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Ren M, Zhang H, Fan Y, Zhou H, Cao R, Gao Y, Chen J. Suppressing the formation of chlorinated aromatics by inhibitor sodium thiocyanate in solid waste incineration process. Sci Total Environ 2021; 798:149154. [PMID: 34333438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing the formation of chlorinated aromatics (Cl-aromatics) by chemical inhibitors is an important measure to reduce dioxin emission from the solid waste incineration plants. In this study, we first investigated the reduction effect of a novel inhibitor sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) on the emission of dioxins in 2 full-scale solid waste incineration systems. Injection of NaSCN solution into the higher temperature flue gas resulted in about 60% reduction in the concentration of total tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in stack flue gas. The suppression effect was further verified by a laboratory study on the chlorination of naphthalene over model fly ashes with or without NaSCN addition. By characterizing the reaction products between NaSCN and key catalysts Cu and Fe chlorides, two main suppression mechanisms were proposed: (i) reduction of highly active cupric chloride (CuCl2) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) to less active cuprous chloride (CuCl) and ferrous chloride (FeCl2), (ii) sulfidation of Cu chlorides. The laboratory study indicated that the unreacted NaSCN in the combustion flue gas could be mainly decomposed into Na2S, C3N4, Na2S2O3, NaS2, Na2SO4, CO2, SO2, NO2 and COS. These decomposition products are low toxic or can be effectively removed by the air pollution control devices. CAPSULE: NaSCN suppressed the formation of chlorinated aromatics in combustion flue gas mainly through inducing the reduction of highly active Cu (II) and Fe (III) chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Yun Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Hongquan Zhou
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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Ren M, Zhang H, Zhou H, Fan Y, Cao R, Gao Y, Chen J. Effect of urea on chlorinated aromatics formation mediated by copper and iron species in combustion flue gas. Chemosphere 2021; 280:130963. [PMID: 34162116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urea ((NH2)2CO) is widely applied to the reduction of NOX in modern full-scale solid waste incineration systems, but there is a lack of knowledge about how urea affects the formation and emission of Cl-aromatics. In this study, we investigated the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) via electrophilic chlorination and precursor pathway mediated by model fly ashes containing Cu and Fe species with or without urea addition. The results indicated that the addition of urea promoted the direct chlorination of parent aromatics over Cu (Ⅱ) chlorides and the coupling reaction of chlorophenols over Fe species, while suppressed the catalytic chlorination of parent aromatics over Fe (Ⅲ) chlorides and the coupling reaction of chlorophenols over Cu species. The diverse effects should be mainly attributed to the formation of complex salts containing NH3 and NH4+. The formation of complex salts of Fe chlorides and NH4Cl could hinder the oxidization of Fe chlorides, and thus maintain the high activity of Fe species for catalyzing the coupling reaction of chlorophenols. The formation of complex salts of Cu (Ⅱ) chloride and NH3 could prevent the chemical sorption of phenoxyl groups, and thus suppress the coupling reaction of chlorophenols. NH3 released from the thermal decomposition of urea could not only react with Cl2 to suppress the catalytic chlorination of aromatics, but also neutralize HCl to accelerate the direct chlorination of aromatics. In general, urea should act as inhibitor for suppressing the formation of Cl-aromatics in solid waste incineration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
| | - Hongquan Zhou
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Yun Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
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Ma Y, Wang P, Lin X, Chen T, Li X. Formation and inhibition of Polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from mechanical grate municipal solid waste incineration systems. J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123812. [PMID: 33264911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is carried out in two full-scale (300 t/d) municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI), focusing on the inhibition effect on polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) formation by the Sulfur-, Phosphorus-, and Nitrogen-containing inhibitors. The inhibition efficiencies of total PCDD/F range from 45.77 % to 58.55 %, meanwhile, from 50.1 % to 57.6 % for toxic PCDD/F. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results conduct the inhibition effect on the three key factors of PCDD/F formation: catalytic metal, carbon source and chlorine source. Inhibitors can increase the proportion of inorganic chlorine form at the ash surface. The changes of sulfur and phosphorus forms support the inhibition mechanisms of PCDD/F. De novo synthesis is the stable inhibition pathway in this study, meanwhile, the chlorophenols-route and dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran chlorination also work in some tests. The results are the basics for further industrial application of PCDD/F inhibitors and benefit in controlling the PCDD/F emission from MSWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peiyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Lu S, Xiang Y, Chen Z, Chen T, Lin X, Zhang W, Li X, Yan J. Development of phosphorus-based inhibitors for PCDD/Fs suppression. Waste Manag 2021; 119:82-90. [PMID: 33049516 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition mechanisms of sulfur-, nitrogen- and phosphorus- based inhibitors on the de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were studied by exploring speciation evolution of carbon, chorine and copper in fly ash under laboratory-scale experiments. Significant inhibition of PCDD/Fs by thiourea (TUA) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) was observed as 97.2% and 98.2%, respectively, except for potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP). ADP and PDP exhibited better inhibition on PCDFs than on PCDDs, whereas TUA exhibited the opposite effect. After adding inhibitors, the proportion of C-O/C=O/O-C=O bonds at the surface of fly ash increased, and stronger oxidation of carbon occurred, together with the conversion from Cu2+ to Cu+ and the inhibition of organic chlorine formation. Kinetic model results indicated that TUA might either suppress the carbon gasification or promote the decomposition of PCDD/Fs, resulting in a remarkable inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation. Simulated chemical reaction equilibrium further comfirmed that catalytic metal could be deactivated into CuS and Cu2S by sulfur, and into Cu2P2O7 by phosphorus. Moreover, NH3, decomposed from TUA and ADP, was able to convert Cl2 into HCl, albeit with a weaker chlorination ability. This study of inhibition mechanisms is useful for the exploration and utilization of efficient inhibitors in full-scale incinerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yifan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- POWERCHINA Central China Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Ma Y, Lin X, Chen Z, Li X, Lu S, Yan J. Influence factors and mass balance of memory effect on PCDD/F emissions from the full-scale municipal solid waste incineration in China. Chemosphere 2020; 239:124614. [PMID: 31505444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies are carried out in two wet scrubbing systems (WSSs) subordinated to two similar full-scale (30 t h-1) municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators to explore the influence factors and mass balance of memory effect on polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emissions. The results show that the memory effect on two WSSs notably increases the TEQ concentrations by 13.6 and 3 times, respectively, through increase in the total mass concentration and the proportions of low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs, directly resulting in the PCDD/F emissions of 1# MSW incinerator over the national standard. PCDD/F adsorption/desorption in WSSs is the reasonable acting mechanisms of memory effect. In addition, memory effect mainly influences gaseous PCDD/F emissions by elevating the percentage of PCDFs, while slightly affects PCDD/Fs in residuals. A mass balance of PCDD/Fs is established to further analyze the influence factors of memory effect on WSSs, indicating filling as the largest potential source discharging PCDD/Fs into outlet flue gas. The results pave the way for further industrial optimization of WSSs design, such as the filling materials with less adsorption capacity on PCDD/Fs and more reasonable operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Moreno AI, Font R, Gomez-Rico MF. Inhibition effect of polyurethane foam waste in dioxin formation. Waste Manag 2019; 97:19-26. [PMID: 31447023 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work has been focused on studying the polychlorinated polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (PCDD/F) inhibition in the combustion process by prior addition of an inhibitor to the fuel. Three different experiments of combustion were carried out at 850 °C in a laboratory-scale horizontal tubular quartz reactor, and several compounds were analyzed from the flue gas obtained, such as PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), NH3, HCN, NOx, HCl, Cl2, chlorobenzenes (ClBzs), chlorophenols (ClPhs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile and other semivolatile organic compounds. The fuel used was a synthetic waste which was composed of sawdust and PVC (95 wt% and 5 wt%, respectively) and the inhibitors studied were polyurethane foam (PUF) that can be found in mattress waste and gases from the oxidative pyrolysis of PUF. Due to the high N content of PUF, a significant decrease of PCDD/F and dl-PCB formation has been obtained in the experimental runs carried out with the inhibitors studied, particularly with the gases from the oxidative pyrolysis of PUF. In addition, it must be noted that emissions of incomplete combustion products have also decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Moreno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Rafael Font
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - M Francisca Gomez-Rico
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Ma Y, Lin X, Chen Z, Li X, Lu S, Yan J. Influences of P-N-containing inhibitor and memory effect on PCDD/F emissions during the full-scale municipal solid waste incineration. Chemosphere 2019; 228:495-502. [PMID: 31051352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Influence of inhibition and memory effect on PCDD/Fs are carried out in a full-scale (23 t h-1) municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator under three conditions. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is injected into the post combustion zone of incinerator. The results show that the inhibition efficiency of PCDD/Fs in flue gas was 53.34% (71% for TEQ), and ADP possibly also didn't have effect on the chlorination reaction of PCDD/F formation. The memory effect phenomenon, PCDD/F adsorption/desorption, is clearly discovered in the wet scrubber system (WSS), resulting in PCDD/F concentration increased by 6.2-19.9 times. Memory effect also changes the distribution of PCDD/Fs by increasing the proportions of low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs, which is easily to be desorbed because of their higher vapor pressure comparing with the high-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. After renewing the scrubbing solution and cleaning the bottom sludge in WSS, the PCDD/F TEQ concentrations decreases from 0.51 to 0.24 ng I-TEQ Nm-3, further mitigating but still not enough to eliminate the memory effect because the PCDD/F desorption of wall and scrubber fillings in the WSS. The results are paving the way for further industrial optimized design of WSS and assist in controlling the PCDD/F emissions from MSWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Ma H, Du N, Lin X, Liu C, Zhang J, Miao Z. Inhibition of element sulfur and calcium oxide on the formation of PCDD/Fs during co-combustion experiment of municipal solid waste. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:1263-1271. [PMID: 29758879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of element sulfur (S) and calcium oxide (CaO) on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion process, MSW was incinerated with S or CaO in a laboratory-scale incinerator and heated in the flow of N2-O2 gas mixture at 800°C. It can be concluded that 25% of oxygen concentration is the best condition for the following inhibitors experiments through a series of oxygen variation experiments. With adding S and CaO in MSW incineration, seventeen kinds of 2, 3, 7, 8-substituted PCDD/Fs congeners were analysed with high-resolution chromatography and mass spectrometry method. The results show that S and CaO obviously suppress PCDD/Fs formation. Comparing inhibition effect of S with that of CaO, the inhibitory effect of S on HpCDD/Fs formation was most remarkable, of around 88.1%; while CaO could inhibit the formation of HxCDD/Fs more evidently than sulfur and the inhibition was 85.1%. PCDFs were the main components of dioxins produced from MSW incineration in the experiments, and S and CaO were unable to change the dominating generation route of PCDD/Fs. S and CaO could mainly consume chlorine sources or weaken the chlorination in the PCDD/Fs formation process to restrain the PCDFs formation, but the inhibition mechanisms were different. In addition, some dioxins or precursors might be decomposed by S and CaO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Na Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xueyin Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chaofan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Miao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Wang SJ, He PJ, Lu WT, Shao LM, Zhang H. Amino Compounds as Inhibitors of De Novo Synthesis of Chlorobenzenes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23197. [PMID: 27034259 PMCID: PMC4817035 DOI: 10.1038/srep23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of four amino compounds on the formation of chlorobenzenes (CBzs)--dioxin precursors and indicators, and the inhibitory mechanisms were explored. The results show NH4H2PO4 can decrease the total yields of CBzs (1,2di-CBz, 1,3di-CBz, 1,4di-CBz, penta-CBz and hexa-CBz) by 98.1%±1.6% and 96.1%±0.7% under air and nitrogen flow. The inhibitory effects indicated by the total yields of CBzs follow the order NH4H2PO4 > NH4HF2 > (NH4)2SO4 > NH4Br under air flow and NH4H2PO4 ≈ (NH4)2SO4 ≈ NH4HF2 >NH4Br under nitrogen flow. The inhibition mechanism revealed by thermal analysis that CuCl2 was converted to CuPO3 by reacting with NH4H2PO4 below 200 °C, which can block the transfer of chlorine and formation of C-Cl bonds at 350 °C. The effects of the other three inhibitors were weaker because their reactions with CuCl2, which form other copper compounds, and the reaction of CuCl2 with carbon, which forms C-Cl bonds, were almost simultaneous and competitive. Oxygen influenced the yield of CBzs obviously, and the total yield of five CBzs sharply increased with oxygen. Because of their high efficiency, low environmental impact, low cost, and availability, amino compounds--especially NH4H2PO4--can be utilized as inhibitors of CBzs during incineration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.,Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.,Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns &Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P. R. China, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.,Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.,Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns &Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P. R. China, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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