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Balseiro A, Pérez-Martínez C, Dagleish MP, Royo LJ, Polledo L, García Marín JF. Goats Naturally Infected with the Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus (SGEV): Pathological Features and An Outbreak. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13. [PMID: 36611682 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In autumn 2011, a disease outbreak caused by Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV) was reported in a herd of goats from Asturias (north-western Spain), expanding the known geographic distribution of tick-borne encephalitis in Europe. The virus was classified as a new subtype (subspecies) within the Louping-ill virus species of the mammalian tick-borne flavivirus group. The aims of the present study were to describe the pathology in goats naturally infected with SGEV, as well as discuss the pathogenesis of the disease in that outbreak. A total of 22/85 (25.88%) goats (20 adults and 2 kids) died between October 2011 and June 2012, showing neurological clinical signs. Over three years, the mortality rate in the herd reached 100%. Neuropathological lesions caused by SGEV were severe and widespread throughout the central nervous system but were more severe and numerous in the proximal cervical spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellar cortex. They consisted of neuron necrosis, neuronophagia, mononuclear inflammatory cell perivascular cuffs (lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages) and gliosis. The distribution of viral antigens was restricted to the cytoplasm of neurons in several brain areas but not associated with inflammatory foci nor inflammatory cells. SGEV should be considered a significant pathogen of goats that results in severe neurological clinical disease and high mortality.
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Weissenböck H, Ebinger A, Gager AM, Thaller D, Höper D, Lichtmannsperger K, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Matt J, Beer M. A novel enterovirus in lambs with poliomyelitis and brain stem encephalitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:227-234. [PMID: 34874614 PMCID: PMC9305294 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An Austrian organic dairy sheep farm experienced cases of recumbency and sudden deaths in 3- to 4-week-old lambs. Two animals were subjected to thorough clinical and pathological investigations. Pathohistological analysis identified severe nonsuppurative myelitis and mild nonsuppurative encephalitis. A reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for the recently discovered ovine picornavirus causing comparable lesions scored negative. By next-generation sequencing-based metagenomics, a nearly complete genome of a novel enterovirus could be detected and assembled. In situ hybridization using a specifically designed probe revealed robust signals in affected motoneurons of the spinal cord suggesting a causative role of the novel virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnt Ebinger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Gager
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Thaller
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Matt
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald, Germany
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Martínez IZ, Pérez-Martínez C, Salinas LM, Juste RA, García Marín JF, Balseiro A. Phenotypic Characterization of Encephalitis and Immune Response in the Brains of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081373. [PMID: 32784781 PMCID: PMC7459603 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This article studies the local immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) in lambs experimentally infected with Spanish goat encephalitis virus. CNS sections were immunostained to detect microglia, astrocytes, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. In glial foci and perivascular cuffing areas, microglia were the most abundant cell type (45.4% of immunostained cells), followed by T lymphocytes (18.6%) and B lymphocytes (4.4%). Reactive astrogliosis occurred to a greater extent in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and medulla oblongata cord contained the largest areas occupied by glial foci. Lesions were more severe in lambs than in goats. Abstract Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV), a novel subtype of tick-borne flavivirus closely related to louping ill virus, causes a neurological disease in experimentally infected goats and lambs. Here, the distribution of microglia, T and B lymphocytes, and astrocytes was determined in the encephalon and spinal cord of eight Assaf lambs subcutaneously infected with SGEV. Cells were identified based on immunohistochemical staining against Iba1 (microglia), CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD20 (B lymphocytes), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes). In glial foci and perivascular cuffing areas, microglia were the most abundant cell type (45.4% of immunostained cells), followed by T lymphocytes (18.6%) and B lymphocytes (4.4%). Thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and medulla oblongata contained the largest areas occupied by glial foci. Reactive astrogliosis occurred to a greater extent in the lumbosacral spinal cord than in other regions of the central nervous system. Lesions were more frequent on the side of the animal experimentally infected with the virus. Lesions were more severe in lambs than in goats, suggesting that lambs may be more susceptible to SGEV, which may be due to species differences or to interindividual differences in the immune response, rather than to differences in the relative proportions of immune cells. Larger studies that monitor natural or experimental infections may help clarify local immune responses to this flavivirus subtype in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Z. Martínez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24006 León, Spain; (I.Z.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.M.S.); (J.F.G.M.)
- Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, UPAEP Universidad, Puebla 72410, Mexico
| | - Claudia Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24006 León, Spain; (I.Z.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.M.S.); (J.F.G.M.)
| | - Luis M. Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24006 León, Spain; (I.Z.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.M.S.); (J.F.G.M.)
- Universidad Internacional Antonio de Valdivieso, UNIAV, 47000 Rivas, Nicaragua
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Juan F. García Marín
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24006 León, Spain; (I.Z.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.M.S.); (J.F.G.M.)
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24006 León, Spain; (I.Z.M.); (C.P.-M.); (L.M.S.); (J.F.G.M.)
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Del Cerro A, Balseiro A, Casais R, Dalton KP, Salinas L, Saiz JC, Royo LJ. A one-step TaqMan real-time qRT-PCR assay for the specific detection and quantitation of the Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV). J Virol Methods 2018; 255:98-100. [PMID: 29481880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Louping ill-like virus (LI) has been recently detected in two different locations in the north of Spain and separated by only around 400 km. Using molecular approaches, the viruses causing both outbreaks have been shown to be different to LI virus, but also different to each other. They have been called SSEV (Spanish sheep encephalitis virus) and SGEV (Spanish goat encephalitis virus) taking into account the species from which they were isolated. The aim of this paper was to design a quantitative TaqMan real-time RT-PCR protocol, for the specific diagnostic and quantitation of SGEV. Linearity, efficiency and dynamic range as well as reproducibility and specificity of the method has been tested and established. The method has proved to be valid for the specific detection and viral load quantitation of SGEV genome in virus isolates and tissue samples from infected animals. This assay will be a useful analytical tool in early diagnosis and epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Del Cerro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Área de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Deva, 33394 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Área de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Deva, 33394 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Área de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Deva, 33394 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis Salinas
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana León, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Saiz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Biotecnología, Crta. de la Coruña Km. 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J Royo
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Área Nutrición, Pastos y Forrajes, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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Buxton D, Reid H. 120 years of Louping-ill Research: an Historical Perspective from the Archive of the Journal of Comparative Pathology. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:270-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Salinas L, Casais R, García Marín J, Dalton K, Royo L, del Cerro A, Gayo E, Dagleish M, Alberdi P, Juste R, de la Fuente J, Balseiro A. Vaccination against Louping Ill Virus Protects Goats from Experimental Challenge with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:409-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Salinas LM, Casais R, García Marín JF, Dalton KP, Royo LJ, Del Cerro A, Gayo E, Dagleish MP, Juste RA, Balseiro A. Lambs are Susceptible to Experimental Challenge with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:400-408. [PMID: 28433396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, and causes encephalomyelitis in goats. The aim of this study was to determine whether sheep are susceptible to experimental challenge with SGEV by two different routes. The results show that SGEV can infect sheep by both the subcutaneous and intravenous routes, resulting in neurological clinical disease with extensive and severe histological lesions in the central nervous system. Lambs challenged subcutaneously developed more severe lesions on the ipsilateral side of the brain, but the lesion morphology was similar irrespective of the route of challenge. The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, lesion morphology and distribution shows that SGEV is very similar to louping ill virus (LIV) and therefore any disease control plan must take into account any host species and SGEV vectors as potential reservoirs. Furthermore, discriminatory diagnostics need to be applied to any sheep or goat suspected of disease due to any flavivirus in areas where SGEV and LIV co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Salinas
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - R Casais
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - J F García Marín
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - K P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus El Cristo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - L J Royo
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - A Del Cerro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - E Gayo
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - M P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - R A Juste
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - A Balseiro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
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