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Abuelela AM, Kaur J, Saxena A, Bedair MA, Verma DK, Berdimurodov E. Electrochemical and DFT studies of Terminalia bellerica fruit extract as an eco-friendly inhibitor for the corrosion of steel. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19367. [PMID: 37938591 PMCID: PMC10632492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that metal corrosion causes serious economy losses worldwide. One of the most effective ways to prevent corrosion is the continuous development of high-efficient and environment-friendly corrosion inhibitors. Among the widely used organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors, plant extracts are top candidates due to their nontoxic nature. The present study reports a novel application of the methanolic extract of Terminalia bellerica fruits as an environment friendly corrosion inhibitor for steel in sulphuric acid medium. The phytochemicals of the extract, namely Ellagic, Gallic, and Malic acids, play a key role of the anti-corrosive behavior of the extract. The corrosion prevention activity was studied on the steel in 1 M H2SO4 using a variety of approaches including weight loss analysis (WL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), density functional theory (DFT), natural bond orbital analysis (NBO), Fukui function and Monte Carlo simulations (MC). In 1 M H2SO4 solution, the maximum electrochemical inhibition efficiency of 91.79% was observed at 4000 mg/L concentration of the extract. The NBO analysis showed that the charge density of the double bonds and the oxygen atoms of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of the phytochemicals lies on the top of the natural bond orbitals which promotes the anticorrosive properties of the investigated inhibitors. The surface coverage of steel was validated by SEM measurements. According to DFT studies, numerous nucleophilic regions were present in the active phytochemical constituents of the inhibitor, demonstrating their favorable nucleophilicity. The computed electronic structure of the phytochemicals revealed band gaps of 4.813, 5.444, and 7.562 eV for Ellagic, Gallic, and Malic acids respectively suggesting effective metal-inhibitor interactions. A good correlation between experimental and theoretical findings was addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abuelela
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| | - Jasdeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Akhil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Mahmoud A Bedair
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 511, 61922, Bisha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dakeshwar Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Government Digvijay Autonomous Postgraduate College, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, 491441, India
| | - Elyor Berdimurodov
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, 100007, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Medical School, Central Asian University, 111221, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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2
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Casino P, López A, Peiró S, Rios S, Porta A, Agustí G, Terlevich D, Asensio D, Marqués AM, Piqué N. Polyethersulfone (PES) Filters Improve the Recovery of Legionella spp. and Enhance Selectivity against Interfering Microorganisms in Water Samples. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2670. [PMID: 37376316 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the analysis of water samples, the type of filtration membrane material can influence the recovery of Legionella species, although this issue has been poorly investigated. Filtration membranes (0.45 µm) from different materials and manufacturers (numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) were compared: mixed cellulose esters (MCEs), nitrocellulose (NC), and polyethersulfone (PES). After membrane filtration of samples, filters were placed directly onto GVPC agar and incubated at 36 ± 2 °C. The highest mean counts of colony-forming units and colony sizes for Legionella pneumophila and Legionella anisa were obtained with PES filters (p < 0.001). All membranes placed on GVPC agar totally inhibited Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19443 and ATCC 29212, whereas only the PES filter from manufacturer 3 (3-PES) totally inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PES membrane performance also differed according to the manufacturer, with 3-PES providing the best productivity and selectivity. In real water samples, 3-PES also produced a higher Legionella recovery and better inhibition of interfering microorganisms. These results support the use of PES membranes in methods where the filter is placed directly on the culture media and not only in procedures where membrane filtration is followed by a washing step (according to ISO 11731:2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Casino
- Department of Quality Control, Reactivos para Diagnóstico, S.L. (RPD), Josep Tura, 9H, Polígon Industrial Mas d'en Cisa, Sentmenat, 08181 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Asunción López
- Department of Quality Control, Reactivos para Diagnóstico, S.L. (RPD), Josep Tura, 9H, Polígon Industrial Mas d'en Cisa, Sentmenat, 08181 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Peiró
- Department of Quality Control, Reactivos para Diagnóstico, S.L. (RPD), Josep Tura, 9H, Polígon Industrial Mas d'en Cisa, Sentmenat, 08181 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Santiago Rios
- Department of Statistics, Biology Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aldous Porta
- Department of Quality Control, Reactivos para Diagnóstico, S.L. (RPD), Josep Tura, 9H, Polígon Industrial Mas d'en Cisa, Sentmenat, 08181 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Agustí
- Department of Quality Control, Reactivos para Diagnóstico, S.L. (RPD), Josep Tura, 9H, Polígon Industrial Mas d'en Cisa, Sentmenat, 08181 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniela Terlevich
- Department of Quality Control, Reactivos para Diagnóstico, S.L. (RPD), Josep Tura, 9H, Polígon Industrial Mas d'en Cisa, Sentmenat, 08181 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Asensio
- Department of Quality Control, Reactivos para Diagnóstico, S.L. (RPD), Josep Tura, 9H, Polígon Industrial Mas d'en Cisa, Sentmenat, 08181 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana María Marqués
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Piqué
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària de la UB (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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3
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Molina JJ, Bennassar M, Palacio E, Crespi S. Impact of prolonged hotel closures during the COVID-19 pandemic on Legionella infection risks. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1136668. [PMID: 36910223 PMCID: PMC9998907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1136668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, it is accepted that water stagnation and lack or poor maintenance in buildings are risk factors for Legionella growth. Then, in theory, the prolonged hotel closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic may have increased the risk of Legionella infections. However, there are very few field studies comparing the level of Legionella colonization in buildings before the pandemic and the new situation created after the lockdown. The objective of this study was to analyze these differences in a group of hotels that experienced prolonged closures in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have studied the Legionella spp. results, analyzed by standard culture, from the domestic water distribution systems of 73 hotels that experienced closures (from 1 to >4 months) during 2020, immediately after the reopening. The results were compared with those obtained in similar samplings of 2019. For the comparative analysis, we divided the hotels in two groups: Group A that have suffered closures for ≤3 months and Group B that remained closed for more than 3 months, both in relation to the opening period of 2019. In the Group B (36 sites), the frequency of positive samples in the hot water system increased from 6.7% in 2019 to 14.0% in 2020 (p < 0.05). In the Group A (37 sites), no significant differences were observed. No statistically significant differences were observed in terms of positive sites (defined as hotels with at least 1 positive sample), Legionella spp. concentrations and prevalence of Legionella pneumophila sg1 between the samplings of the two periods studied. The results suggest that hotels that suffered the longest prolonged closures (> 3 months) could have carried a higher risk of exposure to Legionella in the domestic hot water system. These findings highlight the importance of adequate preopening cleaning and disinfection procedures for hotel water systems, and the convenience of considering the most effective disinfection methods especially for hot water systems and after prolonged closure periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon J Molina
- Environmental Health and Laboratory Services, Biolinea Int., Palma, Spain.,Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Edwin Palacio
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Sebastian Crespi
- Environmental Health and Laboratory Services, Biolinea Int., Palma, Spain
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Casino P, López A, Peiró S, Ríos M, Ríos S, Porta A, Agustí G, Asensio D, Marqués AM, Piqué N. GVPC Medium Manufactured without Oxygen Improves the Growth of Legionella spp. and Exhibits Enhanced Selectivity Properties. Microbiol Spectr 2022;:e0240121. [PMID: 35315693 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02401-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine-vancomycin-polymyxin-cycloheximide agar (GVPC) is a recommended medium for the detection of Legionella spp. in water samples. However, its quality could be improved in terms of recovery of Legionella spp. and selectivity properties. Modifications were introduced in GVPC manufacture: autoclaving conditions (115°C, 15 min) and atmosphere during component-stirring (removal of oxygen and N2 injection). The use of softer autoclaving conditions (115°C, 15 min) improved the growth of Legionella anisa by the spiral method and Legionella pneumophila after membrane filtration. The medium manufactured with O2 removal and autoclaving for 15 min at 115°C allowed a faster growth of L. pneumophila (colonies visible at day 2) and a notable increase of L. anisa growth (colonies appearing at day 3, and statistically significant numbers of CFU at day 5). After 3 to 5 days of incubation, the improved media showed higher selectivity properties, particularly for Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. A further improvement was achieved by the addition of N2 during ingredient stirring, leading to a statistically significant faster growth of L. pneumophila at days 2 and 3 and L. anisa at day 3. Selectivity properties were also enhanced, resulting in the complete inhibition of both E. faecalis strains and Escherichia coli and complete-partial inhibition of P. aeruginosa. Oxygen removal during GVPC manufacture using a vacuum pump system promotes the growth of L. pneumophila and L. anisa, and markedly inhibits the growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and E. faecalis. IMPORTANCE Currently, GVPC is a recommended medium for the detection of Legionella spp. in water samples. However, recovery of Legionella spp. and selectivity properties can be improved. GVPC medium manufactured without oxygen improved the growth of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella anisa. Oxygen removal during GVPC manufacture also improved selectivity properties. A further improvement was achieved by the addition of N2 during ingredient stirring, leading to a faster growth of L. pneumophila at days 2 and 3 and L. anisa at day 3 and enhancement of selectivity properties. The introduction of the modified GVPC medium in routine practice can allow a better detection of Legionella spp. in water samples.
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Singh R, Chauhan D, Fogarty A, Rasheduzzaman M, Gurian PL. Practitioners’ Perspective on the Prevalent Water Quality Management Practices for Legionella Control in Large Buildings in the United States. Water 2022; 14:663. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Managing building water systems is complicated by the need to maintain hot water temperatures high enough to control the growth of Legionella spp. while minimizing the risk of scalding. This study assessed water quality management practices in large buildings in the United States. Surveys conducted with building water quality managers found that more than 85% of buildings have hot water temperatures that are consistent with scald risk mitigation guidelines (i.e., <122 °F/50 °C). However, nearly two thirds and three quarters of buildings do not comply with the common temperature guidance for opportunistic pathogen control, i.e., water heater setpoint > 140 °F (60 °C) and recirculation loop > 122 °F (50 °C), respectively; median values for both setpoint and recirculation loop temperatures are 10 °F (6 °C) or more below temperatures recommended for opportunistic pathogen control. These observations suggest that many buildings are prone to Legionella spp. risk. The study also found that 27% of buildings do not comply with guidelines for time to equilibrium hot water temperature, over 33% fail to monitor temperature in the recirculation loop, more than 70% fail to replace or disinfect showerheads, more than 40% lack a written management plan, and only a minority conduct any monitoring of residual disinfectant levels or microbiological quality. Given the rise in Legionellosis infections in recent years, coupled with highlighted water quality concerns because of prolonged water stagnation in plumbing, such as in buildings closed due to COVID-19, current management practices, which appear to be focused on scald risk, may need to be broadened to include greater attention to control of opportunistic pathogens. To accomplish this, there is a need for formal training and resources for facility managers.
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Vittal R, Raj JRM, Kumar BK, Karunasagar I. Advances in Environmental Detection and Clinical Diagnostic Tests for Legionella Species. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Legionella is a fastidious organism that is difficult to culture in the lab but is widely distributed in environmental, domestic, and hospital settings. The clinical manifestations due to Legionella infections range from mild fever to fatal pneumonia and multiorgan pathologies. Legionella outbreaks though prevalent globally are not reported in developing countries due to difficulties in isolating this organism and the lack of simple diagnostic protocols. Here, we review the literature from across countries to present various methods used to detect Legionella from environmental and clinical samples. We compare the sensitivity and the specificity of the conventional culture-based assays with the recent methods and discuss approaches to develop better detection and diagnostic tests. With better cost-effective detection techniques and regular monitoring of the susceptible sites, which may harbor Legionella colonies, most of the Legionella infections can be prevented. As a result, considerable burden, caused by Legionella infections, on the healthcare system, in especially economically weaker countries, can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Vittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Juliet Roshini Mohan Raj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Faccini M, Bautista L, Soldi L, Escobar AM, Altavilla M, Calvet M, Domènech A, Domínguez E. Environmentally Friendly Anticorrosive Polymeric Coatings. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:3446. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a synthetic and comprehensive overview on environmentally friendly anticorrosive polymeric coatings. Firstly, the economic and environmental impact of corrosion is presented to highlight the need of anticorrosive polymeric coatings as a flexible and effective solution to protect a metal. Secondly, the implementation of regulations together with the consumer awareness for environmental considerations and protection of health are the driving force for a progressive but significant change in the sector. Therefore, within the protective organic coatings market, this article provides a review of the most recent developments in environmentally friendly solutions, including bio-based and water-borne epoxy, hyperbranched polyester for low- volatile organic compounds (VOC) coatings, waterborne polyurethane and non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs), and graphene or bio-based fillers for acrylics. Moreover, this paper outlines new trends such as smart additives, bio-based corrosion inhibitors, and functional antibiocorrosive coatings as superhydrophobics. Finally, industrially relevant applications of environmentally friendly anticorrosive polymeric coatings including solutions for marine and off-shore industries are summarized.
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Cullom AC, Martin RL, Song Y, Williams K, Williams A, Pruden A, Edwards MA. Critical Review: Propensity of Premise Plumbing Pipe Materials to Enhance or Diminish Growth of Legionella and Other Opportunistic Pathogens. Pathogens 2020; 9:E957. [PMID: 33212943 PMCID: PMC7698398 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of Legionella pneumophila and other opportunistic pathogens (OPs) in drinking water premise plumbing poses an increasing public health concern. Premise plumbing is constructed of a variety of materials, creating complex environments that vary chemically, microbiologically, spatially, and temporally in a manner likely to influence survival and growth of OPs. Here we systematically review the literature to critically examine the varied effects of common metallic (copper, iron) and plastic (PVC, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)) pipe materials on factors influencing OP growth in drinking water, including nutrient availability, disinfectant levels, and the composition of the broader microbiome. Plastic pipes can leach organic carbon, but demonstrate a lower disinfectant demand and fewer water chemistry interactions. Iron pipes may provide OPs with nutrients directly or indirectly, exhibiting a high disinfectant demand and potential to form scales with high surface areas suitable for biofilm colonization. While copper pipes are known for their antimicrobial properties, evidence of their efficacy for OP control is inconsistent. Under some circumstances, copper's interactions with premise plumbing water chemistry and resident microbes can encourage growth of OPs. Plumbing design, configuration, and operation can be manipulated to control such interactions and health outcomes. Influences of pipe materials on OP physiology should also be considered, including the possibility of influencing virulence and antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, all known pipe materials have a potential to either stimulate or inhibit OP growth, depending on the circumstances. This review delineates some of these circumstances and informs future research and guidance towards effective deployment of pipe materials for control of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham C. Cullom
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry St., 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (A.C.C.); (R.L.M.); (Y.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Rebekah L. Martin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry St., 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (A.C.C.); (R.L.M.); (Y.S.); (A.P.)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry St., 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (A.C.C.); (R.L.M.); (Y.S.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Amanda Williams
- c/o Marc Edwards, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry St., 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Amy Pruden
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry St., 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (A.C.C.); (R.L.M.); (Y.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Marc A. Edwards
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry St., 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (A.C.C.); (R.L.M.); (Y.S.); (A.P.)
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Proctor CR, Rhoads WJ, Keane T, Salehi M, Hamilton K, Pieper KJ, Cwiertny DM, Prévost M, Whelton AJ. Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation. AWWA Water Sci 2020; 2:e1186. [PMID: 32838226 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/qvj3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented number of building closures related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is concerning because water stagnation will occur in many buildings that do not have water management plans in place. Stagnant water can have chemical and microbiological contaminants that pose potential health risks to occupants. Health officials, building owners, utilities, and other entities are rapidly developing guidance to address this issue, but the scope, applicability, and details included in the guidance vary widely. To provide a primer of large building water system preventative and remedial strategies, peer-reviewed, government, industry, and nonprofit literature relevant to water stagnation and decontamination practices for plumbing was synthesized. Preventative practices to help avoid the need for recommissioning (e.g., routine flushing) and specific actions, challenges, and limitations associated with recommissioning were identified and characterized. Considerations for worker and occupant safety were also indicated. The intended audience of this work includes organizations developing guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Proctor
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - William J Rhoads
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Tim Keane
- Legionella Risk Management, Inc. Chalfont Pennsylvania
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Department of Civil Engineering University of Memphis Memphis Tennessee
| | - Kerry Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Kelsey J Pieper
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
- Public Policy Center University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
| | - Michele Prévost
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Polytechnique Montreal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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10
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Proctor CR, Rhoads WJ, Keane T, Salehi M, Hamilton K, Pieper KJ, Cwiertny DM, Prévost M, Whelton AJ. Considerations for Large Building Water Quality after Extended Stagnation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:e1186. [PMID: 32838226 PMCID: PMC7323006 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented number of building closures related to the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic is concerning because water stagnation will occur in many buildings that do not have water management plans in place. Stagnant water can have chemical and microbiological contaminants that pose potential health risks to occupants. Health officials, building owners, utilities, and other entities are rapidly developing guidance to address this issue, but the scope, applicability, and details included in the guidance vary widely. To provide a primer of large building water system preventative and remedial strategies, peer‐reviewed, government, industry, and nonprofit literature relevant to water stagnation and decontamination practices for plumbing was synthesized. Preventative practices to help avoid the need for recommissioning (e.g., routine flushing) and specific actions, challenges, and limitations associated with recommissioning were identified and characterized. Considerations for worker and occupant safety were also indicated. The intended audience of this work includes organizations developing guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Proctor
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN
| | - William J Rhoads
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
| | - Tim Keane
- Consulting Engineer, Legionella Risk Management, Inc PA
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Department of Civil Engineering University of Memphis Memphis TN
| | - Kerry Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ
| | - Kelsey J Pieper
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University Boston MA
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, 251 North Capitol Street, Chemistry Building - Room W195 University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Public Policy Center, 310 South Grand Ave, 209 South Quadrangle University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Michele Prévost
- Professor and Principal Chairholder, NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal CP Québec Canada
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Purdue University, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering West Lafayette IN
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11
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van der Lugt W, Euser SM, Bruin JP, den Boer JW, Yzerman EPF. Wide-scale study of 206 buildings in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2015 to determine the effect of drinking water management plans on the presence of Legionella spp. Water Res 2019; 161:581-589. [PMID: 31238223 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous analysis of the Dutch National Legionella Outbreak Detection Program 2002-2012 has shown that buildings required to maintain a Legionella control plan for their drinking water installation are more likely to test positive for Legionella spp. Than buildings without such a plan (38% versus 22% of samples). To clarify this discrepancy, we analysed the results of mandatory water sample testing conducted as part of risk assessments in 206 buildings in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2015. Of the 6171 samples analysed, 16.2% exceeded the Dutch drinking water standard for Legionella spp. of 100 CFU/litre. In buildings with ≤50 tap points, the average percentage of samples containing ≥100 CFU/litre was 28.2%, and from buildings with >50 tap points, it was 12.2%. Analysis of serial samples (taken every 6 months) from each building showed that 33.2% of all buildings tested positive for at least one sample every 6 months. The overall increase was 4.4% per year. Analysis of Legionella subgroups showed that while the majority of positive samples contained L. non-pneumophila (96.9%), some samples did contain L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (1.0%) and serogroups 2-14 (2.1%). Our data suggest that the Dutch mandatory risk assessment and drinking water management plan is not sufficiently effective in preventing the proliferation of Legionella spp. and may even contribute to proliferation. This analysis should now be expanded to include other areas of the Netherlands in order to understand the geographical differences that we observed in our results, and why smaller buildings appear to be more likely to test positive for Legionella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sjoerd M Euser
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Boerhaavelaan 26, 2035, RC, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob P Bruin
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Boerhaavelaan 26, 2035, RC, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen W den Boer
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Boerhaavelaan 26, 2035, RC, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Ed P F Yzerman
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Boerhaavelaan 26, 2035, RC, Haarlem, the Netherlands
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Learbuch KLG, Lut MC, Liu G, Smidt H, van der Wielen PWJJ. Legionella growth potential of drinking water produced by a reverse osmosis pilot plant. Water Res 2019; 157:55-63. [PMID: 30952008 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Treatment processes, such as membrane filtration with reverse osmosis (RO), are used to produce drinking water with a high degree of biostability. To our knowledge, the influence of RO water on biofilm formation and growth of L. pneumophila has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed (i) to determine the Legionella growth potential of (remineralised) RO-water produced by a pilot plant and to compare this to conventional treated groundwater, and (ii) to determine if different pipe materials, in contact with remineralised RO-water, can cause growth of L. pneumophila. The Legionella growth potential of water was determined with the boiler biofilm monitor (BBM) that mimics the flow of water in a premise plumbing system. The Legionella growth potential of materials in contact with remineralised RO-water was determined by using the biomass production potential (BPP)-test. ATP concentrations in the biofilm on the glass rings from the BBM fed with (remineralised) RO water fluctuated around 100 pg ATP cm-2. In contrast, BBMs fed with conventionally treated water resulted in ten-fold higher ATP concentrations in the biofilm. Moreover, conventionally treated water had a Legionella growth potential that was 1000-fold higher than that of (remineralised) RO-water. Furthermore, glass, copper and PVC-C had the lowest biofilm concentrations and Legionella growth potential in the BPP-test, followed by PE-Xb, PE-Xc and PE-100. The highest biofilm concentration and Legionella growth potential were with PVC-P. Hence, our study demonstrated that remineralised RO-water did not enhance growth of L. pneumophila in the BBM that mimics the premises plumbing system. However, when PE or PVC-P materials are used growth of L. pneumophila can still occur in the premises plumbing system despite the high quality of the supplied remineralised RO-water.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L G Learbuch
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - M C Lut
- Oasen N.V., Nieuwe Gouwe O.Z. 3, 2801 SB, Gouda, the Netherlands
| | - G Liu
- Oasen N.V., Nieuwe Gouwe O.Z. 3, 2801 SB, Gouda, the Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - H Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P W J J van der Wielen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Inglis TJJ, Spittle C, Carmichael H, Downes J, Chiari M, McQueen-Mason A, Merritt AJ, Hodge M, Murray RJ, Dowse GK. Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak on a Merchant Vessel, Indian Ocean, Australia, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1345-1348. [PMID: 29912714 PMCID: PMC6038751 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.171978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of Legionnaires' disease and 1 of Pontiac fever occurred among the crew of a merchant ship operating off the shores of Australia. PCR assays identified potential sources in the ship's cabins. Modification of maritime regulations for Legionnaires' disease prevention in commercial vessels is needed for nonpassenger merchant ships.
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