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Singh RK, Panwar R, Choudhary K, Matta S, Pant A. Epidemiological and Time Series Analysis of Tuberculosis with Prediction during COVID-19 Pandemic using ARIMA Model: A Study from Churu District of Rajasthan. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:926-929. [PMID: 38249693 PMCID: PMC10795869 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_681_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in India and to achieve the goal of TB elimination, it is important to assess the trend of TB cases and the impact of lockdowns and other restrictions imposed for control of COVID-19 in India on the National TB Elimination Programme. Hence, the present study aims to study the temporal trend of TB cases and assess the impact of lockdown on TB detection. A retrospective record-based study was conducted in a tertiary care institute of India. A time series analysis of TB cases from April 2018 to May 2020 was carried out. An Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) model was used to forecast TB cases during the lockdown period and the result was compared with actual cases detected. The statistical analysis was accomplished with R software. The time series analysis showed that the projected TB cases in April and May 2020 were 67 and 86, respectively, while the observed cases in these months were 35 and 76. The trend of TB cases during the study period showed no steady increase or decrease and the detection of TB has declined during the COVID-19 lockdown period. The TB cases peaked from April to June and males constitute the majority of TB cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K. Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, PDU Medical College, Churu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ravi Panwar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, PDU Medical College, Churu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kavita Choudhary
- Department of Community Medicine, PDU Medical College, Churu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shanker Matta
- Department of Epidemiology Section, New Delhi TB Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Pant
- Department of Community Medicine, PDU Medical College, Churu, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Sahu S, Nagtode N. Impact on Tuberculosis Notification During COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e44087. [PMID: 37750132 PMCID: PMC10518063 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Various programs are being weakened due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the tuberculosis (TB) program is no exception. TB case detection and notification is one of the worst affected areas. The study aims to assess India's TB reporting status during this pandemic and find possible solutions. Data analysis has been obtained from the India TB notification open-source database. Relevant literature research has been done to determine the measures based on various efforts made by different Indian states. There was a review of all TB notifications in 2019, 2020, and 2021 and a deficiency in notifications. Between 2019 and 2021, the country's TB notification ratio experienced a significant adaptation. In 2020, all states reported a decline in private and public TB case reports. In the nation, only a few private TB notifications were lost. In April 2020, there were the fewest notifications, which began to decline in February 2020. When states began implementing cutting-edge programs like the Integrated TB COVID Case Search and Active Case Finding (ACF), the notification trend improved in May 2020. The notifications of TB cases decreased significantly due to the present COVID-19 pandemic, which has consequences for the disease's stealthy spread throughout homes and communities. However, the situation may be better with an integrated strategy for managing TB-COVID cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Sahu
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Nikhilesh Nagtode
- Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
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3
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Rath S, Mishra B, Mohapatra PR, Datta A, Durgeshwar G, Vedala M, Panigrahi MK, Bhuniya S. Tuberculosis and COVID-19: An epidemic submerged in the pandemic: A case series and review of current literature. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:6576-6580. [PMID: 36618133 PMCID: PMC9810857 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_258_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is mainly transmitted through the respiratory route and affects the lungs. Though TB-COVID co-infection is not common, but might be missed due to similar clinical presentation. Therefore, a high index of suspicion of co-infections is needed so that there is prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. A higher mortality of 13% in cases of co infections is alarming. Here we are reporting a case series of SARS-CoV-2 - TB co-infection from Eastern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Rath
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Baijayantimala Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasanta R. Mohapatra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India,Address for correspondence: Prof. Prasanta R. Mohapatra, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar - 751 019, Odisha, India. E-mail:
| | - Ananda Datta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gopal Durgeshwar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Manoharacharyulu Vedala
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Manoj K. Panigrahi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sourin Bhuniya
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Cox SR, Kadam A, Atre S, Gupte AN, Sohn H, Gupte N, Sawant T, Mhadeshwar V, Thompson R, Kendall E, Hoffmann C, Suryavanshi N, Kerrigan D, Tripathy S, Kakrani A, Barthwal MS, Mave V, Golub JE. Tuberculosis (TB) Aftermath: study protocol for a hybrid type I effectiveness-implementation non-inferiority randomized trial in India comparing two active case finding (ACF) strategies among individuals treated for TB and their household contacts. Trials 2022; 23:635. [PMID: 35932062 PMCID: PMC9354295 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 7% of all reported tuberculosis (TB) cases each year are recurrent, occurring among people who have had TB in the recent or distant past. TB recurrence is particularly common in India, which has the largest TB burden worldwide. Although patients recently treated for TB are at high risk of developing TB again, evidence around effective active case finding (ACF) strategies in this population is scarce. We will conduct a hybrid type I effectiveness-implementation non-inferiority randomized trial to compare the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility of two ACF strategies among individuals who have completed TB treatment and their household contacts (HHCs). METHODS We will enroll 1076 adults (≥ 18 years) who have completed TB treatment at a public TB unit (TU) in Pune, India, along with their HHCs (averaging two per patient, n = 2152). Participants will undergo symptom-based ACF by existing healthcare workers (HCWs) at 6-month intervals and will be randomized to either home-based ACF (HACF) or telephonic ACF (TACF). Symptomatic participants will undergo microbiologic testing through the program. Asymptomatic HHCs will be referred for TB preventive treatment (TPT) per national guidelines. The primary outcome is rate per 100 person-years of people diagnosed with new or recurrent TB by study arm, within 12 months following treatment completion. The secondary outcome is proportion of HHCs < 6 years, by study arm, initiated on TPT after ruling out TB disease. Study staff will collect socio-demographic and clinical data to identify risk factors for TB recurrence and will measure post-TB lung impairment. In both arms, an 18-month "mop-up" visit will be conducted to ascertain outcomes. We will use the RE-AIM framework to characterize implementation processes and explore acceptability through in-depth interviews with index patients, HHCs and HCWs (n = 100). Cost-effectiveness will be assessed by calculating the incremental cost per TB case detected within 12 months and projected for disability-adjusted life years averted based on modeled estimates of morbidity, mortality, and time with infectious TB. DISCUSSION This novel trial will guide India's scale-up of post-treatment ACF and provide an evidence base for designing strategies to detect recurrent and new TB in other high burden settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04333485 , registered April 3, 2020. CTRI/2020/05/025059 [Clinical Trials Registry of India], registered May 6 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyra R Cox
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Abhay Kadam
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Sachin Atre
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Akshay N Gupte
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hojoon Sohn
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Trupti Sawant
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Vishal Mhadeshwar
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Ryan Thompson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emily Kendall
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Christopher Hoffmann
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nishi Suryavanshi
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Deanna Kerrigan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- George Washington University, 2121 I St NW, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Arjunlal Kakrani
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Madhusudan S Barthwal
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Vidya Mave
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Jonathan E Golub
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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5
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Jamwal A, Mohanty A, Swami A, Turbadkar D. Impact of COVID-19 on tuberculosis services: an experience from a tertiary care hospital. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35737515 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. India is home to the most significant number of tuberculosis (TB) cases around the globe. The COVID-19 crisis has massively affected TB healthcare services in the country.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Are we sufficiently equipped to fight against TB during emergencies?Aim. Our study aims to provide a true insight into the disruption of TB care during the pandemic period at a tertiary care hospital in India.Methods. A retrospective observational cohort analysis was conducted on 6491 patients who accessed the TB diagnostics at the tertiary care hospital during the study period, i.e. the COVID-19 pandemic period (March 2020 to March 2021) compared with 14 665 in the control period (March 2019 to Feb 2020).Results. Out of the total tested, 3136 patients were notified as new TB cases in the study period than 4370 in the control period (P-value=0.0000001), i.e. 28.23 % decline in notifications. A drastic decline of 69 % in notifications was observed during the lock down months in the pandemic period, i.e. March to June 2020 (P-value=0.00001). A reduction of 44 % in treatment accession by 3690 TB patients in the control period compared with 2062 in the study period (P-value=0.0000001) was noted. Lost to follow-up patients increased by 65 % from 460 in the control period to 760 in the study period (P-value=0.0000001). Also, an increased death rate by 43 % from control to study period (P-value=0.0000001) was reported.Conclusion. There is an urgent need to maintain the continuity of essential TB services to reduce the rising burden in vulnerable populations. The need of the hour is to undertake novel strategies for tuberculosis control to combat such emergencies in the coming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Jamwal
- Department of Microbiology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankita Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anjali Swami
- Department of Microbiology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dilip Turbadkar
- Department of Microbiology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Ravi V, Chakrabarti A, Wattal C, Raveendran R. COVID-19: a boon or a bane for the microbiologists. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:7-11. [PMID: 35063300 PMCID: PMC8767984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the situation where COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented demands and pressure on the health care system, we wanted to analyze how the medical microbiologists of our country were affected. Was it actually an opportunity to showcase the specialty or was it a doom? A debate was organized as a key session in the national e-conference of the Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists, held on 10 December 2020. OBJECTIVES The objective of the debate was to examine and analyze the various positive as well as negative impacts of COVID-19 on the discipline of the medical microbiology of our country. CONTENT Before the debate a voting session was conducted to assess the opinion of the audience followed by a very interesting debate where both the speakers presented their view points. The points in favor of the discipline were, mainly up-gradation of the specialty of microbiology in terms of learning, skill development, infrastructure, networking & research opportunities related to COVID-19. While the main points against were, nerve wracking work load without much acknowledgement, performance pressure from hospital administration to maintain rapid turnaround time, and a forceful neglect of all other infectious diseases like tuberculosis and antimicrobial resistance which were the key battle fields of the medical microbiologists. Postgraduate & even undergraduate training programs got completely derailed to their disadvantage. By the end of the debate, it was concluded that COVID-19 was neither a boon nor a bane to the microbiologists. A balanced approach to the problem in hand is required without ignoring the pre-existing infectious diseases in our country. The post debate voting swayed the audience considerably for it to be a bane & the faculty debating for boon had a huge margin to begin with but finally won with a whisker indicating the intensity of the debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | | | - Chand Wattal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Reena Raveendran
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
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7
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Bardhan M, Hasan MM, Ray I, Sarkar A, Chahal P, Rackimuthu S, Essar MY. Tuberculosis amidst COVID-19 pandemic in India: unspoken challenges and the way forward. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:84. [PMID: 34674772 PMCID: PMC8528656 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
India is home to the most significant number of tuberculosis (TB) cases around the globe. The COVID-19 crisis has deeply perturbed most of the essential TB services in India. Regulating TB is difficult in a densely populated country like India due to latent TB infection in millions of Indians, which can reactivate at any point in the future. Due to the ongoing pandemic, healthcare workers have been diverted to activities implemented for effective COVID-19 management, leaving a meager workforce to help deal with TB management. Integrating TB and COVID-19 to augment India’s health outreach is the need of the hour to diminish the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on TB. Increasing overall testing capacity, active screening, implementation of strategies for easy identification of TB hotspots, and ensuring uninterrupted drug supply for treatment through heedful planning of local and regional distribution and transportation will especially help cater to the vulnerable population who are at a high risk of suffering from adverse outcomes of TB. Lessons learnt in the battle against COVID-19 can most definitely help in providing insights to fulfill the goal of eliminating TB from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Bardhan
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Ishita Ray
- Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India
| | - Anusua Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Behera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
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9
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Anthwal D, Gupta RK, Singhal R, Bhalla M, Verma AK, Khayyam KU, Myneedu VP, Sarin R, Gupta A, Gupta NK, Singh M, Sivaswami Tyagi J, Haldar S. Compatibility of a novel filter paper-based bio-safe sputum transport kit with line probe assay for diagnosing drug-resistant tuberculosis: a single-site evaluation study. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00137-2021. [PMID: 34350282 PMCID: PMC8326685 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00137-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Near-patient access to appropriate tests is a major obstacle for the efficient diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and associated drug resistance. Methods We recently developed the “TB Concentration & Transport” kit for bio-safe, ambient-temperature transportation of dried sputum on Trans-Filter, and the “TB DNA Extraction” kit for DNA extraction from Trans-Filter for determining drug resistance by DNA sequencing. In the present study, we evaluated the compatibility of Kit-extracted DNA with Hain's line probe assays (LPAs), which are endorsed by National TB programmes for the detection of drug resistance in sputum collected from presumptive multidrug-resistant TB patients (n=207). Results Trans-Filter-extracted DNA was seamlessly integrated with the LPA protocol (Kit-LPA). The sensitivity of Kit-LPA for determining drug resistance was 83.3% for rifampicin (95% CI 52–98%), 77.7% for isoniazid (95% CI 52–94%), 85.7% for fluoroquinolones (95% CI 42–100%) and 66.6% for aminoglycosides (95% CI 9–99%), with a specificity range of 93.7% (95% CI 87–97) to 99.1% (95% CI 95–100) using phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) as a reference standard. A high degree of concordance was noted between results obtained from Kit-LPA and LPA (99% to 100% (κ value: 0.83–1.0)). Conclusions This study demonstrates successful integration of our developed kits with LPA. The adoption of these kits across Designated Microscopy Centres in India can potentially overcome the existing challenge of transporting infectious sputum at controlled temperature to centralised testing laboratories and can provide rapid near-patient cost-effective “Universal DST” services to TB subjects residing in remote areas. The adoption of bio-safe “TB Concentration & Transport” kit by Microscopy Centres can potentially overcome the challenge of transporting infectious sputum to central laboratories and provide universal DST services to TB subjects residing in remote areas.https://bit.ly/2QrQ5qL
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Anthwal
- Dept of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Dept of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Ritu Singhal
- Dept of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Manpreet Bhalla
- Dept of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajoy Kumar Verma
- Dept of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Khalid Umar Khayyam
- Dept of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Vithal Prasad Myneedu
- Dept of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Sarin
- Dept of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Manjula Singh
- India TB Research Consortium, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Dept of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sagarika Haldar
- Dept of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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10
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Bhasker N. Review of Head and Neck Masses in the Indian Population Based on Prevalence and Etiology With an Emphasis on Primary Diagnostic Modalities. Cureus 2021; 13:e16249. [PMID: 34381644 PMCID: PMC8351261 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck masses are classified as sebaceous cysts (epidermoid cysts), cervical lymphadenopathy, benign lipomas, lymph nodes, thyroid swellings, or tuberculosis lymphadenitis that may be painful or painless, adherent or fluctuant. In spite of this, they have distinct prognoses and pathological features. The anatomical location of the swelling and other demographic manifestations of the patient provide valuable information about the cause and type of swelling. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography-CT, and ultrasonography are the gold standard imaging methods for the head and neck examination. These methods are used according to the region considered for the study. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes is known to be effective, simple, and sometimes the only tool for the diagnosis of lymph node malignancies. This review highlights the epidemiological aspect of head and neck masses in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilam Bhasker
- Pathology, Employees' State Insurance Corporation Hospital, Lucknow, IND
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11
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Pavlovic JM, Pesut DP, Stosic MB. Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of tuberculosis and influenza. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e53. [PMID: 34190955 PMCID: PMC8231979 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the incidence of
tuberculosis (TB) and influenza in Serbia, a Southeast European country with a
low TB incidence rate and a mandatory BCG vaccination at birth. The first case
of COVID-19 was registered on March 6, 2020. Despite the need for a sudden
adaptation of the health care system, routines of mycobacterial laboratories
have never stopped. In 2020, the number of newly diagnosed TB patients was
significantly lower than expected (p = 0.04), but the number of patients with
influenza increased when compared to 2019. Although many patients with influenza
A H1N1 were observed before the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the
increment of cases could also be a consequence of cases of influenza with
COVID-like symptoms detected thereafter. It may also be attributed to
misclassification of clinical cases that were negative for SARS-CoV-2 and
reported as influenza. Difficulties to seek medical attention because of the
COVID-19 pandemic and possible underreporting are considered as reasons for the
decline in the incidence rate of TB. On the other hand, individual and social
measures to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 such as wearing face masks, social
distancing, lockdown, which were strictly applied to COVID-19 patients, health
care staffs and most of the population, could have hindered TB infections more
than the two viral diseases, which appear to be more contagious. The increased
motivation of the population to protect their health during the COVID-19
pandemic provided an opportunity for their effective education. This is crucial
in further combating TB as a preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragica Petar Pesut
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, Belgrade, Serbia.,University Clinical Center of Serbia, Teaching Hospital of Pulmonology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Borivoje Stosic
- Public Health Institute of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", Department of HIV, Hepatitis, STDs and TB, Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Abstract
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, models predicted hundreds of thousands of additional TB deaths as a result of health service disruption. To date, empirical evidence on the effects of COVID-19 on TB outcomes has been limited. Here we summarise the evidence available at a country level, identifying broad mechanisms by which COVID-19 may modify TB burden and mitigation efforts. From the data, it is clear that there have been substantial disruptions to TB health services and an increase in vulnerability to TB. Evidence for changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission is limited, and it remains unclear how the resources required and available for the TB response have changed. To advocate for additional funding to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the global TB burden, and to efficiently allocate resources for the TB response, requires a significant improvement in the TB data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F McQuaid
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
| | - A Vassall
- Department of Global Health Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, LSHTM, London, UK
| | - T Cohen
- Yale School of Public Health, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K Fiekert
- KNCV Tuberculosefonds, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - R G White
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
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13
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Beyene NW, Sitotaw AL, Tegegn B, Bobosha K. The impact of COVID-19 on the tuberculosis control activities in Addis Ababa. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:243. [PMID: 34104291 PMCID: PMC8164422 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.243.27132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first COVID-19 case was reported in Ethiopia on 13th March 2020 and series of announcements of set of measures, proclamation and directives have been enacted to fight the coronavirus pandemic. These have implications for the regular health services including the TB control program. This brief communication assesses the impact of the COVID-19 response on the TB control activities of Addis Ababa health centers based on research project data. We compared the patient flows in pre-COVID-19 period (quarter 1, Q1) and during COVID-19 (quarter 2, Q2 and quarter 3, Q3) of 2020 at 56 health centers in Addis Ababa from all 10 sub-cities per sub-city. The patient flow declined from 3,473 in Q1 to 1,062 in Q2 and 1,074 in Q3, which is a decrease by 62-76% and 52-80% in Q2 and Q3 respectively as compared to that of Q1. In Q2, Kolfe keranio and Kirkos sub-cities recorded the biggest decline (76 and 75% respectively) whereas Yeka sub-city had the least decline (62%). In Q3, Kirkos sub-city had the biggest decline (80%) and Addis ketema sub-city had the lowest (52%). We conclude that the series of measures, state of emergency proclamation and government directives issued to counter the spread of COVID-19 and the public response to these significantly affected the TB control activities in Addis Ababa city as attested by the decrease in the patient flow at the clinics. Health authorities may inform the public that essential health services are still available and open to everyone in need of these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negussie Wodajo Beyene
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute - Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling (AHRI-APOPO) Tuberculosis Research Project, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alemu Lakew Sitotaw
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute - Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling (AHRI-APOPO) Tuberculosis Research Project, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ben Tegegn
- Tuberculosis/Multi-Drug Resistance-Tuberculosis (TB/MDR-TB) Program, Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Mycobacterium Diseases Research, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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14
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Abstract
Health systems across the world have been baffled by the COVID19 pandemic. Tuberculosis (TB) care and prevention especially in high burden countries has faced disruption to their routine services. Though these setbacks were predicted by many modelling studies, reports and surveys from the field convey the hard reality faced by the TB services. However, health systems have not given up and have become resilient by adapting interesting strategies to overcome these obstacles. The private health sector has also stepped up to the occasion by supporting national TB programs through innovative approaches. The scientific community has laid down several evidence-based recommendations to help TB programs get back on track. Its time to unite these forces to not just overcome the challenge posed by the pandemic but also to build a more resilient health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Shyam Klinton
- McGill International TB Center, Montreal, Canada
- TB PPM Learning Network, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Charity Oga-Omenka
- McGill International TB Center, Montreal, Canada
- TB PPM Learning Network, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Petra Heitkamp
- McGill International TB Center, Montreal, Canada
- TB PPM Learning Network, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
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