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Malaina I, Martinez L, Salcines-Cuevas D, Teran-Navarro H, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, Gonzalez-Lopez E, Soriano V, Ubeda M, Perez Pinilla MB, Martinez de la Fuente I, Alvarez-Dominguez C. Testing a vaccine candidate against Hepatitis C virus designed by combinatorial optimization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21746. [PMID: 38066027 PMCID: PMC10709393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a new procedure for vaccine design against highly variable viruses such as Hepatitis C. The procedure uses an optimization algorithm to design vaccines that maximize the coverage of epitopes across different virus variants. Weighted epitopes based on the success ratio of immunological assays are used to prioritize the selection of epitopes for vaccine design. The procedure was successfully applied to design DC vaccines loaded with two HCV peptides, STG and DYP, which were shown to be safe, immunogenic, and able to induce significant levels of anti-viral cytokines, peptide-specific cellular immune responses and IgG antibodies. The procedure could potentially be applied to other highly variable viruses that currently lack effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Malaina
- Department of Mathematics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Luis Martinez
- Department of Mathematics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain
- Basque Center of Applied Mathematics (BCAM), 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Salcines-Cuevas
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), MEDONLINE Group, Avda. de La Paz, 137, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Hector Teran-Navarro
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), MEDONLINE Group, Avda. de La Paz, 137, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - J Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals
- Servicio de Inmunología, Cantabria and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Avda. de Valdecilla S/N, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Lopez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Cantabria and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Avda. de Valdecilla S/N, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Vicente Soriano
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), MEDONLINE Group, Avda. de La Paz, 137, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - María Ubeda
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), MEDONLINE Group, Avda. de La Paz, 137, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), MEDONLINE Group, Avda. de La Paz, 137, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
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Danielsson R, Ferey N, Mile I, Eriksson H. Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages upon In Vitro Incubation with Aluminum-Based Adjuvant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36901849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants have been extensively used in vaccines. Despite their widespread use, the mechanism behind the immune stimulation properties of these adjuvants is not fully understood. Needless to say, extending the knowledge of the immune-stimulating properties of aluminum-based adjuvants is of utmost importance in the development of new, safer, and efficient vaccines. To further our knowledge of the mode of action of aluminum-based adjuvants, the prospect of metabolic reprogramming of macrophages upon phagocytosis of aluminum-based adjuvants was investigated. Macrophages were differentiated and polarized in vitro from human peripheral monocytes and incubated with the aluminum-based adjuvant Alhydrogel®. Polarization was verified by the expression of CD markers and cytokine production. In order to recognize adjuvant-derived reprogramming, macrophages were incubated with Alhydrogel® or particles of polystyrene as control, and the cellular lactate content was analyzed using a bioluminescent assay. Quiescent M0 macrophages, as well as alternatively activated M2 macrophages, exhibited increased glycolytic metabolism upon exposure to aluminum-based adjuvants, indicating a metabolic reprogramming of the cells. Phagocytosis of aluminous adjuvants could result in an intracellular depot of aluminum ions, which may induce or support a metabolic reprogramming of the macrophages. The resulting increase in inflammatory macrophages could thus prove to be an important factor in the immune-stimulating properties of aluminum-based adjuvants.
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Masson JD, Badran G, Domdom MA, Gherardi RK, Mograbi B, Authier FJ, Crépeaux G. Advances on the early cellular events occurring upon exposure of human macrophages to aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3198. [PMID: 36823452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum compounds are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Despite almost a century of use and substantial advances made in recent decades about their fate and biological effects, the exact mechanism of their action has been continuously debated, from the initial "depot-theory" to the direct immune system stimulation, and remains elusive. Here we investigated the early in vitro response of primary human PBMCs obtained from healthy individuals to aluminum oxyhydroxide (the most commonly used adjuvant) and a whole vaccine, in terms of internalization, conventional and non-conventional autophagy pathways, inflammation, ROS production, and mitochondrial metabolism. During the first four hours of contact, aluminum oxyhydroxide particles, with or without adsorbed vaccine antigen, (1) were quickly recognized and internalized by immune cells; (2) increased and balanced two cellular clearance mechanisms, i.e. canonical autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis; (3) induced an inflammatory response with TNF-α production as an early event; (4) and altered mitochondrial metabolism as assessed by both decreased maximal oxygen consumption and reduced mitochondrial reserve, thus potentially limiting further adaptation to other energetic requests. Further studies should consider a multisystemic approach of the cellular adjuvant mechanism involving interconnections between clearance mechanism, inflammatory response and mitochondrial respiration.
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Sternbæk L, Kimani M, Gawlitza K, Rurack K, Janicke B, Alm K, Wingren AG, Eriksson H. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Exhibit Low Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Properties in Macrophages In Vitro. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:6091. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) against sialic acid (SA) have been developed as a detection tool to target cancer cells. Before proceeding to in vivo studies, a better knowledge of the overall effects of MIPs on the innate immune system is needed. The aim of this study thus was to exemplarily assess whether SA-MIPs lead to inflammatory and/or cytotoxic responses when administered to phagocytosing cells in the innate immune system. The response of monocytic/macrophage cell lines to two different reference particles, Alhydrogel and PLGA, was compared to their response to SA-MIPs. In vitro culture showed a cellular association of SA-MIPs and Alhydrogel, as analyzed by flow cytometry. The reference particle Alhydrogel induced secretion of IL-1β from the monocytic cell line THP-1, whereas almost no secretion was provoked for SA-MIPs. A reduced number of both THP-1 and RAW 264.7 cells were observed after incubation with SA-MIPs and this was not caused by cytotoxicity. Digital holographic cytometry showed that SA-MIP treatment affected cell division, with much fewer cells dividing. Thus, the reduced number of cells after SA-MIP treatment was not linked to SA-MIPs cytotoxicity. In conclusion, SA-MIPs have a low degree of inflammatory properties, are not cytotoxic, and can be applicable for future in vivo studies.
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Jaldin-Fincati J, Moussaoui S, Gimenez MC, Ho CY, Lancaster CE, Botelho R, Ausar F, Brookes R, Terebiznik M. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant diverts the uptake and trafficking of genetically detoxified pertussis toxin to lysosomes in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1173-1195. [PMID: 35344242 PMCID: PMC9321756 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum salts have been successfully utilized as adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens since the 1930s. However, the cellular mechanisms behind the immune adjuvanticity effect of these materials in antigen‐presenting cells are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the uptake and trafficking of aluminum oxy‐hydroxide (AlOOH), in RAW 264.7 murine and U‐937 human macrophages‐like cells. Furthermore, we determined the impact that the adsorption to AlOOH particulates has on the trafficking of a Bordetella pertussis vaccine candidate, the genetically detoxified pertussis toxin (gdPT). Our results indicate that macrophages internalize AlOOH by constitutive macropinocytosis assisted by the filopodial protrusions that capture the adjuvant particles. Moreover, we show that AlOOH has the capacity to nonspecifically adsorb IgG, engaging opsonic phagocytosis, which is a feature that may allow for more effective capture and uptake of adjuvant particles by antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) at the site of vaccine administration. We found that AlOOH traffics to endolysosomal compartments that hold degradative properties. Importantly, while we show that gdPT escapes degradative endolysosomes and traffics toward the retrograde pathway, as reported for the wild‐type pertussis toxin, the adsorption to AlOOH diverts gdPT to traffic to the adjuvant’s lysosome‐type compartments, which may be key for MHC‐II‐driven antigen presentation and activation of CD4+ T cell. Thus, our findings establish a direct link between antigen adsorption to AlOOH and the intracellular trafficking of antigens within antigen‐presenting cells and bring to light a new potential mechanism for aluminum adjuvancy. Moreover, the in‐vitro single‐cell approach described herein provides a general framework and tools for understanding critical attributes of other vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jaldin-Fincati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Serene Moussaoui
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Maria Cecilia Gimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Cheuk Y Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Charlene E Lancaster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Roberto Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Ausar
- BioProcess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Ave West, Toronto, Ontario M3R 3T4, Canada
| | - Roger Brookes
- BioProcess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Ave West, Toronto, Ontario M3R 3T4, Canada
| | - Mauricio Terebiznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
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Tenan MR, Nicolle A, Moralli D, Verbouwe E, Jankowska JD, Durin MA, Green CM, Mandriota SJ, Sappino AP. Aluminum Enters Mammalian Cells and Destabilizes Chromosome Structure and Number. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179515. [PMID: 34502420 PMCID: PMC8431747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) consists of high rates of structural and numerical chromosome abnormalities and is a well-known hallmark of cancer. Aluminum is added to many industrial products of frequent use. Yet, it has no known physiological role and is a suspected human carcinogen. Here, we show that V79 cells, a well-established model for the evaluation of candidate chemical carcinogens in regulatory toxicology, when cultured in presence of aluminum—in the form of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and at concentrations in the range of those measured in human tissues—incorporate the metal in a dose-dependent manner, predominantly accumulating it in the perinuclear region. Intracellular aluminum accumulation rapidly leads to a dose-dependent increase in DNA double strand breaks (DSB), in chromosome numerical abnormalities (aneuploidy) and to proliferation arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. During mitosis, V79 cells exposed to aluminum assemble abnormal multipolar mitotic spindles and appear to cluster supernumerary centrosomes, possibly explaining why they accumulate chromosome segregation errors and damage. We postulate that chronic aluminum absorption favors CIN in mammalian cells, thus promoting carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna R. Tenan
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-3050480
| | - Adeline Nicolle
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Emeline Verbouwe
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - Julia D. Jankowska
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Mary-Anne Durin
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Catherine M. Green
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Stefano J. Mandriota
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - André-Pascal Sappino
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
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Rony L, Pascaretti-Grizon F, Hubert L, Chappard D. Histochemical identification of wear debris released by alumina-on-alumina hip prostheses in the periprosthetic tissues. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2021; 107:102636. [PMID: 33023845 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tribological studies have shown that the most used couples for hip prostheses consist of metal-on-polyethylene and alumina-on-alumina prostheses. Over time, wear products accumulate in the joint cavity and in the periprosthetic tissues. Although polyethylene and metal are easily identifiable by microscopy in periprosthetic tissues, alumina particles are very difficult to identify. HYPOTHESIS The fluorescent azo-dye lumogallion was evaluated as a suitable histochemical stain for alumina particles in periprosthetic tissues. MATERIAL AND METHOD In 28 patients who had a prosthetic revision of an alumina-on-alumina prosthesis, periprosthetic tissues were removed and embedded in paraffin; sections were stained with HPS (for conventional diagnosis) or with lumogallion. Sections were examined for wear particles in light and fluorescence microscopy. Some sections were counter-stained using DAPI for visualization of cell nuclei. RESULTS The wear particles of the alumina-alumina prostheses were very difficult to identify on the HPS stained sections; they were clearly evidenced by lumogallion staining with a bright orange fluorescence. The stain revealed large quantities of particles (of the order of several thousand per section). Only two patients had no particles. The staining technique identified numerous particles that were not visible on HPS-stained sections in macrophages, synoviocytes and fibroblasts. CONCLUSION This staining, which has been validated in neuromuscular pathology for the identification of alumina used as a vaccine adjuvant, gave successful results in the present study. Alumina particles are modified when they are phagocytized by macrophages. lumogallion staining easily shows the presence of thousands of wear particles released by alumina-on-alumina prostheses in periprosthetic tissues. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V expert opinion study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Rony
- Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, EA-4658, SFR-4208, Univ-Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU-Angers, 49933 Angers, France; Département de chirurgie osseuse, CHU-Angers, 49033 Angers, France
| | - Florence Pascaretti-Grizon
- Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, EA-4658, SFR-4208, Univ-Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU-Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Laurent Hubert
- Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, EA-4658, SFR-4208, Univ-Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU-Angers, 49933 Angers, France; Département de chirurgie osseuse, CHU-Angers, 49033 Angers, France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- Département de chirurgie osseuse, CHU-Angers, 49033 Angers, France.
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Danielsson R, Eriksson H. Aluminium adjuvants in vaccines - A way to modulate the immune response. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 115:3-9. [PMID: 33423930 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium salts have been used as adjuvants in vaccines for almost a century, but still no clear understanding of the mechanisms behind the immune stimulating properties of aluminium based adjuvants is recognized. Aluminium adjuvants consist of aggregates and upon administration of a vaccine, the aggregates will be recognized and phagocytosed by sentinel cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells. The adjuvant aggregates will persist intracellularly, maintaining a saturated intracellular concentration of aluminium ions over an extended time. Macrophages and dendritic cells are pivotal cells of the innate immune system, linking the innate and adaptive immune systems, and become inflammatory and antigen-presenting upon activation, thus mediating the initiation of the adaptive immune system. Both types of cell are highly adaptable, and this review will discuss and highlight how the occurrence of intracellular aluminium ions over an extended time may induce the polarization of macrophages into inflammatory and antigen presenting M1 macrophages by affecting the: endosomal pH; formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); stability of the phagosomal membrane; release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); and metabolism (metabolic re-programming). This review emphasizes that a persistent intracellular presence of aluminium ions over an extended time has the potential to affect the functionality of sentinel cells of the innate immune system, inducing polarization and activation. The immune stimulating properties of aluminium adjuvants is presumably mediated by several discrete events, however, a persistent intracellular presence of aluminium ions appears to be a key factor regarding the immune stimulating properties of aluminium based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Danielsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Håkan Eriksson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
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Leone M, Romeijn S, Du G, Le Dévédec S, Vrieling H, O'Mahony C, Bouwstra J, Kersten G. Diphtheria toxoid dissolving microneedle vaccination: Adjuvant screening and effect of repeated-fractional dose administration. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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de Miguel R, Asín J, Rodríguez-Largo A, Molín J, Echeverría I, de Andrés D, Pérez M, de Blas I, Mold M, Reina R, Luján L. Detection of aluminum in lumbar spinal cord of sheep subcutaneously inoculated with aluminum-hydroxide containing products. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110871. [PMID: 31901536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of vaccines containing aluminum (Al) adjuvants is widespread in ovine production. Al adjuvants induce an effective immune-response but lead to the formation of post-vaccination granulomas from which Al can disseminate. This work aims to study the accumulation of Al in the central nervous system of sheep subcutaneously inoculated with Al-hydroxide containing products. Lumbar spinal cord and parietal lobe from 21 animals inoculated with 19 doses of Vaccine (n = 7), Adjuvant-only (n = 7) or phosphate-buffered saline as Control (n = 7) were analyzed with transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy and lumogallion staining for Al analytical measurements and Al tisular localization respectively. In the lumbar spinal cord, Al median content was higher in both the Adjuvant-only and Vaccine group (p = .001) compared with the Control group. Animals of the Adjuvant-only group showed the higher individual measurements in the lumbar spinal cord (14.36 μg/g and 7.83 μg/g). In the parietal lobe, Al median content tended to be higher in the Adjuvant-only group compared with Control group (p = .074). Except for three replicates of the Adjuvant-only group, Al content was always below 1 μg/g. In the lumbar spinal cord, lumogallion-reactive Al deposits were more abundant in the gray matter than in the white matter in both Vaccine (p = .034) and Adjuvant-only groups (p = .017) and Al deposits were mostly associated with glial-like cells (p = .042). In the parietal lobe, few Al deposits, which were sometimes related to blood vessels, were found. In sheep, Al-hydroxide adjuvants inoculated in the subcutaneous tissue selectively accumulate in the lumbar spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jéssica Molín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC- Government of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC- Government of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC- Government of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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Wang M, Qiao J, Yu C, Chen H, Sun C, Huang L, Li C, Geisler M, Qian Q, Jiang DA, Qi Y. The auxin influx carrier, OsAUX3, regulates rice root development and responses to aluminium stress. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:1125-1138. [PMID: 30399648 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In rice, there are five members of the auxin carrier AUXIN1/LIKE AUX1 family; however, the biological functions of the other four members besides OsAUX1 remain unknown. Here, by using CRISPR/Cas9, we constructed two independent OsAUX3 knock-down lines, osaux3-1 and osaux3-2, in wild-type rice, Hwayoung (WT/HY) and Dongjin (WT/DJ). osaux3-1 and osaux3-2 have shorter primary roots (PRs), decreased lateral root (LR) density, and longer root hairs (RHs) compared with their WT. OsAUX3 expression in PRs, LRs, and RHs further supports that OsAUX3 plays a critical role in the regulation of root development. OsAUX3 locates at the plasma membrane and functions as an auxin influx carrier affecting acropetal auxin transport. OsAUX3 is up-regulated in the root apex under aluminium (Al) stress, and osaux3-2 is insensitive to Al treatments. Furthermore, 1-naphthylacetic acid accented the sensitivity of WT/DJ and osaux3-2 to respond to Al stress. Auxin concentrations, Al contents, and Al-induced reactive oxygen species-mediated damage in osaux3-2 under Al stress are lower than in WT, indicating that OsAUX3 is involved in Al-induced inhibition of root growth. This study uncovers a novel pathway alleviating Al-induced oxidative damage by inhibition of acropetal auxin transport and provides a new option for engineering Al-tolerant rice species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - JiYue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenLiang Yu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenDong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - LinZhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - ChuanYou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - De An Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YanHua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Shardlow E, Mold M, Exley C. Unraveling the enigma: elucidating the relationship between the physicochemical properties of aluminium-based adjuvants and their immunological mechanisms of action. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018; 14:80. [PMID: 30455719 PMCID: PMC6223008 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium salts are by far the most commonly used adjuvants in vaccines. There are only two aluminium salts which are used in clinically-approved vaccines, Alhydrogel® and AdjuPhos®, while the novel aluminium adjuvant used in Gardasil® is a sulphated version of the latter. We have investigated the physicochemical properties of these two aluminium adjuvants and specifically in milieus approximating to both vaccine vehicles and the composition of injection sites. Additionally we have used a monocytic cell line to establish the relationship between their physicochemical properties and their internalisation and cytotoxicity. We emphasise that aluminium adjuvants used in clinically approved vaccines are chemically and biologically dissimilar with concomitantly potentially distinct roles in vaccine-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shardlow
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
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13
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Mold M, Kumar M, Mirza A, Shardlow E, Exley C. Intracellular tracing of amyloid vaccines through direct fluorescent labelling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2437. [PMID: 29402930 PMCID: PMC5799327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition that progressively causes synaptic loss and major neuronal damage. Immunotherapy utilising Aβ as an active immunogen or via passive treatment utilising antibodies raised to amyloid have shown therapeutic promise. The migratory properties of peripheral blood-borne monocytes and their ability to enter the central nervous system, suggests a beneficial role in mediating tissue damage and neuroinflammation. However, the intrinsic phagocytic properties of such cells have pre-disposed them to internalise misfolded amyloidogenic peptides that could act as seeds capable of nucleating amyloid formation in the brain. Mechanisms governing the cellular fate of amyloid therefore, may prove to be key in the development of future vaccination regimes. Herein, we have developed unequivocal and direct conformation-sensitive fluorescent molecular probes that reveal the intracytoplasmic and intranuclear persistence of amyloid in a monocytic T helper 1 (THP-1) cell line. Use of the pathogenic Aβ42 species as a model antigen in simulated vaccine formulations suggested differing mechanisms of cellular internalisation, in which fibrillar amyloid evaded lysosomal capture, even when co-deposited on particulate adjuvant materials. Taken collectively, direct fluorescent labelling of antigen-adjuvant complexes may serve as critical tools in understanding subsequent immunopotentiation in vaccines directed against amyloidosis and wider dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Manpreet Kumar
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ambreen Mirza
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Emma Shardlow
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
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14
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Jiang H, Wang Q, Li L, Zeng Q, Li H, Gong T, Zhang Z, Sun X. Turning the Old Adjuvant from Gel to Nanoparticles to Amplify CD8 + T Cell Responses. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1700426. [PMID: 29375970 PMCID: PMC5770685 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to its safety and efficacy, aluminum hydroxide is used as an immune adjuvant in human vaccines for over 80 years. Being a Th2 stimulator, the classical gel-like adjuvant, however, fails to generate CD8+ T cell responses, which are important for cancer vaccines. Here, aluminum hydroxide is turned from gel into nano-sized vaccine carriers AlO(OH)-polymer nanoparticles (APNs) to promote their lymphatic migration. After actively uptaken via scavenger receptor-A by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) resident in lymph nodes (LNs), APNs destabilize lysosomes resulting in efficient cytosolic delivery and cross-presentation of antigens. It is demonstrated that administration of APNs loaded with ovalbumin (OVA) and CpG led to the codelivery of both cargos into APCs in LNs, leading to their activation and subsequent adaptive immunity. A prime-boost strategy with low doses of OVA (1.5 µg) and CpG (0.45 µg) induces potent CD8+ T cell responses and dramatically prolongs the survival of B16-OVA tumor-bearing mice. More impressively, when using B16F10 lysates instead of OVA as antigen, substantial antitumor effects on B16F10 tumor model are observed by using APN-CpG. These results suggest the great potential of APNs as vaccine carriers that activate CD8+ T cell responses and the bright prospect of aluminum adjuvant in a nanoparticle formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Hanmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery SystemsMinistry of EducationWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityNo.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin RoadChengdu610041P. R. China
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Svensson A, Sandberg T, Siesjö P, Eriksson H. Sequestering of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs): a possible mechanism affecting the immune-stimulating properties of aluminium adjuvants. Immunol Res 2017; 65:1164-1175. [PMID: 29181774 PMCID: PMC5712329 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium-based adjuvants (ABAs) have been used in human and veterinary vaccines for decades, and for a long time, the adjuvant properties were believed to be mediated by an antigen depot at the injection site, prolonging antigen exposure to the immune system. The depot hypothesis is today more or less abandoned, and instead replaced by the assumption that ABAs induce an inflammation at the injection site. Induction of an inflammatory response is consistent with immune activation initiated by recognition of molecular patterns associated with danger or damage (DAMPs), and the latter are derived from endogenous molecules that normally reside intracellularly. When extracellularly expressed, because of damage, stress or cell death, a sterile inflammation is induced. In this paper, we report the induction of DAMP release by viable cells after phagocytosis of aluminium-based adjuvants. Two of the most commonly used ABAs in pharmaceutical vaccine formulations, aluminium oxyhydroxide and aluminium hydroxyphosphate, induced a vigorous extracellular expression of the two DAMP molecules calreticulin and HMGB1. Concomitantly, extracellular adjuvant particles adsorbed the DAMP molecules released by the cells whereas IL-1β, a previously reported inflammatory mediator induced by ABAs, was not absorbed by the adjuvants. Induction of extracellular expression of the two DAMP molecules was more prominent using aluminium hydroxyphosphate compared to aluminium oxyhydroxide, whereas the extracellular adsorption of the DAMP molecules was more pronounced with the latter. Furthermore, it is hypothesised how induction of DAMP expression by ABAs and their concomitant adsorption by extracellular adjuvants may affect the inflammatory properties of ABAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tove Sandberg
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Siesjö
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC D14, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Eriksson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
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Mold M, Shardlow E, Exley C. Insight into the cellular fate and toxicity of aluminium adjuvants used in clinically approved human vaccinations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31578. [PMID: 27515230 DOI: 10.1038/srep31578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium adjuvants remain the most widely used and effective adjuvants in vaccination and immunotherapy. Herein, the particle size distribution (PSD) of aluminium oxyhydroxide and aluminium hydroxyphosphate adjuvants was elucidated in attempt to correlate these properties with the biological responses observed post vaccination. Heightened solubility and potentially the generation of Al3+ in the lysosomal environment were positively correlated with an increase in cell mortality in vitro, potentially generating a greater inflammatory response at the site of simulated injection. The cellular uptake of aluminium based adjuvants (ABAs) used in clinically approved vaccinations are compared to a commonly used experimental ABA, in an in vitro THP-1 cell model. Using lumogallion as a direct-fluorescent molecular probe for aluminium, complemented with transmission electron microscopy provides further insight into the morphology of internalised particulates, driven by the physicochemical variations of the ABAs investigated. We demonstrate that not all aluminium adjuvants are equal neither in terms of their physical properties nor their biological reactivity and potential toxicities both at the injection site and beyond. High loading of aluminium oxyhydroxide in the cytoplasm of THP-1 cells without immediate cytotoxicity might predispose this form of aluminium adjuvant to its subsequent transport throughout the body including access to the brain.
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