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Balkrishna A, Sinha S, Bhattacharya K, Varshney A. Twenty-eight days of repeated dose sub-acute toxicological evaluation of polyherbal Ayurvedic medicine BPGrit in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38741393 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A pre-clinical toxicological evaluation of herbal medicines is necessary to identify any underlying health-associated side effects, if any. BPGrit is an Ayurveda-based medicine prescribed for treating hypertensive conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography-based analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid, coumarin, cinnamic acid, guggulsterone E, and guggulsterone Z in BPGrit. For sub-acute toxicity analysis of BPGrit, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given repeated oral gavage at 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day dosages for 28 days, followed by a 14-day recovery phase. No incidences of mortality, morbidity, or abnormal clinical signs were observed in BPGrit-treated rats throughout the study period. Also, the body weight and food consumption habits of the experimental animals did not change during the study duration. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analysis did not indicate any abnormal changes occurring in the BPGrit-treated rats up to the highest tested dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. Finally, the study established the "no-observed-adverse-effect level" for BPGrit at >1000 mg/kg body weight/day in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India
- Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, Glasgow, UK
- Vedic Acharya Samaj Foundation Inc., NFP 21725 CR 33, Groveland, Florida, USA
| | - Sandeep Sinha
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
| | - Kunal Bhattacharya
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India
- Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Wondimu NL, Mengistie MG, Yesuf JS. Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Aqueous and Hydro Methanolic Crude Extracts and Solvent Fraction of the Hydromethanolic Flower Extract of Erica Arborea L. (Ericaceae) in Swiss Albino Mice. J Exp Pharmacol 2024; 16:175-187. [PMID: 38650861 PMCID: PMC11034569 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s453578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the diuretic effects of aqueous (AQ) and hydromethanolic crude extract (HM) the as well as the solvent fractions of the HM extract from Erica arborea flowers in mice. Methods Mice were administered AQ and HM crude extracts, along with solvent fractions of HM extracts of E. arborea flowers, including HXF (n-hexane fraction), EAF (ethyl acetate fraction), and AQF (aqueous fraction), at doses ranging from 100 to 400 mg/kg orally. The effects of these extracts and solvent fractions on urine and salt excretion over 5 hours were compared to the effects of the solvent used for reconstitution and a standard drug (furosemide 10 mg/kg), as well as to each other. Results The HM crude extract at a lower dose (100 mg/kg) significantly increased urine volume and salt excretion starting from the 3rd h compared to the AQ crude extract. Similar effects were observed for EAF. Notably, the HM extract and its EAF at 400 mg/kg showed comparable urine and salt excretion profiles to the standard drug. Conclusion This study demonstrated that HM extract and EAF promote better diuresis, likely due to their saluretic properties. Furthermore, it confirms the diuretic activity of Erica arborea flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardos Lema Wondimu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mestayet Geta Mengistie
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jibril Seid Yesuf
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Pavlović DR, Dobrić S, Stojanović N, Zlatković B, Matejić J, Kovačević N. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Erica spiculifolia extracts and fractions. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38206132 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2301677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
There is little data on the phytochemical/pharmacological properties of Erica spiculifolia Salisb. (syn. Bruckentalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.). This study examines the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts and fractions of E. spiculifolia in vitro on isolated rat peritoneal macrophages, in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test, BSA test, and two complementary antioxidant assays. Ethanolic extracts of leaves, flowers, and aboveground parts, and petroleum ether, ether, ethyl acetate, and water fractionations of the ethanol extract of E. spiculifolia applied at doses of 50-200 mg/kg p.o. exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity comparable with indomethacin. All tested samples, except for the petroleum ether fraction, exerted excellent in vitro antioxidant activity, and all of them exhibited significant and similar inhibition of BSA denaturation comparable with diclofenac. Ethanolic extract of the aboveground parts obtained by percolation, ethyl acetate and water fractions had the highest efficiency, attenuating inflammation by more than 50% in the lowest applied concentration alongside exceptional radical scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silva Dobrić
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Stojanović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Bojan Zlatković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Matejić
- IAS Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nada Kovačević
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Amari S, Karbab A, Charef N, Arrar L, Mubarak MS. Anti-urolithiatic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Erica arborea flowers and leaves hydromethanolic extracts: An ethnopharmacological study. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103785. [PMID: 37680977 PMCID: PMC10480653 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Erica arborea L. is a medicinal plant vastly used in therapeutic purposes in several parts of the world for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic purposes, and in treating urinary infections and kidney stones. The current investigation aimed to evaluate the medicinal use of E. arborea in Algeria's Bejaia region, and to examine the anti-urolithiatic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory (in vivo), analgesic, and toxicity effects of E. arborea hydromethanolic extracts from leaves (EALE) and flowers (EALE) to give a justification for its use in the traditional medicine. The in vitro anti-urolithiathic activity of E. arborea leaf and flower hydromethanolic extracts nucleation and aggregation of crystals were measured using spectrophotometric methods. The agar disk diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination were employed to estimate the antibacterial effect of EAME against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro. In addition, the xylene and croton oil-induced ear edema methods in mice were used to examine the topical and oral anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts. Similarly, the analgesic effect of the extract was assessed via the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction in mice, whereas the acute toxicity of EAME was conducted following OECD guidelines. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among 171 informants with 212 questionnaire cards. Results indicated that 28.04 % of people in the studied region used E. arborea in traditional folk medicine. Additionally, results revealed the presence of epicatechin, palmitic acid, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside in the plant extracts. Results also showed that EAME exhibits significant and dose-dependent anti-urolithiatic activity in nucleation and aggregation assays. Furthermore, results revealed that the extracts exhibit significant antibacterial activity. The E. arborea flower extract (EAFE) showed maximum antibacterial activity, especially against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. gallinarum, and B. cereus. In addition, a greater minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in this extract was found at 1.60 mg/mL against M. luteus strain compared to the positive control. Moreover, the EAME caused a significant inhibition influence in the xylene and croton oil-induced edematous in mice. In contrast, the topical anti-inflammatory potential showed that extracts exhibit a considerable anti-edematogenic effect in both animal models. In the writhing reaction induced by the acetic acid model, the two extracts significantly reduced abdominal contractions. Finally, results of the toxicity assay showed that EAME is safe and no deaths or changes in mice behavior were observed even when doses as high as 5 g/kg DW were used. From the ethnopharmacological studies, our consequences endorse the benefit of E. arborea in folk medicine. Results of this investigation suggest that the leaf and flower extracts of E. arborea exhibit notable anti-urolithiatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activities and are safe as a natural source of drugs with the above effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Amari
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Setif1, 19000, Algeria
| | - Ahlem Karbab
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Setif1, 19000, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Charef
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Setif1, 19000, Algeria
| | - Lekhmici Arrar
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Setif1, 19000, Algeria
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Nouri A, Gasmi L, Safsaf A, Harzallah D, Khennouf S, Dahamna S. Secondary metabolite contents and safety assessment study of the aqueous extract from the Algerian Echium trygorrhizum Pomel roots. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115771. [PMID: 36206871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Species of Echium trygorrhizum Pomel, belonging to the Boraginaceae family, grow wild in North Africa. This plant is used in traditional Algerian medicine for the treatment of Diabetes, Jaundice and Tonsillitis. AIM OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, no work has been done on the phytochemistry and biological activities of this plant. Moreover, no study has yet corroborated that the use of this plant is safe. Therefore, the present study was carried out to gather information on the various medicinal uses of this plant and to evaluate the total phenolic content and assess its safety after acute and sub-acute toxicity tests with rodents (mice and rats). MATERIAL AND METHODS An ethnopharmacological survey was carried out using a direct questionnaire. It included some questions relating to the plant. The content of polyphénols, flavonoids and tannins present in the aqueous extract was determined by colorimetric methods. In the acute toxicity tests, three groups each containing five males and five females Albino mice were formed. The control group received water, while the test groups received different doses of aqueous extract (2000 and 5000) mg/kg body weight. In the subacute toxicity study, different doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract were administered to male and female rats for 28 consecutive days. Hematological analysis, biochemical parameters estimation and histopathological examination have been determined at the end of the treatment. RESULTS Data from the ethnopharmacological survey showed that 25, 31% of people used this plant in Algeria as a traditional medicine for the treatment of Jaundice (100%), Diabetes (28, 33%) and Tonsillitis (10%). Results also revealed that aqueous extract contains high amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. The extract did not cause any toxicity during the 14-days observation period after a single dose of 5000 mg/kg was administered to mice, with LD50 values greater than 5000 mg/kg. In a further step, the administration of the aqueous extract at all dose levels (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) to male and female rats during the 28-days study did not result in any deaths or behavioral changes, and there were no changes in body weight, relative organ weights, or food consumption as a result of this experiment. However, male rats showed a significant difference in relative liver weight in the high dose group (1000 mg/kg) (p < 0.05) and the satellite group (p < 0.01). In female rats, liver weight significantly increased only in the satellite group compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The results showed an increase in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) in the female groups. However, a clear decrease was observed in plasma ALP enzyme activities in females treated with the doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg (p < 0.05) after the treatment periods. CONCLUSION The study indicated that the single dose of 5 g/kg AQE can be considered relatively safe as it did not cause death or any signs of toxicity in mice. Repeated oral administration of AQE at doses below 250 g/kg/day for 28 consecutive days can be considered relatively safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allaoua Nouri
- Department of Biology, University AKLI Mohand Oulhadj, Bouira, Algeria; Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Disease, of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Algeria.
| | - Lakhdar Gasmi
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Disease, of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Algeria
| | - Amina Safsaf
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology CHU, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Algeria
| | - Daoud Harzallah
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif1, Sétif, 19000, Algeria
| | - Seddik Khennouf
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Disease, of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Algeria
| | - Saliha Dahamna
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Disease, of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Algeria
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In Vitro Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Leaf Extract against Cutibacterium acnes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091952. [PMID: 36145700 PMCID: PMC9501556 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is the main causative agent of acne vulgaris. The study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a natural product, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract, against C. acnes. Preliminary chemical–physical characterization of the extract was carried out by means of FT-IR, TGA and XPS analyses. Skin permeation kinetics of the extract conveyed by a toning lotion was studied in vitro by Franz diffusion cell, monitoring the permeated arbutin (as the target component of the extract) and the total phenols by HPLC and UV-visible spectrophotometry, respectively. Antimicrobial activity and time-killing assays were performed to evaluate the effects of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract against planktonic C. acnes. The influence of different Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract concentrations on the biofilm biomass inhibition and degradation was evaluated by the crystal violet (CV) method. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used to determine the viability of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) after exposure to Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract for 24 and 48 h. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were quantified after HaCaT cells cotreatment with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract and heat-killed C. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which exerted a bacteriostatic action on 90% of planktonic C. acnes (MIC90) was 0.6 mg/mL. Furthermore, MIC and sub-MIC concentrations influenced the biofilm formation phases, recording a percentage of inhibition that exceeded 50 and 40% at 0.6 and 0.3 mg/mL. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract disrupted biofilm biomass of 57 and 45% at the same concentrations mentioned above. Active Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract doses did not affect the viability of HaCaT cells. On the other hand, at 1.25 and 0.6 mg/mL, complete inhibition of the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was recorded. Taken together, these results indicate that Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaf extract could represent a natural product to counter the virulence of C. acnes, representing a new alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Maimaiti A, Jing-Jing L, Shi L. Investigating the acute and sub-acute toxicity of medicinal Cuscuta chinensis Lam plant. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:114005. [PMID: 33705922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (Convolvulaceae) had received growing attention as a traditional medicinal herb widely used for treating female impotence, abortion, male reproductive system disease and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study investigated the acute and sub-acute toxicities of C. chinensis water extract (CLW) in the ICR mice model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various doses of CLW (1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg) were administered consecutively for 14 days to evaluate the acute toxicity level with examine mortality, general behavior, body weight, food and water intake of the mice. At the end of treatmet, macroscopic observation of the skin and major internal organs in the abdominal part and organ coefficients were taken. The same doses were administered daily for 28 days to determine the sub-acute toxicity level with examine mortality, general behavior, body weight, food and water intake of the mice. At the end of treatmet, macroscopical examination of organs, tissues, cavities, organ coefficients, pathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were carried out. RESULTS The acute toxicity test results revealed an LD 50 of over 5000 mg/kg for CLW. Similarly, no CLW-related mortality and severe toxicities were experienced in the sub-acute study. However, the treatment of CLW had a reducing effect on body weight of both male and female mice, and feed intake in female mice at the all tested doses (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Moreover, significant effects in organ coefficients of brain, liver, lung, testis and thymus became apparent due to CLW mainly at the 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. The hematological analysis result showed a significant decrease in platelets, lymphocytes, and hematocrit. In contrast, a significant increase in the neutrophils was observed in the CLW treated groups (2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Biochemical test results showed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels while decreasing albumin, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels after treatment of CLW mostly at the doses of 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. Mild liver toxicity in both sexes treated with 5000 mg/kg of CLW was recorded in the histopathological analysis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggested that CLW is safe at its dose lower than 1250 mg/kg, although liver toxicity from daily use may be a matter of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikebaier Maimaiti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Jing-Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Linsen Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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