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Mutke XAM, Swiderski P, Drees F, Akin O, Lutze HV, Schmidt TC. Efficiency of ozonation and sulfate radical - AOP for removal of pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, x-ray contrast media and perfluorinated compounds from reverse osmosis concentrates. Water Res 2024; 255:121346. [PMID: 38569355 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the elimination of pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, x-ray contrast media and perfluorinated compounds from reverse osmosis concentrates during ozonation and UV/persulfate processes. Second-order rate constants for the reactions of candesartan, irbesartan, methyl-benzotriazole, and chloro‑benzotriazole with sulfate radical (SO4·-) were determined for the first time. Experiments were conducted in buffered pure water, in buffered water added with the matrix substituents chloride, carbonate, NOM, and reverse osmosis concentrate with spiked micropollutants (MP). UV/persulfate eliminated all MP to a higher extent than ozonation in RO concentrates due to the higher yield of oxidative species and photolytic degradation. Compounds with electron-rich moieties such as carbamazepine, diclofenac, metoprolol, and sulfamethoxazole were completely eliminated with small ozone doses (< 0.5 mg O3 / mg DOC) and with a small fluence (< 5000 J m-2) in UV/persulfate processes. Photosensitive compounds with high reactivity towards hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and SO4·- like the x-ray contrast media Iopamidol, Iohexol, and Amidotrizoic acid were successfully eliminated with a reasonable fluence in UV/persulfate, whereas these compounds persist in ozonation at common ozone dosages. However, much higher fluences and ozone dosages were required for the least reactive compounds like the class of benzotriazoles. Comparing the application of both oxidative processes to the RO concentrate, ozonation has the disadvantage of forming bromate. The energy input of both processes strongly depends on the target compounds to be eliminated. For the elimination of compounds such as sulfamethoxazole, ozonation is a feasible technique, whereas UV/persulfate is better suited for the elimination of recalcitrant compounds such as x-ray contrast media. In general, oxidative process treatment of RO concentrate could be applied to partly abate micropollutants before discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia A M Mutke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Swiderski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Felix Drees
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Orkan Akin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Chen M, Moher D, Rogers J, Yatom S, Thimsen E, Parker KM. Effects of Halides on Organic Compound Degradation during Plasma Treatment of Brines. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:5139-5152. [PMID: 38446791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plasma has been proposed as an alternative strategy to treat organic contaminants in brines. Chemical degradation in these systems is expected to be partially driven by halogen oxidants, which have been detected in halide-containing solutions exposed to plasma. In this study, we characterized specific mechanisms involving the formation and reactions of halogen oxidants during plasma treatment. We first demonstrated that addition of halides accelerated the degradation of a probe compound known to react quickly with halogen oxidants (i.e., para-hydroxybenzoate) but did not affect the degradation of a less reactive probe compound (i.e., benzoate). This effect was attributed to the degradation of para-hydroxybenzoate by hypohalous acids, which were produced via a mechanism involving halogen radicals as intermediates. We applied this mechanistic insight to investigate the impact of constituents in brines on reactions driven by halogen oxidants during plasma treatment. Bromide, which is expected to occur alongside chloride in brines, was required to enable halogen oxidant formation, consistent with the generation of halogen radicals from the oxidation of halides by hydroxyl radical. Other constituents typically present in brines (i.e., carbonates, organic matter) slowed the degradation of organic compounds, consistent with their ability to scavenge species involved during plasma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshan Chen
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Dillon Moher
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jacqueline Rogers
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Shurik Yatom
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Elijah Thimsen
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Poelmans S, Nagels M, Mignot M, Dewil R, Cabooter D, Dries J. Application of partial ozonation on tank truck cleaning concentrate and the influence on biodegradability and ecotoxicity: a pilot-scale study. Water Sci Technol 2023; 87:1-12. [PMID: 36640020 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the pilot-scale ozone treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC), originating from variable tank truck cleaning wastewater. The influence of ozonation on short- and long-term biodegradation potential was examined through respirometry and Zahn-Wellens, respectively. Ecotoxicity was also examined for several concentrate batches and ozonation steps. Chemical oxidation through ozone had a beneficial effect on chemical oxygen demand removal, with a removal efficiency up to 56%. Formation of short-term biochemical oxygen demand (BODst) was induced for several, but not all batches, showing the potential of subsequent biological treatment of ozonated ROC. An increase in the inherent biodegradability through Zahn-Wellens was observed for all tested samples after ozonation, rising to a maximum of 68% after 3 hours of ozonation, highlighting the importance of sludge adaptation. Ecotoxicity, tested with Artemia franciscana and the saltwater algae P. tricornutum, showed initial decreases in algae inhibition after short ozonation periods. An increase in algae inhibition was, however, seen after prolonged ozonation for all tested ROC samples, pointing to the formation of ecotoxic by-products. Artemia showed no significant toxicity effects. When applying biological treatment through Zahn-Wellens, a decrease in ecotoxicity was observed for several samples, likely through biological oxidation of the produced degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Poelmans
- Department of Applied Engineering, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering (BioWAVE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Maarten Nagels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab (PETLab), KU Leuven, Jan De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Mignot
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76800 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Raf Dewil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab (PETLab), KU Leuven, Jan De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Dries
- Department of Applied Engineering, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering (BioWAVE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail:
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Checa M, Montes V, Rivas J, Beltrán FJ. Checking the Efficiency of a Magnetic Graphene Oxide–Titania Material for Catalytic and Photocatalytic Ozonation Reactions in Water. Catalysts 2022; 12:1587. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An easily recoverable photo-catalyst in solid form has been synthesized and applied in catalytic ozonation in the presence of primidone. Maghemite, graphene oxide and titania (FeGOTi) constituted the solid. Additionally, titania (TiO2) and graphene oxide–titania (GOTi) catalysts were also tested for comparative reasons. The main characteristics of FeGOTi were 144 m2/g of surface area; a 1.29 Raman D and G band intensity ratio; a 26-emu g−1 magnetic moment; maghemite, anatase and brookite main crystalline forms; and a 1.83 eV band gap so the catalyst can absorb up to the visible red region (677 nm). Single ozonation, photolysis, photolytic ozonation (PhOz), catalytic ozonation (CatOz) and photocatalytic ozonation (PhCatOz) were applied to remove primidone. In the presence of ozone, the complete removal of primidone was experienced in less than 15 min. In terms of mineralization, the best catalyst was GOTi in the PhCatOz processes (100% mineralization in 2 h). Meanwhile, the FeGOTi catalyst was the most efficient in CatOz. FeGOTi led, in all cases, to the highest formation of HO radicals and the lowest ozone demand. The reuse of the FeGOTi catalyst led to some loss of mineralization efficacy after four runs, likely due to C deposition, the small lixiviation of graphene oxide and Fe oxidation.
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Yaqub M, Nguyen MN, Lee W. Treating reverse osmosis concentrate to address scaling and fouling problems in zero-liquid discharge systems: A scientometric review of global trends. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:157081. [PMID: 35780878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently, reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) treatment is one of the most promising techniques for its disposal because it produces freshwater with high recovery and valuable materials such as salts and reduces waste volume and environmental pollution. Public attention to the severe consequences of water pollution and strict environmental regulations on wastewater discharge has pushed water-polluting industries toward zero-liquid discharge (ZLD). However, scaling and fouling problems increase energy consumption and limit permeate flux at high salt concentrations, mainly due to calcium, magnesium, and silica precipitation, ultimately decreasing ZLD performance. Therefore, this study discusses drivers and ROC pretreatment technologies to improve ZLD efficiency and presents a scientometric review of global trends. The advantages, disadvantages, and economic and environmental aspects of conventional and emerging pre-treatment technologies were studied. Traditional treatment of chemical processes combined with precipitation removes a large amount of scaling ions; however, high operation and maintenance costs and limited full-scale plant experience are the main drawbacks. Softening and coagulation are most commonly applied to treat large volumes at a moderate cost; however, substantial sludge production and increased conductivity are major operational issues. Moreover, emerging technologies efficiently remove scale-forming ions with high capital and operating costs. New variations in standard reverse osmosis technologies have improved ZLD efficiency; nonetheless, scaling and fouling are of concern. Therefore, this review presents the studies on ROC pre-treatment technologies for removing scaling ions to enhance ZLD efficiency, which can help in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yaqub
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mai Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Wontae Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea.
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Wünsch R, Hettich T, Prahtel M, Thomann M, Wintgens T, von Gunten U. Tradeoff between micropollutant abatement and bromate formation during ozonation of concentrates from nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes. Water Res 2022; 221:118785. [PMID: 35949072 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment with nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO) membranes results in a purified permeate and a retentate, where solutes are concentrated and have to be properly managed and discharged. To date, little is known on how the selection of a semi-permeable dense membrane impacts the dissolved organic matter in the concentrate and what the consequences are for micropollutant (MP) abatement and bromate formation during concentrate treatment with ozone. Laboratory ozonation experiments were performed with standardized concentrates produced by three membranes (two NFs and one low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) membrane) from three water sources (two river waters and one lake water). The concentrates were standardized by adjustment of pH and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, selected micropollutants (MP) with a low to high ozone reactivity and bromide to exclude factors which are known to impact ozonation. NF membranes had a lower retention of bromide and MPs than the LPRO membrane, and if the permeate quality of the NF membrane meets the requirements, the selection of this membrane type is beneficial due to the lower bromate formation risks upon concentrate ozonation. The bromate formation was typically higher in standardized concentrates of LPRO than of NF membranes, but the tradeoff between MP abatement and bromate formation upon ozonation of the standardized concentrates was not affected by the membrane type. Furthermore, there was no difference for the different source waters. Overall, ozonation of concentrates is only feasible for abatement of MPs with a high to moderate ozone reactivity with limited bromate formation. Differences in the DOM composition between NF and LPRO membrane concentrates are less relevant than retention of MPs and bromide by the membrane and the required ozone dose to meet a treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wünsch
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Hettich
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - M Prahtel
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - M Thomann
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - T Wintgens
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - U von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Backer SN, Bouaziz I, Kallayi N, Thomas RT, Preethikumar G, Takriff MS, Laoui T, Atieh MA. Review: Brine Solution: Current Status, Future Management and Technology Development. Sustainability 2022; 14:6752. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Desalination brine is extremely concentrated saline water; it contains various salts, nutrients, heavy metals, organic contaminants, and microbial contaminants. Conventional disposal of desalination brine has negative impacts on natural and marine ecosystems that increase the levels of toxicity and salinity. These issues demand the development of brine management technologies that can lead to zero liquid discharge. Brine management can be productive by adopting economically feasible methodologies, which enables the recovery of valuable resources like freshwater, minerals, and energy. This review focuses on the recent advances in brine management using various membrane/thermal-based technologies and their applicability in water, mineral, and energy recoveries, considering their pros and cons. This review also exemplifies the hybrid processes for metal recovery and zero liquid discharge that may be adopted, so far, as an appropriate futuristic strategy. The data analyzed and outlook presented in this review could definitely contribute to the development of economically achievable future strategies for sustainable brine management.
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Yang X, Chen Z, Du S, Meng H, Ren Z. Cu-coupled Fe/Fe 3C covered with thin carbon as stable win-win catalysts to boost electro-Fenton reaction for brewing leachate treatment. Chemosphere 2022; 293:133532. [PMID: 34995622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electro-Fenton oxidation is one of the powerful approaches for achieving the complete mineralization of organic pollutants in water. The key dilemma for efficient industrial application of electro-Fenton oxidation is the complicated post-processing of iron sludge, and the cost and risk associated with H2O2 transportation and storage. Herein, Cu-coupled Fe/Fe3C covered with carbon layer on carbon felt (Cu-Fe/Fe3C@C), engineered by a hydrothermal reaction followed by the consequent thermal-treatment in N2 atmosphere, as a self-supported integrated cathode were used for an onsite oxygen reduction reaction and a Fenton oxidation reaction. Experimental evidences demonstrate that, at the operating potential of -1.1 V, Fe3C can selectively catalyze O2 into H2O2 by 2e reduction pathways with assistance of metal Cu. Meanwhile, metal Fe and Cu incorporated into Cu-Fe/Fe3C@C simultaneously motivate the onsite Fenton oxidation arose by H2O2. Such a win-win catalyst presented high activity in the electro-Fenton process. In acidic environment, the efficient mineralization rate of methylene blue, nitrobenzene, phenol, and bisphenol A can reach more than 70% in 60 min, as well as the excellent stability and durability due to the protection of graphited carbon layer. Compared with tradition electrochemical degrade system, the prepared Cu-Fe/Fe3C@C electrode as cathode for practical refractory brewing leachate treatment reveal more efficient decolorization and mineralization, saving 14.3% of electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shichao Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Huiyuan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, PR China.
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Amadou-yacouba Z, Mendret J, Lesage G, Zaviska F, Brosillon S. Impact of Pre-Ozonation during Nanofiltration of MBR Effluent. Membranes 2022; 12:341. [PMID: 35323816 PMCID: PMC8953743 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of real MBR effluent pre-ozonation on nanofiltration performances. Nanofiltration experiments were separately run with non-ozonated real MBR effluent, ozonated real MBR effluent and synthetic ionic solution mimicking the ionic composition of the real MBR effluent. The specific UV absorbance and the chemical oxygen demand were monitored during ozonation of real effluent, and the mineralization rate was calculated through the quantitative analysis of dissolved organic carbon. The membrane structure was characterized using SEM on virgin and fouled membrane surfaces and after different cleaning steps. The results confirm the low effect of the ozonation process in terms of organic carbon mineralization. However, the chemical oxygen demand and the specific UV absorbance were decreased by 50% after ozonation, demonstrating the efficiency of ozonation in degrading a specific part of the organic matter fraction. A benefic effect of pre-ozonation was observed, as it limits both fouling and flux decrease. This study shows that the partial mineralization of dissolved and colloidal organic matter by ozonation could have a positive effect on inorganic scaling and decrease severe NF membrane fouling.
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Moreira CG, de Souza LC, Castor Neto TC, Gomes G, Bila DM, Fonseca FV. Combined reverse osmosis and UV/H 2O 2 treatment of aqueous solutions of bisphenol A and 17α-ethinylestradiol: assessment of estrogenic activity. Environ Technol 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35259064 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2051608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are considered endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) and they may be harmful to the normal functioning of endocrine systems of humans and animals. Moreover, the presence of these compounds in superficial and groundwater may represent serious risks, even in low concentrations like ng·L-1. The objectives of this study were to remove BPA and EE2 from solutions containing a mixture of these compounds in ultrapure water at low concentrations through reverse osmosis (RO) membrane combined with a UV/H2O2 process. Furthermore, to assess the estrogenic activity reduction after such treatments, in vitro recombinant yeast-estrogen screen (YES) assay was used. The removal efficiencies of target micropollutants increased with the increase of H2O2 dosage. For RO permeate stream, they enhanced from 91% to 96% for EE2 and from 76% to 90% for BPA while, for the concentrate stream, from 70% to 81% for EE2 and 41% to 84% for BPA as the H2O2 concentration were increased from 100 to 1000 µg·L-1. The OH radicals' generation was the dominant factor in the degradation of EDC during the UV/H2O2 treatment since the photolysis itself was not enough to degrade BPA or EE2. The estrogenic activity reduction after UV/H2O2 treatment was high, ranging from 92% to 98% for the permeate stream and from 50% to 93% for the concentrate stream. The EE2 was responsible for the whole observed estrogenic activity since BPA does not present estrogenicity, by in vitro YES assay, in the concentrations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Moreira
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa C de Souza
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Giselle Gomes
- Engineering college, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele M Bila
- Engineering college, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiana V Fonseca
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Huang N, Xu ZB, Wang WL, Wang Q, Wu QY, Hu HY. Elimination of amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) antiscalant in reverse osmosis concentrate using ozone: Anti-precipitation property changes and phosphorus removal. Chemosphere 2022; 291:133027. [PMID: 34822865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) was widely used as an antiscalant in reverse osmosis (RO) systems to prevent membrane scaling, and entered RO concentrate at elevated levels. However, phosphonate antiscalants in RO concentrate might aggravate phosphorus pollution, remobilize heavy metals, and adversely affect the sedimentation treatment of RO concentrate. Ozonation was found an efficient method for ATMP treatment. The ATMP removal efficiencies with 8 mg/L ozone were 100% and 86.5% for ultrapure water and RO concentrate, respectively. The ATMP mineralization efficiency reached 46.5% with 8 mg/L ozone. The rate constant for the reaction between ATMP and ozone was 1.92 × 106 M-1 s-1. Increasing the pH from 3 to 9 decreased the ATMP removal efficiency from 90% to 30.9% but increased the orthophosphate formation to ATMP removal ratio from 0.11 to 0.48. The ATMP intermediates generated with low ozone dosages exhibited moderate chelation and anti-precipitation capacity, and their chelation and anti-precipitation capacity could be further attenuated by increasing the ozone dosage. Ozonation alone enhanced the growth potential for microalgae in RO concentrate because orthophosphate formed. Combining ozonation and coagulation effectively removed 83.0% of the total phosphorus from RO concentrate. The maximum algal density of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 decreased by 78.7% by ozonation and coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zi-Bin Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Jiangsu, Suzhou, 215163, China
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Li Q, Lai C, Yu J, Luo J, Deng J, Li G, Chen W, Li B, Chen G. Degradation of diclofenac sodium by the UV/chlorine process: Reaction mechanism, influencing factors and toxicity evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kim MS, Lee C, Kim JH. Occurrence of unknown reactive species in UV/H 2O 2 system leading to false interpretation of hydroxyl radical probe reactions. Water Res 2021; 201:117338. [PMID: 34171647 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The UV/H2O2 process is a benchmark advanced oxidation process (AOP) that in situ generates highly reactive and nonselective hydroxyl radical (•OH) to oxidatively destroy a wide range of organic compounds. Accurately quantifying the concentration of short-lived •OH is essential to predict process performance, optimize the operation parameters, and compare with other process options. The •OH concentration is typically measured using organic probe molecules that react with •OH but not with other oxidants. In the extremely well-characterized UV/H2O2 system in which •OH is proven to be the dominant oxidant, using photolysis-resistant probes such as benzoic acid and its derivatives is a widely agreed and practiced norm. We herein report that certain •OH probe compounds can be degraded in UV/H2O2 system by unknown reactive species that has not been reported in the past. Several common organic probes, particularly p-substituted benzoic acid compounds (i.e., p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, and p-phthalic acid), were found to be vulnerable to attack by the unknown reactive species, leading to false quantification of •OH concentration under high radical scavenging conditions. Lines of evidence obtained from a series of •OH scavenging experiments performed under various conditions (i.e., different concentrations of H2O2, •OH probe compounds, and dissolved oxygen) point toward excited state H2O2. The results from this study suggest the importance of using appropriate •OH probe compounds in mechanistic studies and needs for considering the unidentified role of excited state of H2O2 on the UV/H2O2 process and related AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.
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Aldeguer Esquerdo A, Varo Galvañ PJ, Sentana Gadea I, Prats Rico D. Carbamazepine and Diclofenac Removal Double Treatment: Oxidation and Adsorption. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18137163. [PMID: 34281100 PMCID: PMC8296929 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, the effect of two hybrid treatments, ozone followed by powdered activated carbon (PAC) or PAC followed by ozone (O3), was studied for the removal of two drugs present in water: diclofenac and carbamazepine. In the study, two initial concentrations of each of the contaminants, 0.7 mg L-1 and 1.8 mg L-1, were used. Different doses of PAC between 4-20 mg L-1 were studied as variables, as well as different doses of O3 between 0.056-0.280 mg L-1. The evolution of the concentration of each contaminant over time was evaluated. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the combined treatment with ozone followed by PAC reduces between 50% and 75% the time required to achieve 90% removal of diclofenac when compared with the time required when only activated carbon was used. In the case of carbamazepine, the time required was 97% less. For carbamazepine, to achieve reduction percentages of up to 90%, O3 treatment followed by PAC acted faster than PAC followed by O3. In the case of diclofenac, PAC treatment followed by O3 was faster to reach concentrations of up to 90%. However, to reach yields below 80%, O3 treatment followed by PAC was more efficient.
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Fonseca MJDC, Silva JRPD, Borges CP, Fonseca FVD. Ethinylestradiol removal of membrane bioreactor effluent by reverse osmosis and UV/H 2O 2: A technical and economic assessment. J Environ Manage 2021; 282:111948. [PMID: 33486235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is not completely removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants and therefore is often detected in surface and groundwater, sludge and sediments. Due to its persistence in the environment and its estrogenic potential, a high removal of EE2 from wastewaters before its disposal has become a concern from an environmental point of view, particularly when considering urban reuse applications. This work investigated the application of advanced processes to treat synthetic municipal wastewater containing EE2 after treatment in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Two advanced processes were assessed: the first is advanced oxidation process (AOP), using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultraviolet (UV) light (route MBR-AOP) and the second, reverse osmosis (RO), in this case using UV/H2O2 to treat the retentate from RO (route MBR-RO). EE2 concentration in final effluent was one order of magnitude lower in route MBR-AOP than in route MBR-RO. Implications for disposal or water reuse were discussed considering the importance of other water quality parameters as well. Economic estimates for CAPEX, OPEX and total cost were made. The introduction of the oxidative step (UV/H2O2) after MBR caused an increase in the total cost of US$ 0.39/m3. In turn, route MBR-RO increased the total process cost by US$ 0.86/m3, showing that reduction of volume to be treated by UV/H2O2 in this route did not offset the cost associated with the acquisition and operation of RO. The total cost was estimated at US$ 2.47/m3 for MBR-AOP and US$ 2.94/m3 for MBR-RO for a design flow of 10 m³/h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristiano Piacsek Borges
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic Processes Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; COPPE/Chemical Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic Processes Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
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Żyłła R, Ledakowicz S, Boruta T, Olak-kucharczyk M, Foszpańczyk M, Mrozińska Z, Balcerzak J. Removal of Tetracycline Oxidation Products in the Nanofiltration Process. Water 2021; 13:555. [DOI: 10.3390/w13040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of removing tetracycline (TRC) from water in an integrated advanced oxidation and membrane filtration process was investigated. Ozonation and UV/H2O2 photooxidation were applied for the destruction of TRC. Six oxidation products (OPs) retaining the structural core of TRC have been identified. One new TRC oxidation product, not reported so far in the literature, was identified—ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate. All identified OPs were effectively retained on the membrane in the nanofiltration process. However, chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements of the filtrates showed that in the case of UV/H2O2 oxidation, the OPs passed through the membrane into the filtrate. Various water matrices were used in the research, including the river water untreated and after ozone treatment. It has been shown that organic matter present in surface water can improve pharmaceutical retention, although it contributes to significant membrane fouling. Pre-ozonation of the river water reduced the membrane fouling. The XPS analysis was used to show ozone and H2O2 influence on the top polymer layer of the membrane. It was shown that the oxidants can damage the amide bond of the polyamide.
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Dogruel S, Cetinkaya Atesci Z, Aydin E, Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E. Ozonation in advanced treatment of secondary municipal wastewater effluents for the removal of micropollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:45460-45475. [PMID: 32794092 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the experimental evaluation of ozonation as an additional treatment step for the removal emerging contaminants from secondary effluents of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), one receiving a primarily domestic wastewater (WWTP-A), and the other one domestic sewage together with pretreated tannery wastewater streams (WWTP-B). The experimental runs were conducted at two different pH values (i.e., original pH and adjusted pH of 10) and at six different ozone doses ranging between 0.2 and 1.5 mg O3/mg DOC. A total of 20 compounds, including 12 micropollutants (MPs) and 8 metabolites, were selected as the target analytes for the evaluation of ozonation performance. When the tested MPs and metabolites were considered individually, the maximum elimination level for each compound was reached at different doses; therefore, optimum ozone doses were determined based on the reduction of the total MP content. Ozonation at the original pH with an ozone dose in the range of 0.4-0.6 and 0.8-1.0 mg O3/mg DOC was selected as the optimum operating condition for WWTP-A and WWTP-B, respectively, both resulting in an average overall removal efficiency of 55%. Ozone treatment yielded only poor elimination for o-desmethyl naproxen (15%), which was found to be by far the main contributor accounting alone for approximately 30% of the total MP concentration in the secondary effluents. The systematic approach used in this study could well be adopted as a guide to other domestic and municipal WWTPs, which are thought to have a highly variable composition in terms of the MPs and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Dogruel
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zuhal Cetinkaya Atesci
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Egemen Aydin
- Agat Laboratories, 9770 Route Transcanadienne, St. Laurent, Quebec, H4S 1V9, Canada
| | - Elif Pehlivanoglu-Mantas
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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Roccamante M, Salmerón I, Ruiz A, Oller I, Malato S. New approaches to solar Advanced Oxidation Processes for elimination of priority substances based on electrooxidation and ozonation at pilot plant scale. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Kaplan A, Mamane H, Lester Y, Avisar D. Trace Organic Compound Removal from Wastewater Reverse-Osmosis Concentrate by Advanced Oxidation Processes with UV/O 3/H 2O 2. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2785. [PMID: 32575623 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced technologies, such as reverse osmosis (RO), allow the reuse of treated wastewater for direct or indirect potable use. However, even highly efficient RO systems produce ~10-15% highly contaminated concentrate as a byproduct. This wastewater RO concentrate (WWROC) is very rich in metal ions, nutrients, and hard-to-degrade trace organic compounds (TOrCs), such as pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, flame retardants, and detergents, which must be treated before disposal. WWROC could be up to 10 times more concentrated than secondary effluent. We examined the efficiency of several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on TOrC removal from a two-stage WWROC matrix in a pilot wastewater-treatment facility. WWROC ozonation or UV irradiation, with H2O2 addition, demonstrated efficient removal of TOrCs, varying between 21% and over 99% degradation, and indicating that radical oxidation (by HO·) is the dominant mechanism. However, AOPs are not sufficient to fully treat the WWROC, and thus, additional procedures are required to decrease metal ion and nutrient concentrations. Further biological treatment post-AOP is also highly important, to eliminate the degradable organic molecules obtained from the AOP.
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20
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Deng H. A review on the application of ozonation to NF/RO concentrate for municipal wastewater reclamation. J Hazard Mater 2020; 391:122071. [PMID: 32193076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) technology have gained worldwide acceptance for reclamation of municipal wastewater due to their excellent efficiencies in rejecting a wide spectrum of organic pollutants, bacteria, dissolved organic matters and inorganic salts. However, the application of NF/RO process produces inevitably a large volume of concentrated waste stream (NF/RO concentrate), which is generally characterised by high levels of inorganic and organic substances, a low biodegradation and potential ecotoxicity. At present, one of the most significant concerns for this process is regarding the sustainable management of municipal NF/RO concentrate, due to a potentially serious threat to water receiving body. It should therefore be further disposed or treated by effective technologies such as ozonation in a cost-effective way, aiming to minimize the potential environmental risk associated with the presence of emerging micropollutants (ng L-1 - μg L-1). This paper provides an overview on the disposal of NF/RO concentrate from municipal wastewater by ozonation process. This is a first review to present entirely ozonation efficiency of NF/RO concentrate in terms of elimination of emerging micropollutants, degradation of organic matters, as well as toxicity assessment. In addition, ozone combining biological activated carbon (BAC) or other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is also discussed, aiming to further improve mineralization of ozone-recalcitrant substances in NF/RO concentrate. Finally, further research directions regarding the management of NF/RO concentrate are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China.
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21
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King JF, Szczuka A, Zhang Z, Mitch WA. Efficacy of ozone for removal of pesticides, metals and indicator virus from reverse osmosis concentrates generated during potable reuse of municipal wastewaters. Water Res 2020; 176:115744. [PMID: 32251944 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated ozone treatment to address concerns regarding the discharge to marine waters of chemical contaminants and pathogens in reverse osmosis (RO) concentrates generated during the potable reuse of municipal wastewaters. Previous studies indicated that contaminants can be sorted into five groups based on their reaction rate constants with ozone and hydroxyl radical to predict degradation of chemical contaminants during ozonation of municipal effluents. Spiking representatives of each group into five RO concentrate samples, this study demonstrated that the same contaminant grouping scheme could be used to predict contaminant degradation during ozonation of RO concentrates, despite the higher concentrations of ozone and hydroxyl radical scavengers. The predictive capability of the contaminant grouping scheme was further validated for four contaminants of concern in RO concentrates, including the pesticides fipronil and imidacloprid, and the metal chelates Ni-EDTA and Cu-EDTA. After measuring their ozone and hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants, these compounds were assigned to contaminant groups, and their degradation during ozonation matched predictions. Addition of 300 mg/L CaO at pH 11 achieved partial removal of the native nickel and copper by precipitation. Ozone pretreatment further enhanced precipitation of nickel, but not copper. Ozonation achieved 5-log inactivation of MS2 in all five concentrate samples at 1.18 mg O3/mg DOC. Ozonation at 0.9 mg O3/mg DOC formed 139-451 μg/L bromate. Pretreatment of RO concentrates with chlorine and ammonia reduced bromate formation by a maximum of 48% but increased total halogenated DBP concentrations from 20 μg/L to 36 μg/L. Regardless, neither bromate nor trihalomethane concentrations exceeded threshold concentrations of concern for discharge to marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F King
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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22
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Deng H. Ozonation mechanism of carbamazepine and ketoprofen in RO concentrate from municipal wastewater treatment: Kinetic regimes, removal efficiency and matrix effect. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717:137150. [PMID: 32062266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A relatively important disadvantage of reverse osmosis (RO) application to municipal wastewater reclamation is related to management of a concentrated waste stream containing high levels of organic contaminants. The present study investigated ozonation performance of RO concentrate from municipal wastewater treatment in a stirred semi-batch reactor. In this work, carbamazepine (CBZ, as a representative of ozone-reactive micropollutants) and ketoprofen (KET, one of ozone-resistant organic chemicals) were selected as target micropollutants. The absence of dissolved ozone within the first 60 min corresponding to initial ozone demand (IOD) complement suggested that chemical reactions took place quite fast, and ozone mass transfer was considered as a limiting step. A complete elimination of CBZ and an excellent removal of KET were observed in this period, indicating that molecular ozone was a dominated oxidant responsible for the decomposition of the target micropollutants in RO concentrate containing initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC0, ~50.8 mg L-1). >90% of ozone-reactive CBZ was eliminated at a low ozone dose of 0.33 g consumed ozone per g DOC0. More ozone dose requirement for an equivalent removal of KET was ascribed to its low ozone kinetic rate constant below 10 L mol-1 s-1. In addition, the presence of high contents of organic matters and alkalinity in RO concentrate exhibited pronounced effects on the degradation of KET because of a competition with oxidants. Overall, ozonation appeared to be a promising alternative for disposal of RO concentrate in terms of micropollutant removal. However, additional technologies should be followed to further enhance the degradation rate of organic matters for a zero liquid discharge treatment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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24
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Pandiselvam R, Kaavya R, Jayanath Y, Veenuttranon K, Lueprasitsakul P, Divya V, Kothakota A, Ramesh S. Ozone as a novel emerging technology for the dissipation of pesticide residues in foods–a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Feng Y, Shen M, Wang Z, Liu G. Transformation of atenolol by a laccase-mediator system: Efficiencies, effect of water constituents, and transformation pathways. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 183:109555. [PMID: 31419699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the transformation of atenolol (ATL) by the naturally occurring laccase from Trametes versicolor in aqueous solution. Removal efficiency of ATL via laccase-catalyzed reaction in the presence of various laccase mediators was examined, and found that only the mediator 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) was able to greatly promote ATL transformation. The influences of TEMPO concentration, laccase dosage, as well as solution pH and temperature on ATL transformation efficiency were tested. As TEMPO concentrations was increased from 0 to 2000 μM, ATL transformation efficiency first increased and then decreased, and the optimal TEMPO concentration was determined as 500 μM. ATL transformation efficiency was gradually increased with increasing laccase dosage. ATL transformation was highly pH-dependent with an optimum pH of 7.0, and it was almost constant over a temperature range of 25-50 °C. Humic acid inhibited ATL transformation through competition reaction with laccase. The presence of anions HCO3- and CO32- reduced ATL transformation due to both anions enhanced solution pHs, while Cl-, SO42-, and NO3- at 10 mM showed no obvious influence. The main transformation products were identified, and the potential transformation pathways were proposed. After enzymatic treatment, the toxicity of ATL and TEMPO mixtures was greatly reduced. The results of this study might present an alternative clean strategy for the remediation of ATL contaminated water matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Mengyao Shen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Research Institute of Environmental Studies at Greater Bay, Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Yan J, Zhang X, Lin W, Yang C, Ren Y. Adsorption behavior of diclofenac-containing wastewater on three kinds of sewage sludge. Water Sci Technol 2019; 80:717-726. [PMID: 31661451 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most frequently detected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the water environment. One of the main removal routes of DCF in wastewater is sludge adsorption, and the mechanisms need to be investigated. In this study, the effects of adsorption time, temperature, pH value, and ionic strength on the adsorption of DCF on suspended particles (SP), secondary sedimentation tank sludge (SSTS) and concentrated sludge (CS) were investigated. The results showed that most of the adsorption of DCF by the three matrices was conducted in the first 4 h and equilibrium was achieved at 8 h. The adsorption kinetics were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order model and the rate constants were 0.29-0.88 mg·(μg·min)-1, with chemical adsorption as the dominant one. Adsorption isotherm conformed to Freundlich, Langmuir and Linear adsorption isotherm models. The order of adsorption capacity was: CS > SSTS > SP, which was proportional to the organic matter content and specific surface area of the adsorbents. The decrease of the pH value and the increase of ionic strength promoted the adsorption of DCF. The results can provide data support for the removal of DCF from different treatment unit types in wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Yan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guanghzou 510006, China and The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guanghzou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guanghzou 510006, China and The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guanghzou 510006, China
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27
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Zhu G, Sun Q, Wang C, Yang Z, Xue Q. Removal of Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfathiazole and Sulfamethazine in their Mixed Solution by UV/H 2O 2 Process. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16101797. [PMID: 31117187 PMCID: PMC6572640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfathiazole (STZ) and sulfamethazine (SMT) are typical sulfonamides, which are widespread in aqueous environments and have aroused great concern in recent years. In this study, the photochemical oxidation of SMZ, STZ and SMT in their mixed solution using UV/H2O2 process was innovatively investigated. The result showed that the sulfonamides could be completely decomposed in the UV/H2O2 system, and each contaminant in the co-existence system fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The removal of sulfonamides was influenced by the initial concentration of the mixed solution, the intensity of UV light irradiation, the dosage of H2O2 and the initial pH of the solution. The increase of UV light intensity and H2O2 dosage substantially enhanced the decomposition efficiency, while a higher initial concentration of mixed solution heavily suppressed the decomposition rate. The decomposition of SMZ and SMT during the UV/H2O2 process was favorable under neutral and acidic conditions. Moreover, the generated intermediates of SMZ, STZ and SMT during the UV/H2O2 process were identified in depth, and a corresponding degradation pathway was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chuya Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhonglian Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qi Xue
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
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Żyłła R, Milala R, Kamińska I, Kudzin M, Gmurek M, Ledakowicz S. Impact of Advanced Oxidation Products on Nanofiltration Efficiency. Water 2019; 11:541. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to determine the influence of salicylic acid (SA) oxidation products on the effectiveness of their further removal in the membrane filtration process. Two commercial polyamide-based polymer membranes, HL (GE Osmonics) and TS80 (TriSepTM), were used and characterized by SEM microscopic analysis, contact angles, and free surface energy. The products of salicylic acid oxidation, 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechol, were determined and their impact on the removal of unreacted salicylic acid in the nanofiltration process was investigated. It was also checked to what extent and why they were retained or not by the membranes. The results of the research have shown that the main product of salicylic acid oxidation, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, has a negative impact on the retention of salicylic acid in the nanofiltration stage, while the other product, catechol, improves SA retention. The determined values of contact angles correlate well with solubility (S) of the tested compounds, which increases in the following order SSA < S2,3-DHBA < SCAT, while the contact angle of the membrane decreases. Nevertheless, it has been shown that some oxidation products can penetrate the environment due to poorer membrane separation properties of these products.
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Samaei SM, Gato-trinidad S, Altaee A. The application of pressure-driven ceramic membrane technology for the treatment of industrial wastewaters – A review. Sep Purif Technol 2018; 200:198-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Saeid S, Behnajady MA, Tolvanen P, Salmi T. Optimization of Photooxidative Removal of Phenazopyridine from Water. Russ J Phys Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gomes J, Costa R, Quinta-Ferreira RM, Martins RC. Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water. Sci Total Environ 2017; 586:265-283. [PMID: 28185729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the shortening on natural water resources, reclaimed wastewater will be an important water supply source. However, suitable technologies must be available to guaranty its proper detoxification with special concern for the emerging pharmaceutical and personal care products that are continuously reaching municipal wastewater treatment plants. While conventional biological systems are not suitable to remove these compounds, ozone, due to its interesting features involving molecular ozone oxidation and the possibility of generating unselective hydroxyl radicals, has a wider range of action on micropollutants removal and water disinfection. This paper aims to review the studies dealing with ozone based processes for water reuse by considering municipal wastewater reclamation as well as natural and drinking water treatment. A comparison with alternative technologies is given. The main drawback of ozonation is related with the low mineralization achieved that may lead to the production of reaction intermediates with toxic features. The use of hydrogen peroxide and light aided systems enhance ozone action over pollutants. Moreover, scientific community is focused on the development of solid catalysts able to improve the mineralization level achieved by ozone. Special interest is now being given to solar light catalytic ozonation systems with interesting results both for chemical and biological contaminants abatement. Nowadays the integration between ozonation and sand biofiltration seems to be the most interesting cost effective methodology for water treatment. However, further studies must be performed to optimize this system by understanding the biofiltration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gomes
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Costa
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa M Quinta-Ferreira
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui C Martins
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Wang L, Liu A, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Xia Y, Tan Y. Catalytic ozonation of thymol in reverse osmosis concentrate with core/shell Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @Yb 2 O 3 catalyst: Parameter optimization and degradation pathway. Chin J Chem Eng 2017; 25:665-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Korotta-Gamage SM, Sathasivan A. A review: Potential and challenges of biologically activated carbon to remove natural organic matter in drinking water purification process. Chemosphere 2017; 167:120-138. [PMID: 27716585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of biologically activated carbon (BAC) in drinking water purification is reviewed. In the past BAC is seen mostly as a polishing treatment. However, BAC has the potential to provide solution to recent challenges faced by water utilities arising from change in natural organic matter (NOM) composition in drinking water sources - increased NOM concentration with a larger fraction of hydrophilic compounds and ever increasing trace level organic pollutants. Hydrophilic NOM is not removed by traditional coagulation process and causes bacterial regrowth and increases disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during disinfection. BAC can offer many advantages by removing hydrophilic fraction and many toxic and endocrine compounds which are not otherwise removed. BAC can also aid the other downstream processes if used as a pre-treatment. Major drawback of BAC was longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) required for an effective NOM removal. This critical review analyses the strategies that have been adopted to enhance the biological activity of the carbon by operational means and summarises the surface modification methods. To maximize the benefit of the BAC, a rethink of current treatment plant configuration is proposed. If the process can be expedited and adopted appropriately, BAC can solve many of the current problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arumugam Sathasivan
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, NSW 2747, Australia.
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Azaïs A, Mendret J, Petit E, Brosillon S. Influence of volumetric reduction factor during ozonation of nanofiltration concentrates for wastewater reuse. Chemosphere 2016; 165:497-506. [PMID: 27681105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global population growth induces increased threat on drinking water resources. One way to address this environmental issue is to reuse water from wastewater treatment plant. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms and potentially toxic organic micropollutants does not allow a direct reuse of urban effluents. Membrane processes such reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) can be considered to effectively eliminate these pollutants. The integration of membrane processes involves the production of concentrated retentates which require being disposed. To date, no treatment is set up to manage safely this pollution. This work focuses on the application of ozonation for the treatment of NF retentates in the framework of the wastewater reuse. Ozonation is a powerful oxidation process able to react and degrade a wide range of organic pollutants. Four pharmaceutical micropollutants were selected as target molecules: acetaminophen, carbamazepine, atenolol and diatrozic acid. This study highlighted that NF represents a viable alternative to the commonly used RO process ensuring high retention at much lower operating costs. Ozonation appears to be effective to degrade the most reactive pollutants toward molecular ozone but is limited for the reduction of refractory ozone pollutants due to the inhibition of the radical chain by the high content of organic matter in the retentates. The ozonation process appears to be a promising NF retentate treatment, but additional treatments after ozonation are required to lead to a zero liquid discharge treatment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Azaïs
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Mendret
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Eddy Petit
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephan Brosillon
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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Afonso-olivares C, Fernández-rodríguez C, Ojeda-gonzález R, Sosa-ferrera Z, Santana-rodríguez J, Rodríguez JD. Estimation of kinetic parameters and UV doses necessary to remove twenty-three pharmaceuticals from pre-treated urban wastewater by UV/H2O2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016; 329:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun YX, Hu HY, Shi CZ, Yang Z, Tang F. Changes in the components and biotoxicity of dissolved organic matter in a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis system. Environ Technol 2016; 37:2149-2156. [PMID: 26803912 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1144795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the biotoxicity of these components were investigated in a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) system with a microfiltration (MF) pretreatment unit. The MF pretreatment step had little effect on the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the secondary effluent, but the addition of chlorine before MF promoted the formation of organics with anti-estrogenic activity. The distribution of excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence constituents exhibited obvious discrepancies between the secondary effluent and the reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate. Using size exclusion chromatography, DOM with low molecular weights of approximately 1.2 and 0.98 kDa was newly formed during the mWRRO. The normalized genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate were 32.1 ± 10.2 μg4-NQO/mgDOC and 0.36 ± 0.08 mgTAM/mgDOC, respectively, and these values were clearly higher than those of the secondary effluent and MF permeate. The florescence volume of Regions I and II in the EEM spectrum could be suggested as a surrogate for assessing the genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- b Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Zhen Shi
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Yang
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- b Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Sun YX, Yang Z, Ye T, Shi N, Tian Y. Evaluation of the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrates from municipal wastewater reclamation by coagulation and granular activated carbon adsorption. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:13543-13553. [PMID: 27032632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) contains elevated concentrations of contaminants which pose potential risks to aquatic environment. The treatment of ROC from an mWRRO using granular activated carbon (GAC) combined pretreatment of coagulation was optimized and evaluated. Among the three coagulants tested, ferric chloride (FeCl3) presented relatively higher DOC removal efficiency than polyaluminium chloride and lime at the same dosage and coagulation conditions. The removal efficiency of DOC, genotoxicity, and antiestrogenic activity concentration of the ROC could achieve 16.9, 18.9, and 39.7 %, respectively, by FeCl3 coagulation (with FeCl3 dosage of 180.22 mg/L), which can hardly reduce UV254 and genotoxicity normalized by DOC of the DOM with MW <5 kDa. However, the post-GAC adsorption column (with filtration velocity of 5.7 m/h, breakthrough point adsorption capacity of 0.22 mg DOC/g GAC) exhibited excellent removal efficiency on the dominant DOM fraction of MW <5 kDa in the ROC. The removal efficiency of DOC, UV254, and TDS in the ROC was up to 91.8, 96, and 76.5 %, respectively, by the FeCl3 coagulation and post-GAC adsorption. Also, the DOM with both genotoxicity and antiestrogenic activity were completely eliminated by the GAC adsorption. The results suggest that GAC adsorption combined pretreatment of FeCl3 coagulation as an efficient method to control organics, genotoxicity, and antiestrogenic activity in the ROC from mWRRO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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Barbosa MO, Moreira NFF, Ribeiro AR, Pereira MFR, Silva AMT. Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants: An overview of the watch list of EU Decision 2015/495. Water Res 2016; 94:257-279. [PMID: 26967909 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although there are no legal discharge limits for micropollutants into the environment, some regulations have been published in the last few years. Recently, a watch list of substances for European Union-wide monitoring was reported in the Decision 2015/495/EU of 20 March 2015. Besides the substances previously recommended to be included by the Directive 39/2013/EU, namely two pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and the synthetic hormone 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) and a natural hormone (17-beta-estradiol (E2)), the first watch list of 10 substances/groups of substances also refers three macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin), other natural hormone (estrone (E1)), some pesticides (methiocarb, oxadiazon, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid and triallate), a UV filter (2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate) and an antioxidant (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) commonly used as food additive. Since little is known about the removal of most of the substances included in the Decision 2015/495/EU, particularly regarding realistic concentrations in aqueous environmental samples, this review aims to: (i) overview the European policy in the water field; (ii) briefly describe the most commonly used conventional and advanced treatment processes to remove micropollutants; (iii) summarize the relevant data published in the last decade, regarding occurrence and removal in aqueous matrices of the 10 substances/groups of substances that were recently included in the first watch list for European Union monitoring (Decision 2015/495/EU); and (iv) highlight the lack of reports concerning some substances of the watch list, the study of un-spiked aquatic matrices and the assessment of transformation by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta O Barbosa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F F Moreira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel F R Pereira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Lin J, Tang CY, Huang C, Tang YP, Ye W, Li J, Shen J, Van den Broeck R, Van Impe J, Volodin A, Van Haesendonck C, Sotto A, Luis P, Van der Bruggen B. A comprehensive physico-chemical characterization of superhydrophilic loose nanofiltration membranes. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yang Y, Pignatello JJ, Ma J, Mitch WA. Effect of matrix components on UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O8(2-) advanced oxidation processes for trace organic degradation in reverse osmosis brines from municipal wastewater reuse facilities. Water Res 2016; 89:192-200. [PMID: 26657355 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When reverse osmosis brines from potable wastewater reuse plants are discharged to poorly-flushed estuaries, the concentrated organic contaminants are a concern for receiving water ecosystems. UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) and UV/persulfate (UV/S2O8(2-)) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) may reduce contaminant burdens prior to discharge, but the effects of the high levels of halide, carbonate and effluent organic matter (EfOM) normally present in these brines are unclear. On the one hand, these substances may reduce process efficiency by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl (OH) and sulfate (SO4(-) radicals. On the other, the daughter radicals generated by halide and carbonate scavenging may themselves degrade organics, offsetting the effect of ROS scavenging. UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O8(2-) AOPs were compared for degradation of five pharmaceuticals spiked into brines obtained from two reuse facilities and the RO influent from one of them. For UV/H2O2, EfOM scavenged ∼75% of the OH, reducing the degradation efficiency of the target contaminants to a similar extent; halide and carbonate scavenging and the reactivities of associated daughter radicals were less important. For UV/S2O8(2-), anions (mostly Cl(-)) scavenged ∼93% of the SO4(-). Because daughter radicals of Cl(-) contributed to contaminant degradation, the reduction in contaminant degradation efficiency was only ∼75-80%, with the reduction driven by daughter radical scavenging by EfOM. Conversion of SO4(-) to more selective halogen and carbonate radicals resulted in a wider range of degradation efficiencies among the contaminants. For both AOPs, 250 mJ/cm(2) average fluence achieved significant removal of four pharmaceuticals, with significantly better performance by UV/S2O8(2-) treatment for some constituents. Accounting for the lower brine flowrates, the energy output to achieve this fluence in brines is comparable to that often applied to RO permeates. However, much higher fluence was required for the least reactive pharmaceutical. Comparing AOP application to the RO influent or brine, equal or greater removal was achieved for brine treatment for comparable energy input. AOP treatment of brines could be applied to reduce, but not eliminate, contaminant burdens prior to discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, 06504-1106, CT, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
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Cheng X, Cheng Q, Deng X, Wang P, Liu H. A facile and novel strategy to synthesize reduced TiO₂ nanotubes photoelectrode for photoelectrocatalytic degradation of diclofenac. Chemosphere 2016; 144:888-894. [PMID: 26421629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nano-materials have been considered as a versatile candidate for the photoelectrochemical (PECH) applications. In this study, we reported a facile and novel strategy to synthesize reduced TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) photoelectrode. The microwave reduction could introduce oxygen vacancy in the lattice of TiO2, while the rapid-production of oxygen vacancy facilitated the generation of impurity level between the forbidden band and greatly enhancement of visible light absorption, thereby resulting in an improved separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers and photocatalytic (PC) performance. Additionally, the derived valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VBXPS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra confirmed the existence of oxygen vacancy in the lattice of TiO2 NTs photoelectrode, in which the valence bond maximum (VBM) and charge carriers concentration of reduced TiO2 NTs photoelectrode was determined to be 1.75 eV and 5.36 × 10(19) cm(-3), respectively. Furthermore, the scavenging experiments revealed that ·OH radical was the dominated species for the degradation of diclofenac. The enhanced-visible-light PC mechanism could mainly be attributed to the generation of oxygen vacancy, which can provide not only the visible light absorption capacity but also charge separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Qingfeng Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Deng
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Huiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China
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Romeyn TR, Harijanto W, Sandoval S, Delagah S, Sharbatmaleki M. Contaminants of emerging concern in reverse osmosis brine concentrate from indirect/direct water reuse applications. Water Sci Technol 2016; 73:236-250. [PMID: 26819378 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage is becoming more common due to droughts and global population increases resulting in the increasing popularity of water reuse to create new water sources. Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane systems are popular in these applications since they can produce drinking water quality effluent. Unfortunately, RO systems have the drawback of generating concentrate streams that contain contaminants rejected by the membrane including chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). CECs are chemicals such as hormones, steroids, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products that are used for their intended purpose and then released into wastewater. CECs are believed to be detrimental to aquatic wildlife health and pose an unknown human health risk. This research gathered the existing knowledge on CEC presence in concentrate, available proven concentrate treatment methods, their CEC removal abilities, and current CEC regulations. It was found that 127 CECs have been measured in RO concentrate with 100 being detected at least once. The most potent treatment process available is UV/H2O2 as it offers the highest removal rates for the widest range of chemicals. The less expensive process of ozone/biologically activated carbon offers slightly lower removal abilities. This comprehensive report will provide the groundwork for better understanding, regulating and treating concentrate stream CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Romeyn
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
| | - Wesley Harijanto
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
| | - Sofia Sandoval
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
| | - Saied Delagah
- Denver Federal Center, Bureau of Reclamation, PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Mohamadali Sharbatmaleki
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA E-mail:
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Umar M, Roddick F, Fan L. Impact of coagulation as a pre-treatment for UVC/H2O2-biological activated carbon treatment of a municipal wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate. Water Res 2016; 88:12-19. [PMID: 26454666 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
After coagulation of high salinity reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) with either alum or ferric chloride followed by UVC/H2O2 treatment, biological activated carbon (BAC) was investigated for the removal of DOC. BAC treatment mainly removed low molecular weight (LMW) neutral molecules indicating that biodegradation was the predominant mechanism of organic matter removal. Coagulation with ferric chloride gave greater DOC reductions than alum both as a stand-alone treatment and after the sequence of UVC/H2O2 and BAC treatment. However, overall reduction after the sequence of coagulation, UVC/H2O2 and BAC treatment was only marginally greater for ferric chloride (68%) than for alum (62%). Trihalomethane formation potential and N-Nitrosodimethylamine concentration decreased markedly after UVC/H2O2 treatment. UVC/H2O2 treatment of the ROC led to the generation of extreme toxicity according to the Microtox assay, but no toxicity was observed after BAC, demonstrating its advantage for enabling safe disposal of the treated ROC. Implementation of coagulation as a pre-treatment and BAC as a post-treatment markedly reduced (6-8 times) the electrical energy dose (EED) required for the UVC/H2O2 process. The sequence of coagulation, UVC/H2O2 and BAC treatment was demonstrated as a potential process for the removal of organic matter from high salinity municipal ROC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia
| | - Felicity Roddick
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Linhua Fan
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia
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Buthiyappan A, Abdul Raman AA, Daud WMAW. Development of an advanced chemical oxidation wastewater treatment system for the batik industry in Malaysia. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetric representation of the Fenton oxidation batch system for the treatment of highly recalcitrant batik wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archina Buthiyappan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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Ganiyu SO, van Hullebusch ED, Cretin M, Esposito G, Oturan MA. Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: A critical review. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Cavalcante RP, Dantas RF, Bayarri B, González O, Giménez J, Esplugas S, Machulek A. Synthesis and characterization of B-doped TiO2 and their performance for the degradation of metoprolol. Catal Today 2015; 252:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Miralles-Cuevas S, Oller I, Agüera A, Ponce-Robles L, Pérez JS, Malato S. Removal of microcontaminants from MWTP effluents by combination of membrane technologies and solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Oller I, Polo-lópez I, Miralles-cuevas S, Fernández-ibáñez P, Malato S. Advanced Technologies for Emerging Contaminants Removal in Urban Wastewater. In: Fatta-kassinos D, Dionysiou DD, Kümmerer K, editors. Advanced Treatment Technologies for Urban Wastewater Reuse. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. pp. 145-69. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2014_319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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49
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Wei X, Gu P, Zhang G, Huang J. Occurrence of emerging and priority pollutants in municipal reverse osmosis concentrates. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2015; 17:488-494. [PMID: 25582672 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper aimed to investigate the occurrence and concentrations of emerging and priority pollutants in the municipal reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that there were varieties of pollutants, including chlorinated organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), herbicides and flame retardants, in the ROC. Most of the pollutants were quantified, and the performance of the analytical method was explored. For most of the target compounds, the mean recoveries at two concentration levels (0.17 μg L(-1) and 1.67 μg L(-1)) ranged from 70% to 130% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were less than 20%, indicating excellent accuracy and precision. Typical concentrations of most of the pollutants were as low as tens or hundreds of ng L(-1), whereas others were as high as several μg L(-1) (such as, the concentration of 2-chloroethyl ether was 1.42 μg L(-1), of caffeine was 3.73 μg L(-1), and of benzyl butyl phthalate was 4.90 μg L(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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50
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González O, Bayarri B, Aceña J, Pérez S, Barceló D. Treatment Technologies for Wastewater Reuse: Fate of Contaminants of Emerging Concern. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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