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Ganesan N, Ronsmans S, Hoet P. Methods to Assess Proliferation of Stimulated Human Lymphocytes In Vitro: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030386. [PMID: 36766728 PMCID: PMC9913443 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor lymphocyte responses is critical for developing our understanding of the immune response in humans. In the current clinical setting, relying on the metabolic incorporation of [3H] thymidine into cellular DNA via a lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) is the only method that is routinely performed to determine cell proliferation. However, techniques that measure DNA synthesis with a radioactive material such as [3H] thymidine are intrinsically more sensitive to the different stages of the cell cycle, which could lead to over-analyses and the subsequent inaccurate interpretation of the information provided. With cell proliferation assays, the output should preferably provide a direct and accurate measurement of the number of actively dividing cells, regardless of the stimuli properties or length of exposure. In fact, an ideal technique should have the capacity to measure lymphocyte responses on both a quantitative level, i.e., cumulative magnitude of lymphoproliferative response, and a qualitative level, i.e., phenotypical and functional characterization of stimulated immune cells. There are many LPT alternatives currently available to measure various aspects of cell proliferation. Of the nine techniques discussed, we noted that the majority of these LPT alternatives measure lymphocyte proliferation using flow cytometry. Across some of these alternatives, the covalent labelling of cells with a high fluorescence intensity and low variance with minimal cell toxicity while maximizing the number of detectable cell divisions or magnitude of proliferation was achieved. Herein, we review the performance of these different LPT alternatives and address their compatibility with the [3H] thymidine LPT so as to identify the "best" alternative to the [3H] thymidine LPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Ganesan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinic for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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2
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Greaves SA, Ravindran A, Santos RG, Chen L, Falta MT, Wang Y, Mitchell AM, Atif SM, Mack DG, Tinega AN, Maier LA, Dai S, Pinilla C, Grunewald J, Fontenot AP. CD4+ T cells in the lungs of acute sarcoidosis patients recognize an Aspergillus nidulans epitope. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212583. [PMID: 34410304 PMCID: PMC8383815 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Löfgren’s syndrome (LS) is an acute form of sarcoidosis characterized by a genetic association with HLA-DRB1*03 (HLA-DR3) and an accumulation of CD4+ T cells of unknown specificity in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Here, we screened related LS-specific TCRs for antigen specificity and identified a peptide derived from NAD-dependent histone deacetylase hst4 (NDPD) of Aspergillus nidulans that stimulated these CD4+ T cells in an HLA-DR3–restricted manner. Using ELISPOT analysis, a greater number of IFN-γ– and IL-2–secreting T cells in the BAL of DR3+ LS subjects compared with DR3+ control subjects was observed in response to the NDPD peptide. Finally, increased IgG antibody responses to A. nidulans NDPD were detected in the serum of DR3+ LS subjects. Thus, our findings identify a ligand for CD4+ T cells derived from the lungs of LS patients and suggest a role of A. nidulans in the etiology of LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Avinash Ravindran
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radleigh G Santos
- Department of Mathematics, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael T Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Angela M Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Shaikh M Atif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Douglas G Mack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Alex N Tinega
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Abstract
Metal-induced hypersensitivity is driven by T-cell sensitization to metal ions. Although numerous metals are associated with the development of diffuse parenchymal lung disease, beryllium-induced hypersensitivity is the best-studied to date. This review focuses on the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity that leads to the development of chronic beryllium disease. After beryllium exposure, activation of the innate immune system occurs through the engagement of pattern-recognition receptors. This activation leads to cell death, release of alarmins, and activation and migration of dendritic cells to lung-draining lymph nodes. These events culminate in the development of an adaptive immune response that is characterized by beryllium-specific, T-helper type 1-polarized, CD4+ T-cells and granuloma formation in the lung. The unique ability of beryllium to bind to human leukocyte antigen-DP molecules that express a glutamic acid at position 69 of the β-chain alters the charge and conformation of the human leukocyte antigen-DP-peptide complex. These changes induce post-translational modifications that are recognized as non-self. In essence, the ability of beryllium to create neoantigens underlies the genesis of chronic beryllium disease, and demonstrates the similarity between beryllium-induced hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental impacts from informal e-waste recycling are increasing in Africa. E-waste handling and disposal exposes people to highly toxic cocktails of heavy metals, brominated flame retardants, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PBDF) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCB). Most of these compounds are endocrine disrupters, and most are neuro- and immune-toxic as well. OBJECTIVES Informal e-waste recycling in African countries is a serious public health threat. The present paper reviews the extent of e-waste exposure in Africa and related impacts on people, animals and the environment. METHODS Four electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar) were searched for publications related to e-waste and human health in Africa. Search terms included 'e-waste in Africa', 'e-waste in developing nations', 'public health and e-waste', 'environment and e-waste', and 'e-waste and health'. DISCUSSION Elevated levels of e-waste pollutants in water, air, soil, dust, fish, vegetable, and human matrices (blood, urine, breast milk) indicate that not only are e-waste workers at risk from exposure to e-waste, but the general population and future generations as well. Headache, cough and chest pain, stomach discomfort, miscarriage, abnormal thyroid and reproductive function, reduction of gonadal hormone, and cancer are common complaints of those involved with the processing of e-waste. CONCLUSIONS The evidence presented from the reviewed studies illustrates the extent of the human health and environmental risks posed by e-waste in Africa. There is a need for a regulatory framework including specific legislation, infrastructure and protocols to safely recycle and dispose of e-waste in sub-Saharan African countries. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging-Associated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cajetan Elochukwu Ilo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Oritsemuelebi
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Atif SM, Mack DG, McKee AS, Rangel-Moreno J, Martin AK, Getahun A, Maier LA, Cambier JC, Tuder R, Fontenot AP. Protective role of B cells in sterile particulate-induced lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125494. [PMID: 31094704 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to chronic beryllium (Be) disease is linked to HLA-DP molecules possessing a glutamic acid at the 69th position of the β-chain (βGlu69), with the most prevalent βGlu69-containing molecule being HLA-DP2. We have previously shown that HLA-DP2 transgenic (Tg) mice exposed to Be oxide (BeO) develop mononuclear infiltrates in a peribronchovascular distribution and a beryllium-specific, HLA-DP2-restricted CD4+ T cell response. In addition to T cells, B cells constituted a major portion of infiltrated leukocytes in the lung of BeO-exposed HLA-DP2 Tg mice and sequester BeO particles within ectopic lymphoid aggregates and granulomas. B cell depletion was associated with a loss of lymphoid aggregates and granulomas as well as a significant increase in lung injury in BeO-exposed mice. The protective role of B cells was innate in origin, and BeO-induced B cell recruitment to the lung was dependent on MyD88 signaling. Similar to BeO-exposed HLA-DP2 mice, B cells also accumulate in the lungs of CBD subjects, located at the periphery and surrounding the granuloma. Overall, our data suggest a novel modulatory role for B cells in the protection of the lung against sterile particulate exposure, with B cell recruitment to the inflamed lung occurring in an antigen-independent and MyD88-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh M Atif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas G Mack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy S McKee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Allison K Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rubin Tuder
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Leonard AN, Klauda JB, Sukharev S. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry of Be 2+ with Phosphatidylserine Models Guides All-Atom Force-Field Development for Lipid-Ion Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1554-1565. [PMID: 30681857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beryllium has multiple industrial applications but exposure to its dust during manufacturing is associated with developing chronic inflammation in lungs known as berylliosis. Besides binding to specific alleles of MHC-II, Be2+ was recently found to compete with Ca2+ for binding sites on phosphatidylserine-containing membranes and inhibit recognition of this lipid by phagocytes. Computational studies of possible molecular targets for this small toxic dication are impeded by the absence of a reliable force field. This study introduces parameters for Be2+ for the CHARMM36 additive force field that represent interactions with water, including free energy of hydration and ion-monohydrate interaction energy and separation distance; and interaction parameters describing Be2+ affinity for divalent ion binding sites on lipids, namely phosphoryl and carboxylate oxygens. Results from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments for the binding affinities of Be2+ to dimethyl phosphate and acetate ions reveal that Be2+ strongly binds to phosphoryl groups. Revised interaction parameters for Be2+ with these types of oxygens reproduce experimental affinities in solution simulations. Surface tensions calculated from simulations of DOPS monolayers with varied concentrations of Be2+ are compared with prior results from Langmuir monolayer experiments, verifying the compacting effect that produces greater surface tensions (lower pressures) for Be2+-bound monolayers at the same surface area in comparison with K+. The new parameters will enable simulations that should reveal the mechanism of Be2+ interference with molecular recognition and signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N Leonard
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
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7
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Hena KM, Yip J, Jaber N, Goldfarb D, Fullam K, Cleven K, Moir W, Zeig-Owens R, Webber MP, Spevack DM, Judson MA, Maier L, Krumerman A, Aizer A, Spivack SD, Berman J, Aldrich TK, Prezant DJ. Clinical Course of Sarcoidosis in World Trade Center-Exposed Firefighters. Chest 2017; 153:114-123. [PMID: 29066387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is believed to represent a genetically primed, abnormal immune response to an antigen exposure or inflammatory trigger, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in disease onset and phenotypic expression. In a population of firefighters with post-World Trade Center (WTC) 9/11/2001 (9/11) sarcoidosis, we have a unique opportunity to describe the clinical course of incident sarcoidosis during the 15 years postexposure and, on average, 8 years following diagnosis. METHODS Among the WTC-exposed cohort, 74 firefighters with post-9/11 sarcoidosis were identified through medical records review. A total of 59 were enrolled in follow-up studies. For each participant, the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases organ assessment tool was used to categorize the sarcoidosis involvement of each organ system at time of diagnosis and at follow-up. RESULTS The incidence of sarcoidosis post-9/11 was 25 per 100,000. Radiographic resolution of intrathoracic involvement occurred in 24 (45%) subjects. Lung function for nearly all subjects was within normal limits. Extrathoracic involvement increased, most prominently joints (15%) and cardiac (16%) involvement. There was no evidence of calcium dysmetabolism. Few subjects had ocular (5%) or skin (2%) involvement, and none had beryllium sensitization. Most (76%) subjects did not receive any treatment. CONCLUSIONS Extrathoracic disease was more prevalent in WTC-related sarcoidosis than reported for patients with sarcoidosis without WTC exposure or for other exposure-related granulomatous diseases (beryllium disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Cardiac involvement would have been missed if evaluation stopped after ECG, 48-h recordings, and echocardiogram. Our results also support the need for advanced cardiac screening in asymptomatic patients with strenuous, stressful, public safety occupations, given the potential fatality of a missed diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Hena
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer Yip
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Nadia Jaber
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - David Goldfarb
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Kelly Fullam
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Krystal Cleven
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - William Moir
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Rachel Zeig-Owens
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Mayris P Webber
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Daniel M Spevack
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Marc A Judson
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Division, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Lisa Maier
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Andrew Krumerman
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Anthony Aizer
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Simon D Spivack
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jessica Berman
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Thomas K Aldrich
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - David J Prezant
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY; Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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8
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Ermakov YA, Kamaraju K, Dunina-Barkovskaya A, Vishnyakova KS, Yegorov YE, Anishkin A, Sukharev S. High-Affinity Interactions of Beryllium(2+) with Phosphatidylserine Result in a Cross-Linking Effect Reducing Surface Recognition of the Lipid. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5457-5470. [PMID: 28872302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beryllium has multiple industrial applications, but its manufacture is associated with a serious occupational risk of developing chronic inflammation in the lungs known as berylliosis, or chronic beryllium disease. Although the Be2+-induced abnormal immune responses have recently been linked to a specific MHC-II allele, the nature of long-lasting granulomas is not fully understood. Here we show that Be2+ binds with a micromolar affinity to phosphatidylserine (PS), the major surface marker of apoptotic cells. Isothermal titration calorimetry indicates that, like that of Ca2+, binding of Be2+ to PS liposomes is largely entropically driven, likely by massive desolvation. Be2+ exerts a compacting effect on PS monolayers, suggesting cross-linking through coordination by both phosphates and carboxyls in multiple configurations, which were visualized in molecular dynamics simulations. Electrostatic modification of PS membranes by Be2+ includes complete neutralization of surface charges at ∼30 μM, accompanied by an increase in the boundary dipole potential. The data suggest that Be2+ can displace Ca2+ from the surface of PS, and being coordinated in a tight shell of four oxygens, it can mask headgroups from Ca2+-mediated recognition by PS receptors. Indeed, 48 μM Be2+ added to IC-21 cultured macrophages specifically suppresses binding and engulfment of PS-coated silica beads or aged erythrocytes. We propose that Be2+ adsorption at the surface of apoptotic cells may potentially prevent normal phagocytosis, thus causing accumulation of secondary necrotic foci and the resulting chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Ermakov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 31, Moscow 117071, Russia
| | - Kishore Kamaraju
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | - Khava S Vishnyakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yegor E Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sergei Sukharev
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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9
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Fontenot AP, Falta MT, Kappler JW, Dai S, McKee AS. Beryllium-Induced Hypersensitivity: Genetic Susceptibility and Neoantigen Generation. J Immunol 2016; 196:22-7. [PMID: 26685315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic beryllium (Be) disease is a granulomatous lung disorder that results from Be exposure in a genetically susceptible host. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of Be-responsive CD4(+) T cells in the lung, and genetic susceptibility is primarily linked to HLA-DPB1 alleles possessing a glutamic acid at position 69 of the β-chain. Recent structural analysis of a Be-specific TCR interacting with a Be-loaded HLA-DP2-peptide complex revealed that Be is coordinated by amino acid residues derived from the HLA-DP2 β-chain and peptide and showed that the TCR does not directly interact with the Be(2+) cation. Rather, the TCR recognizes a modified HLA-DP2-peptide complex with charge and conformational changes. Collectively, these findings provide a structural basis for the development of this occupational lung disease through the ability of Be to induce posttranslational modifications in preexisting HLA-DP2-peptide complexes, resulting in the creation of neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;
| | - Michael T Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - John W Kappler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Amy S McKee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Li L, Silveira LJ, Hamzeh N, Gillespie M, Mroz PM, Mayer AS, Fingerlin TE, Maier LA. Beryllium-induced lung disease exhibits expression profiles similar to sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1797-808. [PMID: 27103383 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01469-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A subset of beryllium-exposed workers develop beryllium sensitisation (BeS) which precedes chronic beryllium disease (CBD). We conducted an in-depth analysis of differentially expressed candidate genes in CBD.We performed Affymetrix GeneChip 1.0 ST array analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 CBD, 10 BeS and 10 beryllium-exposed, nondiseased controls stimulated with BeSO4 or medium. The differentially expressed genes were validated by high-throughput real-time PCR in this group and in an additional group of cases and nonexposed controls. The functional roles of the top candidate genes in CBD were assessed using a pharmacological inhibitor. CBD gene expression data were compared with whole blood and lung tissue in sarcoidosis from the Gene Expression Omnibus.We confirmed almost 450 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between CBD and controls. The top enrichment of genes was for JAK (Janus kinase)-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling. A JAK2 inhibitor significantly decreased tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ production. Furthermore, we found 287 differentially expressed genes overlapped in CBD/sarcoidosis. The top shared pathways included cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and Toll-like receptor, chemokine and JAK-STAT signalling pathways.We show that PBMCs demonstrate differentially expressed gene profiles relevant to the immunnopathogenesis of CBD. CBD and sarcoidosis share similar differential expression of pathogenic genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Dept of Medicine, School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Nabeel Hamzeh
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Dept of Medicine, School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - May Gillespie
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peggy M Mroz
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Annyce S Mayer
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Dept of Medicine, School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA Environmental Occupational Health Dept, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Maier
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Dept of Medicine, School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA Environmental Occupational Health Dept, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
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11
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Petukh M, Wu B, Stefl S, Smith N, Hyde-Volpe D, Wang L, Alexov E. Chronic Beryllium Disease: revealing the role of beryllium ion and small peptides binding to HLA-DP2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111604. [PMID: 25369028 PMCID: PMC4219729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Beryllium (Be) Disease (CBD) is a granulomatous disorder that predominantly affects the lung. The CBD is caused by Be exposure of individuals carrying the HLA-DP2 protein of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). While the involvement of Be in the development of CBD is obvious and the binding site and the sequence of Be and peptide binding were recently experimentally revealed [1], the interplay between induced conformational changes and the changes of the peptide binding affinity in presence of Be were not investigated. Here we carry out in silico modeling and predict the Be binding to be within the acidic pocket (Glu26, Glu68 and Glu69) present on the HLA-DP2 protein in accordance with the experimental work [1]. In addition, the modeling indicates that the Be ion binds to the HLA-DP2 before the corresponding peptide is able to bind to it. Further analysis of the MD generated trajectories reveals that in the presence of the Be ion in the binding pocket of HLA-DP2, all the different types of peptides induce very similar conformational changes, but their binding affinities are quite different. Since these conformational changes are distinctly different from the changes caused by peptides normally found in the cell in the absence of Be, it can be speculated that CBD can be caused by any peptide in presence of Be ion. However, the affinities of peptides for Be loaded HLA-DP2 were found to depend of their amino acid composition and the peptides carrying acidic group at positions 4 and 7 are among the strongest binders. Thus, it is proposed that CBD is caused by the exposure of Be of an individual carrying the HLA-DP2*0201 allele and that the binding of Be to HLA-DP2 protein alters the conformational and ionization properties of HLA-DP2 such that the binding of a peptide triggers a wrong signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marharyta Petukh
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Physics Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bohua Wu
- School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shannon Stefl
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Physics Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nick Smith
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Physics Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Hyde-Volpe
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Physics Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emil Alexov
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Physics Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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Mack DG, Falta MT, McKee AS, Martin AK, Simonian PL, Crawford F, Gordon T, Mercer RR, Hoover MD, Marrack P, Kappler JW, Tuder RM, Fontenot AP. Regulatory T cells modulate granulomatous inflammation in an HLA-DP2 transgenic murine model of beryllium-induced disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8553-8. [PMID: 24912188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408048111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is linked to certain HLA-DP molecules, including HLA-DP2. To elucidate the molecular basis of this association, we exposed mice transgenic (Tg) for HLA-DP2 to beryllium oxide (BeO) via oropharyngeal aspiration. As opposed to WT mice, BeO-exposed HLA-DP2 Tg mice developed mononuclear infiltrates in a peribronchovascular distribution that were composed of CD4(+) T cells and included regulatory T (Treg) cells. Beryllium-responsive, HLA-DP2-restricted CD4(+) T cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-2 were present in BeO-exposed HLA-DP2 Tg mice and not in WT mice. Using Be-loaded HLA-DP2-peptide tetramers, we identified Be-specific CD4(+) T cells in the mouse lung that recognize identical ligands as CD4(+) T cells derived from the human lung. Importantly, a subset of HLA-DP2 tetramer-binding CD4(+) T cells expressed forkhead box P3, consistent with the expansion of antigen-specific Treg cells. Depletion of Treg cells in BeO-exposed HLA-DP2 Tg mice exacerbated lung inflammation and enhanced granuloma formation. These findings document, for the first time to our knowledge, the development of a Be-specific adaptive immune response in mice expressing HLA-DP2 and the ability of Treg cells to modulate the beryllium-induced granulomatous immune response.
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Fireman E, Lerman Y, Stark M, Pardo A, Schwarz Y, Van Dyke MV, Elliot J, Barkes B, Newman L, Maier L. A novel alternative to environmental monitoring to detect workers at risk for beryllium exposure-related health effects. J Occup Environ Hyg 2014; 11:809-818. [PMID: 24856577 PMCID: PMC4347844 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.922689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe a methodology for surveillance and monitoring of beryllium exposure using biological monitoring to complement environmental monitoring. Eighty-three Israeli dental technicians (mean age 41.6 ± 1.36 years) and 80 American nuclear machining workers (54.9 ± 1.21 years) were enrolled. Biological monitoring was carried out by analyzing particle size (laser technique) and shape (image analysis) in 131/163 (80.3%) induced sputum samples (Dipa Analyser, Donner Tech, Or Aquiva, Israel). Environmental monitoring was carried out only in the United States (Sioutas impactor, SKC, Inc., Eighty Four, Pa.). Pulmonary function testing performance and induced sputum retrieval were done by conventional methods. Sixty-three Israeli workers and 37 American workers were followed up for at least 2 years. Biological monitoring by induced sputum indicated that a >92% accumulation of <5 μm particles correlated significantly to a positive beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test result (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.2-11.4, p = 0.015) among all participants. Environmental monitoring showed that beryllium particles were <1 μm, and this small fraction (0.1-1 μ) was significantly more highly accumulated in nuclear machining workers compared to dental technicians. The small fractions positively correlated with induced sputum macrophages (r = 0.21 p = 0.01) and negatively correlated with diffusion lung carbon monoxide single breath (DLCO-SB r = 0.180 p = 0.04) in all subjects. Years of exposure were positively correlated to the number of accumulated particles 2-3 μ in diameter (r = 0.2, p = 0.02) and negatively correlated to forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity findings (r = -0.18, p = 0.02). DLCO was decreased in both groups after two years of monitoring. Biological monitoring is more informative than environmental monitoring in the surveillance and monitoring of workers in beryllium industries. Induced sputum is a feasible and promising biomonitoring method that should be included in the surveillance of exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fireman
- Institute of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Lerman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Occupational Health Department, Clalit Medical Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Stark
- Institute of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Asher Pardo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Schwarz
- Institute of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael V. Van Dyke
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jill Elliot
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Briana Barkes
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Lee Newman
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Lisa Maier
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den Berg M, Norman RE. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health 2013; 1:e350-61. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim KW, Kim D, Won YL, Kang SK. Effects of beryllium on human serum immunoglobulin and lymphocyte subpopulation. Toxicol Res 2013; 29:115-20. [PMID: 24278637 PMCID: PMC3834450 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of short-term exposure of beryllium on the human immune system, the proportion of T-lymphocytes such as CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD95, and NK cells, andthe proportion of B cells and TNFα level in peripheral blood and immunoglobulins in the serum of 43 exposed workers and 34 healthy control subjects were studied. External exposure to beryllium was measured by atomic absorption spectrometer as recommended by the NIOSH analytical method 7300. T lymphocyte subpopulation analysis was carried out with flow cytometer. The working duration of exposed workers was less than 3 months and the mean ambient beryllium level was 3.4 μg/m(3), 112.3 μg/m(3), and 2.3 μg/m(3) in molding (furnace), deforming (grinding), and sorting processes, respectively (cited from Kim et al., 2008). However, ambient beryllium level after process change was non-detectable (< 0.1 μg/m(3)). The number of T lymphocytes and the amount of immunoglobulins in the beryllium-exposed workers and control subjects were not significantly different, except for the total number of lymphocytes and CD95 (APO1/FAS). The total number of lymphocytes was higher in the beryllium-exposed individuals than in the healthy control subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed lymphocytes to be affected by beryllium exposure (odd ratio = 7.293; p < 0.001). These results show that short-term exposure to beryllium does not induce immune dysfunction but is probably associated with lymphocytes proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Incheon, Korea
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Hines SE, Pacheco K, Maier LA. The role of lymphocyte proliferation tests in assessing occupational sensitization and disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:102-10. [PMID: 22306552 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283511396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lymphocyte proliferation testing (LPT) is used in diagnosing occupationally acquired delayed-type hypersensitivity. It has been used in beryllium-health effects, and its role is expanding in metal allergy. It may find application in diagnosis of other sensitizers. RECENT FINDINGS Use of the beryllium LPT (BeLPT) in medical surveillance identifies beryllium sensitization at low exposure with chronic beryllium disease (CBD) that leads to physiologic impairment and need for immunosuppressive medications. New studies indicate that both beryllium exposure and genetic variation are associated with increased risk of CBD. Borderline positive BeLPTs warrant inclusion into diagnostic algorithms. Furthermore, use of LPTs to diagnose metal allergy is being proposed in diagnosis of chromium allergy and hypersensitivity to surgical implants. New occupational sensitizers continue to be identified including metalworking fluids, the sterilizing agent ortho-phthalaldehyde and the solvent para-chlorobenzotrifluoride. Use of LPT in occupational surveillance to these agents and other known sensitizers may play expanding roles. SUMMARY Lymphocyte proliferation testing serves a valuable role in diagnosing occupational sensitization, as demonstrated with beryllium-health effects, as cases continue to be found at low exposure levels. The use of LPTs in diagnosing contact allergy is expanding, and new applications may be identified in human and animal studies.
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Chinen J, Shearer WT. Advances in basic and clinical immunology in 2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:342-8. [PMID: 22206779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of basic immunologic mechanisms and clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies were most prevalent in 2011. Significant progress was achieved in the characterization of T(H)17 cell differentiation and associated cytokines in the setting of inflammatory disorders, HIV infection, and immunodysregulation disorders. The role of transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) mutations in the pathogenesis of CVID was further described and reported to be likely mediated by impaired TACI expression affecting B-cell function. The frequency of autoimmunity in patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome was estimated at 8.5%, predominantly resulting in blood cytopenias and hypothyroidism. Several reports emphasized the presentation of neoplasias, most often lymphomas, as the first manifestation of several primary immunodeficiencies. Novel strategies for newborn screening of B-cell lymphopenia by measuring immunoglobulin κ chain-deletion recombinant excision circles and for adenosine deaminase deficiency using tandem mass spectrometry were demonstrated to be feasible at a large scale. Progress in the treatment of primary immunodeficiencies included increased success with unrelated HLA-compatible donors for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the development of new gene therapy approaches with improved safety features. Induced pluripotent stem cells were developed from patients with primary immunodeficiencies, providing a virtually unlimited resource for pathophysiology and gene correction studies. New findings in several of the uncommon immunodeficiencies, such as the increased susceptibility to severe viral infections caused by defects in the activation of the Toll-like receptor 3 pathway, overall contributed to the understanding of their immunologic basis and provided for the design of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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