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Deguenon JM, Travanty N, Zhu J, Carr A, Denning S, Reiskind MH, Watson DW, Michael Roe R, Ponnusamy L. Exogenous and endogenous microbiomes of wild-caught Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) flies from a suburban farm by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20365. [PMID: 31889104 PMCID: PMC6937299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is one of the most abundant carrion flies in North America. Calliphorids are important in agriculture and animal production, veterinary sciences, forensics and medical entomology. While the role of flies in the epidemiology of human and animal diseases is an active area of research, little is known about the microorganisms associated with these insects. We examined the diversity of wild-caught black blow fly endogenous (internal body) and exogenous (external body) microbial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, 27 phyla, 171 families and 533 genera were detected, and diversity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on external body surfaces. At the genus level, Dysgonomonas, Ignatzschineria, Acinetobacter, Vagococcus, Myroides, and Wohlfahrtiimonas were predominant. Cloning and sequencing of nearly full-length fragments of the 16S rRNA gene showed that some of the species identified are known to be pathogenic to humans, animals, and plants. Myroides odoratimimus and Acinetobacter radioresistens are well-known, multi-drug resistant bacteria. These results provide a snapshot of the microbial communities harbored by adult black blow flies and call for more comprehensive studies to better characterize the role these flies may play in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Deguenon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - Nicholas Travanty
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - Ann Carr
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - Steven Denning
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - Michael H Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - David W Watson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - R Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 3230 Ligon Street, Campus Box 7647, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Solari P, Rivelli N, De Rose F, Picciau L, Murru L, Stoffolano JG, Liscia A. Opposite effects of 5-HT/AKH and octopamine on the crop contractions in adult Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence of a double brain-gut serotonergic circuitry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174172. [PMID: 28334024 PMCID: PMC5363830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study showed that in adult Drosophila melanogaster, the type of sugar-either present within the crop lumen or in the bathing solution of the crop-had no effect on crop muscle contraction. What is important, however, is the volume within the crop lumen. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that exogenous applications of serotonin on crop muscles increases both the amplitude and the frequency of crop contraction rate, while adipokinetic hormone mainly enhances the crop contraction frequency. Conversely, octopamine virtually silenced the overall crop activity. The present study reports for the first time an analysis of serotonin effects along the gut-brain axis in adult D. melanogaster. Injection of serotonin into the brain between the interocellar area shows that brain applications of serotonin decrease the frequency of crop activity. Based on our results, we propose that there are two different, opposite pathways for crop motility control governed by serotonin: excitatory when added in the abdomen (i.e., directly bathing the crop) and inhibitory when supplied within the brain (i.e., by injection). Finally, our results point to a double brain-gut serotonergic circuitry suggesting that not only the brain can affect gut functions, but the gut can also affect the central nervous system. On the basis of our results, and data in the literature, a possible mechanism for these two discrete serotonergic functions is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Nicholas Rivelli
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Francescaelena De Rose
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Picciau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Ludovico Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - John G. Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Anna Liscia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, Monserrato (CA), Italy
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Solari P, Stoffolano JG, De Rose F, Barbarossa IT, Liscia A. The chemosensitivity of labellar sugar receptor in female Phormia regina is paralleled with ovary maturation: Effects of serotonin. J Insect Physiol 2015; 82:38-45. [PMID: 26319532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oogenesis in most adult insects is a nutrient-dependent process involving ingestion of both proteins and carbohydrates that ultimately depends on peripheral input from chemoreceptors. The main goal of this study was to characterize, in the female blowfly Phormia regina, the responsive changes of the labellar chemoreceptors to carbohydrates and proteins in relation to four different stages along the ovarian cycle: (1) immature ovaries, (2) mid-mature ovaries, (3) mature ovaries and ready for egg-laying and (4) post egg-laying ovaries. Then, the possible effects exerted by exogenous serotonin on the chemoreceptor sensitivity profiles were investigated. Our results show that ovary length, width and contraction rate progressively increase from stage 1 to 3, when all these parameters reach their maximum values, before declining in the next stage 4. The sensitivity of the labellar "sugar" chemoreceptors to both sucrose and proteins varies during the ovarian maturation stages, reaching a minimum for sucrose in stage 3, while that to proteins begins. Exogenous 5-HT supply specifically increases the chemoreceptor sensitivity to sugar at the stages 3 and 4, while it does not affect that to proteins. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that in female blowflies the cyclic variations in the sensitivity of the labellar chemosensilla to sugars and proteins are time-related to ovarian development and that during the stages 3 and 4 the responsiveness of the sugar cell to sucrose is under serotonergic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Francescaelena De Rose
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Anna Liscia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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Jezzini SH, Reyes-Colón D, Sosa MA. Characterization of a prawn OA/TA receptor in Xenopus oocytes suggests functional selectivity between octopamine and tyramine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111314. [PMID: 25350749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the characterization of an octopamine/tyramine (OA/TA or TyrR1) receptor (OA/TAMac) cloned from the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, an animal used in the study of agonistic social behavior. The invertebrate OA/TA receptors are seven trans-membrane domain G-protein coupled receptors that are related to vertebrate adrenergic receptors. Behavioral studies in arthropods indicate that octopaminergic signaling systems modulate fight or flight behaviors with octopamine and/or tyramine functioning in a similar way to the adrenalins in vertebrate systems. Despite the importance of octopamine signaling in behavioral studies of decapod crustaceans there are no functional data available for any of their octopamine or tyramine receptors. We expressed OA/TAMac in Xenopus oocytes where agonist-evoked trans-membrane currents were used as readouts of receptor activity. The currents were most effectively evoked by tyramine but were also evoked by octopamine and dopamine. They were effectively blocked by yohimbine. The electrophysiological approach we used enabled the continuous observation of complex dynamics over time. Using voltage steps, we were able to simultaneously resolve two types of endogenous currents that are affected over different time scales. At higher concentrations we observe that octopamine and tyramine can produce different and opposing effects on both of these currents, presumably through the activity of the single expressed receptor type. The pharmacological profile and apparent functional-selectivity are consistent with properties first observed in the OA/TA receptor from the insect Drosophila melanogaster. As the first functional data reported for any crustacean OA/TA receptor, these results suggest that functional-selectivity between tyramine and octopamine is a feature of this receptor type that may be conserved among arthropods.
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Insects, including cockroaches, self-select a balanced diet when faced with different nutrient choices. For self-selection to be carried out effectively, insects possess neuroregulatory systems to control their food intake. In the present study, we examined the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the feeding regulation of the Madeira cockroach (Rhyparobia maderae). When R. maderae nymphs were injected with 20 μl of 100 mmol l–1 DA, they showed an 83.3% reduction in sucrose intake and a 78.9% reduction in total intake compared with saline-injected controls. The DA agonist, 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (6,7-ADTN) (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl), caused a significant reduction in sucrose feeding, reducing feeding by 47.3% compared with saline-injected controls. Protein feeding was also significantly reduced by 6,7-ADTN to 62%. Rhyparobia maderae nymphs injected with the DA antagonist chlorpromazine (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl) did not differ significantly from control nymphs in their feeding behavior. Interestingly, R. maderae nymphs injected with 2 μl or 5 μl chlorpromazine (100 mmol l–1) showed significantly increased mortality rates of 47.5% or 66.7%, respectively. The DA antagonist, spiperone (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl), caused a significant feeding response, showing an increase in feeding in both sucrose (310.6%) and total intake (236.3%). Casein feeding in R. maderae nymphs was also elevated (70.8%) but this was not statistically significant. The experiments with DA, the DA agonist 6,7-ADTN and the DA antagonist spiperone strongly suggest that the neurotransmitter DA is involved in regulating feeding in the cockroach R. maderae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M. Allen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - Brooke H. Van Kummer
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - Randy W. Cohen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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Peric-Mataruga V, Mrdakovic M, Vlahovic M, Ilijin L, Tomanic J, Mircic D, Nenadovic V. Biogenic amines in protocerebral A2 neurosecretory neurons of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae): Response to trophic stress. ARCH BIOL SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1103571p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The number, morphometric parameters and amount of aminergic neurosecretory
product of protocerebral A2 neurosecretory neurons were investigated in the
fifth instar of Lymantria dispar caterpillars, following a suitable or
unsuitable trophic regime. Caterpillars originated from two populations
(Quercus rubra or Robinia pseudoacacia forest) and were differently adapted
to trophic stress, i.e. feeding on locust tree leaves - unsuitable host
plant. The number of neurosecretory neurons was higher in the caterpillars
originated from Robinia population than in Quercus population, regardless of
feeding. A2 neurosecretory neurons, nuclei and their nucleoli were larger in
caterpillars fed with unsuitable leaves in both populations. There was more
aminergic product in the A2 neurosecretory neurons of the caterpillars fed
with unsuitable leaves independently of population origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Peric-Mataruga
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Belgrade
| | - Marija Mrdakovic
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Belgrade
| | - Milena Vlahovic
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Belgrade
| | - Larisa Ilijin
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Belgrade
| | - Jankovic Tomanic
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Belgrade
| | - D. Mircic
- State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Biochemical and Medical Sciences, Novi Pazar
| | - Vera Nenadovic
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Belgrade
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Longden KD, Krapp HG. Octopaminergic modulation of temporal frequency coding in an identified optic flow-processing interneuron. Front Syst Neurosci 2010; 4:153. [PMID: 21152339 PMCID: PMC2996258 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2010.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flying generates predictably different patterns of optic flow compared with other locomotor states. A sensorimotor system tuned to rapid responses and a high bandwidth of optic flow would help the animal to avoid wasting energy through imprecise motor action. However, neural processing that covers a higher input bandwidth itself comes at higher energetic costs which would be a poor investment when the animal was not flying. How does the blowfly adjust the dynamic range of its optic flow-processing neurons to the locomotor state? Octopamine (OA) is a biogenic amine central to the initiation and maintenance of flight in insects. We used an OA agonist chlordimeform (CDM) to simulate the widespread OA release during flight and recorded the effects on the temporal frequency coding of the H2 cell. This cell is a visual interneuron known to be involved in flight stabilization reflexes. The application of CDM resulted in (i) an increase in the cell's spontaneous activity, expanding the inhibitory signaling range (ii) an initial response gain to moving gratings (20-60 ms post-stimulus) that depended on the temporal frequency of the grating and (iii) a reduction in the rate and magnitude of motion adaptation that was also temporal frequency-dependent. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the application of a neuromodulator can induce velocity-dependent alterations in the gain of a wide-field optic flow-processing neuron. The observed changes in the cell's response properties resulted in a 33% increase of the cell's information rate when encoding random changes in temporal frequency of the stimulus. The increased signaling range and more rapid, longer lasting responses employed more spikes to encode each bit, and so consumed a greater amount of energy. It appears that for the fly investing more energy in sensory processing during flight is more efficient than wasting energy on under-performing motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit D. Longden
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Holger G. Krapp
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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Masala C, Solari P, Sollai G, Crnjar R, Liscia A. Clonidine effects on protein and carbohydrate electrophysiological responses of labellar and tarsal sensilla in Phormia regina. J Insect Physiol 2008; 54:1193-1199. [PMID: 18634799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The electrophysiological response of labellar and tarsal chemosensilla in the blowfly Phormia regina was studied in response to a complex stimulus naturally encountered by flies such as sheep faeces, and to beef liver, a proteinaceous feeding source. Responses were investigated both before or after injection of clonidine, an octopamine agonist previously shown to enhance sucrose ingestion, while decreasing that of proteins. As assessed by single sensillum recordings, the four different chemosensory - "salt", "sugar", "deterrent" and "water" - cells were all activated by both stimuli, regardless of sex and sensillum type, the "sugar" one being in all cases the most sensitive to beef liver before clonidine injection. Clonidine treatment affected neither labellar nor tarsal sensitivity to sucrose. Conversely, clonidine-injected flies showed a significant increase in the activity of the "deterrent" cell to beef liver, thus accounting for a decrease in protein ingestion. This study for the first time provides evidence of a key role of a clonidine-sensitive peripheral taste sensitivity in down-regulation of protein ingestion in blowflies. Correlation between peripheral sensitivity and behavioural output is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Masala
- Department of Experimental Biology, Section of General Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554 Km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
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