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Abstract
In mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Quintero-Villegas
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Medicine, Intituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
- Departments of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Analysis of membrane transport mechanisms of endogenous substrates using chromatographic techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4495. [PMID: 30661254 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are expressed in various bodily tissues and play essential roles in the homeostasis of endogenous substances and the absortion, distribution and/or excretion of xenobiotics. For transporter assays, radioisotope-labeled compounds have been mainly used. However, commercially available radioisotope-labeled compounds are limited in number and relatively expensive. Chromatographic analyses such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorptiometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry have also been applied for transport assays. To elucidate the transport properties of endogenous substrates, although there is no difficulty in performing assays using radioisotope-labeled probes, the endogenous background and the metabolism of the compound after its translocation across cell membranes must be considered when the intact compound is assayed. In this review, the current state of knowledge about the transport of endogenous substrates via membrane transporters as determined by chromatographic techniques is summarized. Chromatographic techniques have contributed to our understanding of the transport of endogenous substances including amino acids, catecholamines, bile acids, prostanoids and uremic toxins via membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Colmenares-Aguilar M, Lima L. Role of 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 7 Serotonin Receptors, and Protein Kinases C and A on Taurine Transport in Lymphocytes of Rats Treated with Fluoxetine. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 975 Pt 2:1129-1140. [PMID: 28849528 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Fluoxetine, an antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, modulates immune cells in vitro. The present study investigates the influence of pharmacological agents which acts as agonist and antagonist of serotonin receptors ex vivo over taurine transport in lymphocytes of rats treated with fluoxetine by one week. The treatment with fluoxetine increase taurine transport and the incubation with the agonist of 5-HT2 receptor, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) counteract this effect, and ketanserin provoked no change in fluoxetine effect. While the agonist of 5-HT7 receptor, 4-[2-(methylthio)phenyl]-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphth alenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide hydrochloride (LP44) had no significant effects, however the differences between Control and Fluoxetine groups were not observed, the antagonist (R)-3-[2-[2-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl]phenol hydrochloride (SB269970) had no differences. Preincubation of cells with the diacylglycerol analogue, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) caused inhibition of fluoxetine treatment effect but this not occurred in presence of the PKC inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol (AMG-C16). Forskolin counteracted the effect of fluoxetine on taurine transport, since at the concentrations used, the rate of taurine transport in Fluoxetine group, returned to Control rate. No significant differences were observed with the PKA inhibitor. Although it is not possible to attribute a definitive role of 5-HT2 receptors in fluoxetine effect on taurine transport, its signaling might affect the function of it. Participation of PKC and PKA have an apparently relevant role in lymphocyte taurine transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Colmenares-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Lucimey Lima
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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Arreola R, Becerril-Villanueva E, Cruz-Fuentes C, Velasco-Velázquez MA, Garcés-Alvarez ME, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Quintero-Fabian S, Pavón L. Immunomodulatory effects mediated by serotonin. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:354957. [PMID: 25961058 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) induces concentration-dependent metabolic effects in diverse cell types, including neurons, entherochromaffin cells, adipocytes, pancreatic beta-cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes. Three classes of genes regulating 5-HT function are constitutively expressed or induced in these cells: (a) membrane proteins that regulate the response to 5-HT, such as SERT, 5HTR-GPCR, and the 5HT3-ion channels; (b) downstream signaling transduction proteins; and (c) enzymes controlling 5-HT metabolism, such as IDO and MAO, which can generate biologically active catabolites, including melatonin, kynurenines, and kynurenamines. This review covers the clinical and experimental mechanisms involved in 5-HT-induced immunomodulation. These mechanisms are cell-specific and depend on the expression of serotonergic components in immune cells. Consequently, 5-HT can modulate several immunological events, such as chemotaxis, leukocyte activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion, anergy, and apoptosis. The effects of 5-HT on immune cells may be relevant in the clinical outcome of pathologies with an inflammatory component. Major depression, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer disease, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, and asthma are all associated with changes in the serotonergic system associated with leukocytes. Thus, pharmacological regulation of the serotonergic system may modulate immune function and provide therapeutic alternatives for these diseases.
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Rieger DK, Cunha RMS, Lopes MW, Costa AP, Budni J, Rodrigues ALS, Walz R, Teixeira EH, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. ConBr, a lectin fromCanavalia brasiliensisseeds, modulates signaling pathways and increases BDNF expression probably via a glycosylated target. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:746-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora K. Rieger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | | | - Mark William Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Josiani Budni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Edson H. Teixeira
- BioMolLab; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Fortaleza CE 60455-970 Brazil
| | | | - Benildo S. Cavada
- BioMolLab; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Fortaleza CE 60455-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B. Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
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Urbina M, Arroyo R, Lima L. 5-HT7 receptors and tryptophan hydroxylase in lymphocytes of rats: mitogen activation, physical restraint or treatment with reserpine. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:240-9. [PMID: 24603678 DOI: 10.1159/000357148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serotonin (5-HT)7 receptors in lymphocytes play a relevant role as modulators of T cell functions and might be modified by stress protocols. The aims of this work were to evaluate: (i) the presence of 5-HT7 receptors in specific lymphocyte populations, (ii) the probable modifications of them by inflammatory stress with mitogen and (iii) the effects of physical and pharmacological stress. METHODS Blood lymphocytes were isolated by density gradients and differential adhesion to plastic. Concanavalin A (Con A) was systemically administered (500 μg/kg) or added to lymphocyte cultures (2.5 μg/ml, final volume 200 μl). Physical restraint was performed in Plexiglass boxes for 5 h per day for 5 days. Reserpine administration was 2.5 mg/kg for 3 days. Immunocytochemical labeling of CD4+, CD8+ and 5-HT7 receptors, and also tryptophan hydroxylase cells was performed. mRNA of 5-HT7 receptors was evaluated by RT-PCR. Controls were included for each protocol. RESULTS Con A treatment or culture exposure increased the number of lymphocytes expressing 5-HT7 receptors or tryptophan hydroxylase, as compared to absence of the mitogen. Receptors were present in 12-16% of total rat lymphocytes, in ∼10% of CD4+ and in ∼5% of CD8+ cells from control rats. CD4+ decreased, and CD8+ and 5-HT7 cells increased after physical restraint. Reserpine treatment elevated CD8+ and 5-HT7 cells. Con A and physical restraint, but not reserpine treatment, significantly augmented 5-HT7 receptor mRNA in lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Rat lymphocytes, expressing tryptophan hydroxylase, could synthesize 5-HT, functioning as a direct autocrine modulator. The modifications of CD4+, CD8+ and 5-HT7 receptors in lymphocytes by three stress protocols could have an impact on immune responses. In addition, the differential distribution of 5-HT7 receptors indicates potential specific physiopathological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Urbina
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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Gonçalves FM, Freitas AE, Peres TV, Rieger DK, Ben J, Maestri M, Costa AP, Tramontina AC, Gonçalves CA, Rodrigues AL, Nagano CS, Teixeira EH, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. Vatairea macrocarpa lectin (VML) induces depressive-like behavior and expression of neuroinflammatory markers in mice. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2375-84. [PMID: 24026569 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins capable of reversible binding to the carbohydrates in glycoconjugates that can regulate many physiological and pathological events. Galectin-1, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibits neuroprotective functions. Additionally, lectins isolated from plants have demonstrated beneficial action in the CNS. One example is a lectin with mannose-glucose affinity purified from Canavalia brasiliensis seeds, ConBr, which displays neuroprotective and antidepressant activity. On the other hand, the effects of the galactose-binding lectin isolated from Vatairea macrocarpa seeds (VML) on the CNS are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to verify if VML is able to alter neural function by evaluating signaling enzymes, glial and inflammatory proteins in adult mice hippocampus, as well as behavioral parameters. VML administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) route increased the immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) 60 min after its injection through a carbohydrate recognition domain-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, under the same conditions, VML caused an enhancement of COX-2, GFAP and S100B levels in mouse hippocampus. However, phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3β and mitogen-activated protein kinases named ERK1/2, JNK1/2/3 and p38(MAPK), was not changed by VML. The results reported here suggest that VML may trigger neuroinflammatory response in mouse hippocampus and exhibit a depressive-like activity. Taken together, our findings indicate a dual role for galactose binding lectins in the modulation of CNS function.
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Jacques AV, Rieger DK, Maestri M, Lopes MW, Peres TV, Gonçalves FM, Pedro DZ, Tasca CI, López MG, Egea J, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. Lectin from Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) protects hippocampal slices against glutamate neurotoxicity in a manner dependent of PI3K/Akt pathway. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:836-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Medina-Martel M, Urbina M, Fazzino F, Lima L. Serotonin transporter in lymphocytes of rats exposed to physical restraint stress. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:361-7. [PMID: 24022686 DOI: 10.1159/000353797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucocorticoids and stress cause transcriptional and functional changes on the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the central nervous system. Stress can produce specific modifications of SERT in lymphocytes, which could be associated with alterations in immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a physical restraint stress protocol on (1) rat lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine and (2) SERT kinetic parameters, i.e. binding capacity (Bmax), affinity (Kd) and Hill coefficient (nH). METHODS Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in Plexiglass boxes (5 h daily for 5 days), and blood was obtained by cardiac puncture on day 6. Serum corticosterone was quantitated by an immunoenzymatic assay. Lymphocytes were isolated by density gradients and adhesion to plastic, of which there was sufficient material for further experiments, then cultured with or without the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A, 2 μg/ml) and fluoxetine (1-50 μM). Cell proliferation was measured with tetrazolium salts, and [(3)H]paroxetine was used as a SERT-specific ligand for binding assays. RESULTS Restraint produced a significant increase in serum corticosterone of stressed rats. The proliferative response to Con A was similar in the controls and stressed animals. Fluoxetine reduced cell proliferation with and without Con A. Restraint diminished the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on proliferation. Restraint also increased Bmax and Kd, but decreased nH. Treatment of rats with actinomycin D, a transcription inhibitor, reduced Bmax in stressed animals. CONCLUSIONS Restraint stress modulated the effect of fluoxetine on cell proliferation, probably through the modification of the presence and the function of SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Medina-Martel
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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Nguyen T, Kramer J, Vallejo R, Stanton G, Heidenreich BA, Benyamin R, Vogel LA. Citalopram Enhances B Cell Numbers in a Murine Model of Morphine-Induced Immunosuppression. Pain Pract 2009; 9:195-205. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fazzino F, Urbina M, Cedeño N, Lima L. Fluoxetine treatment to rats modifies serotonin transporter and cAMP in lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations and interleukins 2 and 4. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:463-7. [PMID: 19189865 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidences indicate that antidepressants produce various immunomodulatory effects. Fluoxetine, an antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, modulates immune cells in vitro. To explore the in vivo influence of fluoxetine on lymphocytes, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated daily, 10 mg/kg, or with saline solution for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The presence of serotonin transporter in CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations of T lymphocytes was determined by immunofluorescence. Serotonin transporter was also labeled with [(3)H]paroxetine, specific binding defined with imipramine. Plasma levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin 2 (IL-2), and anti-inflammatory interleukin 4 (IL-4), were measured by ELISA; and cAMP concentration by radioimmunoassay. Fluoxetine significantly increased the number of lymphocytes expressing serotonin transporter and elevated the binding of [(3)H]paroxetine. The percentage of CD4+ cells decreased, that of CD8+ increased, and CD3+ did not change. The ratio CD4+/CD8+ was significantly lowered. Fluoxetine administration elevated the levels of IL-4 at 1, 2 and 3 weeks; and of IL-2, at 2 and 3 weeks. IL-4/IL-2 ratio was significantly increased in fluoxetine group respecting the controls and was similar during the 3 weeks of treatment. Fluoxetine produced a significant decrease in cAMP concentrations in lymphocytes, probably by secondary activation of serotonin receptors. Treatment with fluoxetine modified immune parameters in plasma and lymphocytes of rats, which might be relevant for its systemic therapeutic action as an antidepressant.
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