. Due to the insufficient available data regarding P. aeruginosa resistance from Pakistan, we aimed to investigate the resistance mechanisms of 249 P. aeruginosa strains by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reaction for the detection of carbapenemases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), sequence typing and plasmid typing. Furthermore, we tested silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to evaluate their in vitro sensitivity against antimicrobial-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. We observed higher resistance against antimicrobials in the general surgery ward, general medicine ward and wound samples. Phenotypic carbapenemase-producer strains comprised 80.7% (201/249) with 89.0% (179/201) demonstrating genes encoding carbapenemases: blaNDM-1 (32.96%), blaOXA48 (37.43%), blaIMP (7.26%), blaVIM (5.03%), blaKPC-2 (1.12%), blaNDM-1/blaOXA48 (13.97%), blaOXA-48/blaVIM (1.68%) and blaVIM/blaIMP (0.56%). Aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes and 16S rRNA methylase variants were detected in 43.8% (109/249) strains: aac(6')-lb (12.8%), aac(3)-lla (12.0%), rmtB (21.1%), rmtC (11.0%), armA (12.8%), rmtD (4.6%), rmtF (6.4%), rmtB/aac(3)-lla (8.2%), rmtB/aac(6')-lla (7.3%) and rmtB/armA (3.6%). In total, 43.0% (77/179) of the strains coharbored carbapenemases and aminoglycoside resistance genes with 83.1% resistant to at least 1 agent in 3 or more classes and 16.9% resistant to every class of antimicrobials tested. Thirteen sequence types (STs) were identified: ST235, ST277, ST234, ST170, ST381, ST175, ST1455, ST1963, ST313, ST207, ST664, ST357 and ST348. Plasmid replicon types IncFI, IncFII, IncA/C, IncL/M, IncN, IncX, IncR and IncFIIK and MOB types F11, F12, H121, P131 and P3 were detected. Meropenem/AgNPs and Amikacin/AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity. We reported the coexistence of carbapenemases and aminoglycoside resistance genes among carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa with diverse clonal lineages from Pakistan. Furthermore, we highlighted AgNP's potential role in handling future antimicrobial resistance concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Jamal Gondal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nakhshab Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Niaz
- Department of Biochemistry, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Yasmin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Lee JH, Kim NH, Jang KM, Jin H, Shin K, Jeong BC, Kim DW, Lee SH. Prioritization of Critical Factors for Surveillance of the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15209. [PMID: 37894890 PMCID: PMC10607276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the primary opportunistic human pathogen responsible for a range of acute and chronic infections; it poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for nosocomial infections. Its high resistance to a diverse array of antimicrobial agents presents an urgent health concern. Among the mechanisms contributing to resistance in P. aeruginosa, the horizontal acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via mobile genetic elements (MGEs) has gained recognition as a substantial concern in clinical settings, thus indicating that a comprehensive understanding of ARG dissemination within the species is strongly required for surveillance. Here, two approaches, including a systematic literature analysis and a genome database survey, were employed to gain insights into ARG dissemination. The genome database enabled scrutinizing of all the available sequence information and various attributes of P. aeruginosa isolates, thus providing an extensive understanding of ARG dissemination within the species. By integrating both approaches, with a primary focus on the genome database survey, mobile ARGs that were linked or correlated with MGEs, important sequence types (STs) carrying diverse ARGs, and MGEs responsible for ARG dissemination were identified as critical factors requiring strict surveillance. Although human isolates play a primary role in dissemination, the importance of animal and environmental isolates has also been suggested. In this study, 25 critical mobile ARGs, 45 critical STs, and associated MGEs involved in ARG dissemination within the species, are suggested as critical factors. Surveillance and management of these prioritized factors across the One Health sectors are essential to mitigate the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively resistant (XDR) P. aeruginosa in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hun Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.-M.J.); (H.J.); (K.S.); (B.C.J.)
| | - Nam-Hoon Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung-Min Jang
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.-M.J.); (H.J.); (K.S.); (B.C.J.)
| | - Hyeonku Jin
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.-M.J.); (H.J.); (K.S.); (B.C.J.)
| | - Kyoungmin Shin
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.-M.J.); (H.J.); (K.S.); (B.C.J.)
| | - Byeong Chul Jeong
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.-M.J.); (H.J.); (K.S.); (B.C.J.)
| | - Dae-Wi Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.-M.J.); (H.J.); (K.S.); (B.C.J.)
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Tsilipounidaki K, Gkountinoudis CG, Florou Z, Fthenakis GC, Miriagou V, Petinaki E. First Detection and Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa blaNDM-1 ST308 in Greece. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2159. [PMID: 37764003 PMCID: PMC10537375 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to report the detection and the molecular characterization of nine blaNDM-1-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, all of which belonged to the epidemic high-risk international clone ST308, and all were isolated from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Central Greece from May to July 2023.The isolates were characterized by whole genome sequencing to obtain multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST) and identify the blaNDM1-environment and resistome and virulence genes content. In silico MLST analysis showed that all isolates belonged to the high-risk ST308 international clone. All strains possessed 22 different genes, encoding resistance to various antimicrobial agents. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the blaNDM-1 was chromosomally located within the integrative and conjugative element ICETn43716385 and that it was part of one cassette along with two other resistance genes, floR and msrE. Two additional resistance cassettes were also found in the genome, which included the arrays of aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, floR, sul2 and aadA10, qnrVC1, aac(3)-Id, dfrB5, aac(6')-II. Additionally, the strains possessed various virulence genes, e.g., aprA, exoU, lasA, lasB, toxA, and estA. All of the isolates shared identical genomes, which showed 98% similarity with the P. aeruginosa ST308 genome (acc. no CP020703), previously reported from Singapore. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ST308 blaNDM-1-positive P. aeruginosa isolation in Europe, which indicates the transmission dynamics of this high-risk clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Tsilipounidaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.T.); (C.-G.G.); (Z.F.)
| | | | - Zoi Florou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.T.); (C.-G.G.); (Z.F.)
| | | | - Vivi Miriagou
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Efthymia Petinaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.T.); (C.-G.G.); (Z.F.)
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