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Li Z, Ren L, Wang X, Chen M, Wang T, Dai R, Wang Z. Anaerobic hydrolysis of recalcitrant tetramethylammonium from semiconductor wastewater: Performance and mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132239. [PMID: 37567140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)-bearing wastewater, generated in the electronic and semiconductor industries, raises significant concerns due to the neurotoxic, recalcitrant, and bio-inhibiting effects of TMAH. In this study, we proposed the use of an anaerobic hydrolysis bioreactor (AHBR) for TMAH removal, achieving a high removal efficiency of approximately 85%, which greatly surpassed the performance of widely-used advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Density functional theory calculations indicated that the unexpectedly poor efficiency (5.8-8.0%) of selected AOPs can be attributed to the electrostatic repulsion between oxidants and the tightly bound electrons of TMAH. Metagenomic analyses of the AHBR revealed that Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota played a dominant role in the transformation of TMAH through processes such as methyl transfer, methanogenesis, and acetyl-coenzyme A synthesis, utilizing methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin as a substrate. Moreover, several potential functional genes (e.g., mprF, basS, bcrB, sugE) related to TMAH resistance have been identified. Molecular docking studies between five selected proteins and tetramethylammonium further provided evidence supporting the roles of these potential functional genes. This study demonstrates the superiority of AHBR as a pretreatment technology compared to several widely-researched AOPs, paving the way for the proper design of treatment processes to abate TMAH in semiconductor wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji Advanced Membrane Technology Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji Advanced Membrane Technology Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xueye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji Advanced Membrane Technology Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control/College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tianlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji Advanced Membrane Technology Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruobin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji Advanced Membrane Technology Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji Advanced Membrane Technology Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Yan H, Ali A, Su J, Shi J, Xu L, Huang T, Wang Y. Sodium alginate/sinter gel spheres immobilized lysozyme producing strain SJ25 enhanced sludge reduction: Optimization and mechanism. Bioresour Technol 2023; 371:128643. [PMID: 36681345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to promote sludge hydrolysis and improve the efficiency of aerobic digestion, the sodium alginate immobilized gel spheres pellet B (SIP B) were prepared using sodium alginate (SA) and sinter as carrier to immobilize lysozyme producing strain SJ25. The optimal conditions for SIP B to promote sludge hydrolysis were 5.6 mg SS-1 dosage and pH of 9.0. Under the optimal condition compared with the control group, the reduction efficiency of suspended solids (SS) in 24 h was increased by 26.89 %, the release of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was increased by 517.79 mg L-1, polysaccharide (PS) and protein (PN) concentrations were increased by 186.69 and 368.68 mg L-1, respectively. SIP B enhanced the degradation efficiency of sludge by promote the release of lysozyme, prolonging the action time of the enzyme, enhancing the metabolism and membrane transport of xenobiotics, carbohydrate and amino.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Jun Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Innocenzi V, Zueva SB, Ippolito NM, Ferella F, Prisciandaro M, Vegliò F. A review of the existing and emerging technologies for wastewaters containing tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and waste management systems in micro-chip microelectronic industries. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135913. [PMID: 35952791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to describe and review the available technologies and the recent advancements in treating industrial wastewater containing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). It is a quaternary ammonium salt and widely used in the microelectronics industry; this kind of company produces large quantities of wastewater containing TMAH. The exhausted solutions must be treated appropriately since TMAH is corrosive, toxic to human health, and ecotoxic. Regarding the concentration at discharge, currently there are no European regulations. Still, it has been indicated that the substance has a negative influence on the oxygen balance and cause eutrophication, and fall into the relevant categories. In the first part of the work, the available technologies and the recent advancements for the treatment of TMAH contained in industrial wastewater are reviewed. Separation methods as such adsorption, ion exchange, membrane processes, and destruction technologies classified as advanced oxidation processes and biological processes have been considered. In the second part of the manuscript, industrial patented wastewater treatments have been described. Biological processes are those more used, being more economically feasible, require very long times not always sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Svetlana B Zueva
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maria Ippolito
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferella
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Lin Y. Kinetic Study of 4-Chlorophenol Biodegradation by Acclimated Sludge in a Packed Bed Reactor. Processes (Basel) 2022; 10:2130. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the degradation of 4-CP using acclimated sludge. The Monod and Haldane models were employed to fit the specific growth rate with various initial 4-CP concentrations of 67–412 mg/L in the batch experiments. Haldane kinetics showed a better fit to experimental results than Monod kinetics. The kinetic parameters were obtained from a comparison of Monod and Haldane kinetics with batch experimental data. The values of μm and KS were found to be 0.691 d−1 and 5.62 mg/L, respectively, for Monod kinetics. In contrast, the values of μm, KS, and KI were 1.30 d−1, 8.38 mg/L, and 279.4 mg/L, respectively, for Haldane kinetics. The kinetic parameters in Haldane kinetics were used as input parameters for the kinetic model system of the packed bed reactor (PBR). The continuous flow PBR was conducted to validate the kinetic model system. The model-simulated results agreed well with experimental data in the PBR performance operation. At the steady-state stage, the removal efficiency of 4-CP was 70.8–96.1%, while the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 2.5 to 12.4 h. The corresponding removal of 4-CP was assessed to be 94.6 and 96.1% when the inlet 4-CP loading rate was increased from 0.11 to 0.51 kg/m3-d. The approaches of kinetic models and experiments presented in this study can be applied to design a PBR for 4-CP treatment in wastewater from the effluents of various industries.
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Wang Y, Hou Y, Wang Y, Zhang A, Wang Q. Immobilization of psychrophile Psychrobacter sp. ANT206 onto novel reusable magnetic nanoparticles and its application for nitro-aromatic compounds biodegradation under low temperature. Biodegradation 2022; 33:223-237. [PMID: 35419646 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-09978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient biodegradation may offer a solution for the treatment of nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) with toxicity, mutagenicity and persistence in the environment. In this study, dopamine (DA) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles with biocompatibility and hydrophilicity were synthesized and utilized for the immobilization of nitro-aromatic compounds degrading psychrophile Psychrobacter sp. ANT206 harboring the cold-adapted nitroreductase. The prepared nanocarriers were characterized using multiple methods. The highest immobilization yield of cells immobilized by Fe3O4@SiO2@DA was 90.67% under the optimized conditions of 10 °C, pH 7.5, 2 h and cell/support 1.2 mg/mg, and the activity recovery was 89.41%. In addition, the obtained immobilized cells displayed excellent salinity stability and reusability. Moreover, immobilized P. sp. ANT206 strains showed remarkable biodegradation capability on nitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. This study introduced those novel Fe3O4@SiO2@DA nanoparticles could be applied as ideal and low-cost nanocarriers for the immobilization of cells and large-scale bioremediation of hazardous NACs with perspective applications under low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanhua Hou
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Yatong Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ailin Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Quanfu Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
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Shi J, Su J, Ali A, Chen C, Xu L, Yan H, Su L, Qi Z. Nitrate removal under low carbon to nitrogen ratio by modified corn straw bioreactor: Optimization and possible mechanism. Environ Technol 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35200110 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2046649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe removal of nitrate (NO3--N) from water bodies under the conditions of poor nutrition and low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio is a widespread problem. In this study, modified corn stalk (CS) was used to immobilize Burkholderia sp. CF6 with cellulose-degrading and denitrifying abilities. The optimal operating parameters of the bioreactor were explored. The results showed that under the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 h and the C/N ratio of 2.0, the maximum nitrate removal efficiency was 96.75%. In addition, the organic substances in the bioreactor under different C/N ratios and HRT were analyzed by three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission mass spectrometry (3D-EEM), and it was found that the microorganisms have high metabolic activity. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the new material has excellent immobilization effects. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) showed that it has potential as a solid carbon source. Through high-throughput sequencing analysis, Burkholderia sp. CF6 was observed as the main bacteria present in the bioreactor. These research results showed that the use of waste corn stalks waste provides a theoretical basis for the advanced treatment of low C/N ratio wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlun Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Yan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lindong Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Xi'an Yiwei Putai Environmental Protection Company Limited, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zening Qi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Xi'an Yiwei Putai Environmental Protection Company Limited, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Patel N, Shahane S, Bhunia B, Mishra U, Chaudhary VK, Srivastav AL. Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in batch and continuous packed bed reactor by isolated Bacillus subtilis. J Environ Manage 2022; 301:113851. [PMID: 34597952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In present work, biodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) has been successfully achieved using bacteria i.e. Bacillus subtilis (MF447841.1), which was isolated from the wastewater of a nearby drain of Hyundai Motor Company service centre, Agartala, Tripura (India). Geonomic identification was carried out by 16 S rDNA technique and phylogenetic processes. Both, batch and column mode of experiments were performed to optimize various parameters (initial concentration, contact time, dosages etc.) involved in the significant biodegradation of 4-CP. Based on R2 value (0.9789), the Levenspiel's model was found to be best fit than others. The kinetic parameters; specific growth rate (μ), yield of cell mass (YX/S), and saturation constant (KS), were obtained as 0.6383 (h-1), 0.35 (g/g), and 0.006884 (g/L), respectively. The isolated strain has shown the ability of degrading 4-CP up to 1000 mg/L initial concentration within 40 h. Bacterial strain was immobilized via developing calcium alginate beads along by optimizing weight proportion of calcium chloride and sodium alginate and size of the bead for further experiments. Various process parameters i.e. initial feed concentration, bed height, rate of flow of were optimized during packed bed reactor (PBR) study. Maximum biodegradation efficiency of 4-CP was observed as 45.39% at initial concentration of 500 mg/L within 105 min, using 2 mm size of immobilized beads which were formed using 3.5% w/v of both calcium chloride and sodium alginate within. Thus, Bacillus subtilis (MF447841.1) could be used for biological remediation of 4-CP pollutant present in wastewater. Moreover, because of affordable and eco-friendly nature of water treatment, relatively it has the better scope of commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Patel
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Awadh University, Ayodhya, 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shraddha Shahane
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India.
| | - Umesh Mishra
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Awadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Lal Srivastav
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India.
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Kim TK, Kim T, Lee I, Choi K, Zoh KD. Removal of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in semiconductor wastewater using the nano-ozone H 2O 2 process. J Hazard Mater 2021; 409:123759. [PMID: 33451854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used a nano-ozone bubble to enhance the efficiency of the ozone/H2O2 process for the degradation of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) found in semiconductor wastewater at high levels. The nano-ozone bubble significantly increased ozone mass transfer rate compared to that of the macro-ozone bubble. The half-life of nano-ozone bubbles was 23 times longer than that of the nano-ozone bubbles. Due to the high ozone mass transfer rate and its durability, the nano-ozone bubble increased the TMAH degradation rate compared to that of the macro-ozone. The addition of H2O2 significantly increased the TMAH degradation rate constant by OH production during the nano-ozone bubbles/H2O2 process. The optimum conditions for TMAH removal was 25 °C and pH 10. Within 90 min of the nano-ozone/H2O2 process, TOC removal was 65 % while 80 % of nitrogen was converted into nitrate (NO3-) with 95 % of TMAM removal. Decreases in acute (40-fold) and chronic (2-fold) toxicity were achieved after applying the nano-ozone/H2O2 process to TMAH containing wastewater. However, there was no significant chronic toxicity decrease during the nano-ozone/H2O2 process of TMAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Fate and Exposure Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chung S, Choi J, Chung J. Development of Novel Method for Immobilizing TMAH-Degrading Microbe into Pellet and Characterization Tool, for Verifying Its Robustness in Electronics Wastewater Treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E4411. [PMID: 32575478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes an immobilization method of enriched microorganism, for robustly degrading organic compounds, including tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in electronics wastewater without an increase of total organic carbon (TOC) in effluent. The enriched TMAH degrading bacteria was entrapped inside the pellets through polymerization. Polymerization conditions were optimized in terms of long-term TOC leak tests of pellet. Among several methods, a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was found to be effective for the hands-on evaluation of stability in pellet. Stable pellets showed less than 10 J/g of curing heat by DSC analysis. This method is suitable for the optimization of polymerization conditions and controlling the quality of pellets. The removal efficiency of TMAH was over 95% and effluent concentration of TOC was below 100 ppb. The viability test results revealed that entrapped microorganisms were actively survived after five months of operations. This immobilization method is strongly suggested as a new strategy for the wastewater reuse process in low-strength electronics wastewater.
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