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Bento de Carvalho T, Barbosa JB, Teixeira P. Assessing Antimicrobial Efficacy on Plastics and Other Non-Porous Surfaces: A Closer Look at Studies Using the ISO 22196:2011 Standard. Biology (Basel) 2024; 13:59. [PMID: 38275735 PMCID: PMC10813364 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The survival and spread of foodborne and nosocomial-associated bacteria through high-touch surfaces or contamination-prone sites, in either healthcare, domestic or food industry settings, are not always prevented by the employment of sanitary hygiene protocols. Antimicrobial surface coatings have emerged as a solution to eradicate pathogenic bacteria and prevent future infections and even outbreaks. Standardised antimicrobial testing methods play a crucial role in validating the effectiveness of these materials and enabling their application in real-life settings, providing reliable results that allow for comparison between antimicrobial surfaces while assuring end-use product safety. This review provides an insight into the studies using ISO 22196, which is considered the gold standard for antimicrobial surface coatings and examines the current state of the art in antimicrobial testing methods. It primarily focuses on identifying pitfalls and how even small variations in methods can lead to different results, affecting the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of a particular product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Bastos Barbosa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Laboratório Associado, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (T.B.d.C.); (P.T.)
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Kaur H, Rosenberg M, Kook M, Danilian D, Kisand V, Ivask A. Antibacterial activity of solid surfaces is critically dependent on relative humidity, inoculum volume, and organic soiling. FEMS Microbes 2023; 5:xtad022. [PMID: 38213394 PMCID: PMC10781430 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial surface materials potentially prevent pathogen transfer from contaminated surfaces. Efficacy of such surfaces is assessed by standard methods using wet exposure conditions known to overestimate antimicrobial activity compared to dry exposure. Some dry test formats have been proposed but semi-dry exposure scenarios e.g. oral spray or water droplets exposed to ambient environment, are less studied. We aimed to determine the impact of environmental test conditions on antibacterial activity against the model species Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Surfaces based on copper, silver, and quaternary ammonium with known or claimed antimicrobial properties were tested in conditions mimicking microdroplet spray or larger water droplets exposed to variable relative air humidity in the presence or absence of organic soiling. All the environmental parameters critically affected antibacterial activity of the tested surfaces from no effect in high-organic dry conditions to higher effect in low-organic humid conditions but not reaching the effect size demonstrated in the ISO 22169 wet format. Copper was the most efficient antibacterial surface followed by silver and quaternary ammonium based coating. Antimicrobial testing of surfaces using small droplet contamination in application-relevant conditions could therefore be considered as one of the worst-case exposure scenarios relevant to dry use surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merilin Rosenberg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Kook
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dmytro Danilian
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vambola Kisand
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Angela Ivask
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
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Bento de Carvalho T, Barbosa JB, Teixeira P. Effectiveness and Durability of a Quaternary Ammonium Compounds-Based Surface Coating to Reduce Surface Contamination. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12050669. [PMID: 37237483 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are of major concern as they have a significant impact on public health, both socially and economically. The occurrence of cross-contamination of food in household kitchens is a serious threat and the adoption of safe food practices is of paramount importance. This work aimed to study the effectiveness and durability of a commercial quaternary ammonium compound-based surface coating which, according to the manufacturer, retains its antimicrobial activity for 30 days, and is suitable for all types of hard surfaces for the prevention and/or control of cross-contamination. For that, its antimicrobial efficacy, killing contact time and durability on three different surfaces-polyvinyl chloride, glass, and stainless-steel-against three pathogens-Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Acinetobacter baumannii ESB260 and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A-were tested according to the current antimicrobial treated surfaces efficacy test (ISO22196:2011). The results showed that the antimicrobial coating was effective against all pathogens with a reduction of >5.0 log CFU/cm2 in less than one minute for the three surfaces, but its durability was less than one week on all surfaces cleaned in the usual manner. Additionally, trace amounts (≤0.2 mg/kg) of the antimicrobial coating, which may migrate into food when contacting the surface, did not show cytotoxicity to human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The suggested antimicrobial coating has the potential to significantly reduce surface contamination, ensure surface disinfection and reduce the likelihood of cross-contamination in domestic kitchens, although it is less durable than suggested. The use of this technology in household settings is an attractive complement to the existing cleaning protocols and solutions that are already in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Bento de Carvalho
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Laboratório Associado, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diego Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Bastos Barbosa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Laboratório Associado, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diego Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Laboratório Associado, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diego Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Blomberg E, Herting G, Kuttuva Rajarao G, Mehtiö T, Uusinoka M, Ahonen M, Mäkinen R, Mäkitalo T, Odnevall I. Weathering and Antimicrobial Properties of Laminate and Powder Coatings Containing Silver Phosphate Glass Used as High-Touch Surfaces. Sustainability 2022; 14:7102. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the use of hygienic high-touch surfaces with antimicrobial properties in health care and public spaces is one way to hinder the spread of bacteria and infections. This study investigates the antimicrobial efficacy and surface reactivity of commercial laminate and powder coated surfaces treated with silver-doped phosphate glass as antimicrobial additive towards two model bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, in relation to surface weathering and repeated cleaning. High-touch conditions in indoor environments were simulated by different extents of pre-weathering (repeated daily cycles in relative humidity at constant temperature) and simplified fingerprint contact by depositing small droplets of artificial sweat. The results elucidate that the antimicrobial efficacy was highly bacteria dependent (Gram-positive or Gram-negative), not hampered by differences in surface weathering but influenced by the amount of silver-doped additive. No detectable amounts of silver were observed at the top surfaces, though silver was released into artificial sweat in concentrations a thousand times lower than regulatory threshold values stipulated for materials and polymers in food contact. Surface cleaning with an oxidizing chemical agent was more efficient in killing bacteria compared with an agent composed of biologically degradable constituents. Cleaning with the oxidizing agent resulted further in increased wettability and presence of residues on the surfaces, effects that were beneficial from an antimicrobial efficacy perspective.
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Bäumler W, Eckl D, Holzmann T, Schneider-Brachert W. Antimicrobial coatings for environmental surfaces in hospitals: a potential new pillar for prevention strategies in hygiene. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:531-564. [PMID: 34699296 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1991271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports provide evidence that contaminated healthcare environments represent major sources for the acquisition and transmission of pathogens. Antimicrobial coatings (AMC) may permanently and autonomously reduce the contamination of such environmental surfaces complementing standard hygiene procedures. This review provides an overview of the current status of AMC and the demands to enable a rational application of AMC in health care settings. Firstly, a suitable laboratory test norm is required that adequately quantifies the efficacy of AMC. In particular, the frequently used wet testing (e.g. ISO 22196) must be replaced by testing under realistic, dry surface conditions. Secondly, field studies should be mandatory to provide evidence for antimicrobial efficacy under real-life conditions. The antimicrobial efficacy should be correlated to the rate of nosocomial transmission at least. Thirdly, the respective AMC technology should not add additional bacterial resistance development induced by the biocidal agents and co- or cross-resistance with antibiotic substances. Lastly, the biocidal substances used in AMC should be safe for humans and the environment. These measures should help to achieve a broader acceptance for AMC in healthcare settings and beyond. Technologies like the photodynamic approach already fulfil most of these AMC requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eckl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Holzmann
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Vasconcelos MH, Alcaro S, Arechavala-Gomeza V, Baumbach J, Borges F, Brevini TAL, Rivas JDL, Devaux Y, Hozak P, Keinänen-Toivola MM, Lattanzi G, Mohr T, Murovska M, Prusty BK, Quinlan RA, Pérez-Sala D, Scheibenbogen C, Schmidt HHHW, Silveira I, Tieri P, Tolios A, Riganti C. Joining European Scientific Forces to Face Pandemics. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:92-97. [PMID: 33288385 PMCID: PMC7716745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the international guidelines on the containment of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the European scientific community was not sufficiently prepared to coordinate scientific efforts. To improve preparedness for future pandemics, we have initiated a network of nine European-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Actions that can help facilitate inter-, multi-, and trans-disciplinary communication and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, PT-4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, PT-4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, PT-4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, IT-88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science srl, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, IT-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Virginia Arechavala-Gomeza
- Neuromuscular Disorders, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, ES-48903, Barakaldo, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, ES-48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Experimental Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, DE-85354, Munich, Germany
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, PT-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Research UniSTEM, University of Milan, IT-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (CiC-IMBCC, CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, ES-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Pavel Hozak
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna, IT-40136, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, IT-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Mohr
- ScienceConsult, DI Thomas Mohr KG, AT-2353, Guntramsdorf, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Modra Murovska
- Rīga Stradiņš University, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, DE-97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institut für Med. Immunologie, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, DE-13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht University, NL-6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Silveira
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, PT-4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, PT-4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paolo Tieri
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IAC Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, IT-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexander Tolios
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090, Vienna, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090, Vienna, Austria; Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, IT-10126, Turin, Italy.
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Albarqouni L, Byambasuren O, Clark J, Scott AM, Looke D, Glasziou P. Does copper treatment of commonly touched surfaces reduce healthcare-acquired infections? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:765-73. [PMID: 32916212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Copper appears to have strong antimicrobial properties under laboratory conditions. AIM To examine the potential effect of copper treatment of commonly touched surfaces in healthcare facilities. METHODS Controlled trials comparing the effect of copper-treated surfaces (furniture or bed linens) in hospital rooms compared with standard rooms on HAIs were included in this systematic review. Two reviewers independently screened retrieved articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. The primary outcome was the occurrence of HAIs. FINDINGS In total, 638 records were screened, and seven studies comprising 12,362 patients were included. All included studies were judged to be at high risk of bias in two or more of the seven domains. All seven studies reported the effect of various copper-treated surfaces on HAIs. Overall, this review found low-quality evidence of potential clinical importance that copper-treated hard surfaces and/or bed linens and clothes reduced HAIs by 27% (risk ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.57-0.94; I2 = 44%, P=0.01). CONCLUSION Given the clinical and economic costs of HAIs, the potentially protective effect of copper treatment appears to be important. The current evidence is insufficient to make a strong positive recommendation. However, it would appear worthwhile and urgent to conduct larger publicly funded clinical trials into the impact of copper treatment.
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Pietsch F, O'Neill AJ, Ivask A, Jenssen H, Inkinen J, Kahru A, Ahonen M, Schreiber F. Selection of resistance by antimicrobial coatings in the healthcare setting. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:115-125. [PMID: 32535196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial touch surfaces have been introduced in healthcare settings with the aim of supporting existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which may drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights studies that indicate risks associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes, including evolution by de-novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed on to antimicrobial surfaces. The review focuses on antimicrobial surfaces made of copper, silver and antimicrobial peptides because of the practical application of copper and silver, and the promising characteristics of antimicrobial peptides. The available data point to a potential for resistance selection and a subsequent increase in resistant strains via cross-resistance and co-resistance conferred by metal and antibiotic resistance traits. However, translational studies describing the development of resistance to antimicrobial touch surfaces in healthcare-related environments are rare, and will be needed to assess whether and how antimicrobial surfaces lead to resistance selection in these settings. Such studies will need to consider numerous variables, including the antimicrobial concentrations present in coatings, the occurrence of biofilms on surfaces, and the humidity relevant to dry-surface environments. On-site tests on the efficacy of antimicrobial coatings should routinely evaluate the risk of selection associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pietsch
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Materials and Environment, Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - A J O'Neill
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Ivask
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - J Inkinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M Ahonen
- Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology, WANDER Nordic Water and Materials Institute, Rauma, Finland.
| | - F Schreiber
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Materials and Environment, Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany.
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