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Zhong W, Xu T, Shen X, Fu Z, Cai X, Liu H, Wang Q, Fan Z. Estimation of the chain propagation rate constants of propylene polymerization and ethylene‐1‐hexene copolymerization catalyzed with
MgCl
2
‐supported
Ziegler–Natta
catalysts. CAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Tao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Hangzhou Xinglu Technologies Co., Ltd Hangzhou 310012 China
| | - Xianrong Shen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu 241000 China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xiaoxia Cai
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry Beijing 100013 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry Beijing 100013 China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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Ali A, Alabbosh KFS, Naveed A, Uddin A, Chen Y, Aziz T, Moradian JM, Imran M, Yin L, Hassan M, Qureshi WA, Ullah MW, Fan Z, Guo L. Evaluation of the Dielectric and Insulating Properties of Newly Synthesized Ethylene/1-Hexene/4-Vinylcyclohexene Terpolymers. ACS Omega 2022; 7:31509-31519. [PMID: 36092561 PMCID: PMC9453979 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terpolymerizations of newly synthesized ethylene (E), vinylcyclohexene (VCH), and 1-hexene were carried out with symmetrical metallocene catalysts rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (catalyst A) and rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (catalyst B). X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to evaluate the behavior and microstructure of the polymers. The activity of catalyst B was 1.49 × 106 gm/mmolMt·h), with a T m of 73.45 (°C) and ΔH m of 43.19 (J/g), while catalyst A produced first higher 1-hexene, 19.6 mol %, and VCH contents with a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD). In previous reports, ethylene propylene monomer dienes (EPDM) had a low content and were used for dielectric and insulating properties with nanomaterials. Second, this paper presents a kind of elastomeric polymers based on E/1-hexene and VCH with a high dielectric constant (k = 6-4) and mechanical properties. In addition, low dielectric loss suggests the suitable application potential of these polymeric materials for the fabrications of capacitors. Also, this work reveals that these polymers can be a better candidate for high-voltage electrical insulation due to their enhanced dielectric, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. To examine the insulating property, the interface characteristics of the polymer were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a frequency range of 1 × 105-0.01 Hz and an amplitude of 5.0 mV. EIS is an effective method to investigate the polymers' interfacial electron transfer characteristics. The EIS Nyquist plot showed high Warburg impedance features in the low-frequency domain with straight lines without a semicircle, suggesting that the property of the polymer owing to the high electrical resistance and poor conductivity for ionic kinetics in the electrolyte may have surpassed that of the semicircle. Although the slope of low frequencies in polymers holding potent exoelectrogenic bacteria (Shewanella oneidensis MR-1) as a charge carrier in the electrolyte could significantly reduce the Warburg resistance, it still could not improve the conductivity, which demonstrated that the external charge supply could not alter the insulating property in the used polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | | | - Ahmad Naveed
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Azim Uddin
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation (InCSI), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation (InCSI), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering Yunqi Campus, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Lu Yin
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Mobashar Hassan
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Waqar Ahamad Qureshi
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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Ali A, Moradian JM, Naveed A, Aziz T, Muhammad N, Maouche C, Guo Y, Yaseen W, Yassen M, Haq F, Hassan M, Fan Z, Guo L. Progress toward Polymerization Reaction Monitoring with Different Dienes: How Small Amounts of Dienes Affect ansa-Zirconocenes/Borate/Triisobutylaluminium Catalyst Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163239. [PMID: 36015497 PMCID: PMC9414859 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this work were to address the fundamental characteristics of ansa-zirconocene catalyzed E/diene copolymerization and E/diene/1-hexene and E/diene/propylene terpolymerizations, and the quantitative relationship between diene structure and polymer chain propagation rate constant in term of quantifiable catalytic active sites. One of the most important but unknown factors in olefins ansa-zirconocene complexes is the distribution of the catalyst between sites actively participating in polymer chain formation and dormant sites. A set of ethylene/dienes copolymerizations, and ethylene/dienes/1-hexene and ethylene/dienes/1-hexene terpolymerizations catalyzed with ansa-zirconocenes/borate/triisobutylaluminium (rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/triisobutylaluminium (TIBA) were performed in toluene at 50 °C To determine the active center [C*]/[Zr] ratio variation in the copolymerization of E with different dienes and their terpolymerization with 1-hexene and propylene, each polymer propagation chain ends were quenched with 2-thiophenecarbonyl, which selectively quenches the metal–polymer bonds through acyl chloride. The ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, and diene composition-based propagation rate constants (kpE, kpP, kp1-H, and kpdiene), thermal (melting and crystalline) properties, composition (mol% of ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, and diene), molecular weight, and polydispersity were also studied in this work. Systematic comparisons of the proportion of catalytically [Zr]/[C*] active sites and polymerization rate constant (kp) for ansa-zirconocenes catalyzed E/diene, E/diene/1-hexene, and E/diene/propylene polymerization have not been reported before. We evaluated the addition of 1-hexene and propylene as termonomers in the copolymerization with E/diene. To make a comparison for each diene under identical conditions, we started the polymerization by introducing an 80/20 mole ratio of E/P and 0.12 mol/L of 1-hexene in the system. The catalyst behavior against different dienes, 1-hexene, and propylene is very interesting, including changes in thermal properties, cyclization of 1-hexene, and decreased incorporation of isoprene and butadiene, changes in the diffusion barriers in the system, and its effect on kp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jamile Mohammadi Moradian
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering Yunqi Campus, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Nadeem Muhammad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chanez Maouche
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yintian Guo
- Zhejiang Hetian Chemical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Waleed Yaseen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Maria Yassen
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fazal Haq
- Department of Chemistry, Gomal University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 29220, Pakistan
| | - Mobashar Hassan
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zheqing Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (L.G.)
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Ali A, Naveed A, Shehzad K, Aziz T, Rasheed T, Moradian JM, Hassan M, Rahman A, Zhiqiang F, Guo L. Polymerization kinetics of bicyclic olefins and mechanism with symmetrical ansa-metallocene catalysts associated with active center count: relationship between their activities and structure and activation path. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15284-15295. [PMID: 35693231 PMCID: PMC9118019 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01264b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymerization of ethylene (E) with 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB) catalyzed by ansa-metallocenes allows the precise control of essential polymeric properties such as comonomer incorporation, molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity (Đ). Significant efforts have been devoted to synthesizing and developing novel catalysts, cocatalysts, and activators, although the fundamental elements of catalytic processes remain unclear. For example, it is questionable how polymeric catalysts are divided across dormant and active sites and how this distribution affects the order of monomers for the propagation rate, which widely vary in the literature. Furthermore, although the empirical correlation between the monomers and average Mw has been established in many systems, the fundamental processes of chain termination remain unknown. Furthermore, the involvement of ion-pairing in metallocene-catalyzed polymerization and the termination mechanisms are also contentious issues. In this study, we describe the use of a quenched-labeling technique based on acyl chloride to selectively quench the zirconium metal–polymeric bond, which can be used to study the kinetics, active site [Zr][C*] counting, copolymer microstructure, and molecular weight distribution (MWD) to determine the rate laws for chain initiation, chain propagation rate (Rp), propagation rate constant (kp) and chain termination. In addition, we also predict previously unknown chemical characteristics of E/bicyclic copolymerization processes, where either a cis-endocyclic double bond with steric properties or a vinyl exocyclic double bond affects the activity, i.e., [Zr]/[*C], (Rp) and (kp). All these properties require the implementation of a particular kinetic mechanism that assumes the low activity of the building copolymer chains incorporating a single ethylene/VNB unit, i.e., the Cp2Zr–C2H5 group, in the ethylene addition process in the Cp2Zr–C bond. Due to β-agostic stabilization, the Cp2Zr–C2H5 group exhibits a distinct feature. These effects were confirmed experimentally, such as the E/VNB co-polymer activity and VNB mol%, propagation rate decrease in the polymerization time (tp) of 120 s to 1800 s, crystalline properties, and significant increase in molecular weight. The active center [Zr]/[*C] fraction considerably increased in the initial (tp) 840 s, and subsequently tended to the steady stage of 33%, which is lower than previously reported E homo- and E/P copolymerization. The lower [C*]/[Zr] in both the early and stable stages, decrease in VNB mol%, and Rp with tp can be associated with the more significant fraction of Cp2Zr–CH2CH3-type dormant site by the β-agostic hydrogen interaction with the Cp2Zr metal. The tpversus RpE, RpVNB, kpE, kpVNB, and [Zr]/[C*] count could be fitted to a model that invokes deactivation of the growing polymer chains. In the case of the thermal behavior of the copolymers (melting temperature (Tm) and crystalline temperature (ΔHm)), Tm varied from 101 °C to 121 °C, while ΔHm varied from 9 to 16 (J g−1). Copolymerization of ethylene (E) with 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB) catalyzed by ansa-metallocenes allows the precise control of essential polymeric properties such as comonomer incorporation, molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity (Đ).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China .,MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
| | - Khurram Shehzad
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University Xiaoshan 311200 China .,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China.,ZJU-UIUC Joint Institute, Zhejiang University Jiaxing 314400 China
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Westlake University, School of Engineering Yunqi Campus Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 PR China
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mobashar Hassan
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
| | - Abdul Rahman
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University Xiaoshan 311200 China .,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Fan Zhiqiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
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Ali A, Naveed A, Rasheed T, Aziz T, Imran M, Zhang ZK, Ullah MW, Kubar AA, Rehman AU, Fan Z, Guo L. Methods for Predicting Ethylene/Cyclic Olefin Copolymerization Rates Promoted by Single-Site Metallocene: Kinetics Is the Key. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030459. [PMID: 35160449 PMCID: PMC8839136 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In toluene at 50 °C, the vinyl addition polymerization of 4-vinyl-cyclohexene (VCH) comonomers with ethylene is investigated using symmetrical metallocene (rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2) combined with borate/TIBA. To demonstrate the polymerizations’ living character, cyclic VCH with linear-exocyclicπ and endocyclicπ bonds produces monomodal polymers, but the dispersity (Ɖ) was broader. The copolymers obtained can be dissolved in conventional organic solvent and have excellent thermal stability and crystalline temperature (ΔHm), and their melting temperature (Tm) varies from 109 to 126 °C, and ΔHm ranges from 80 to 128 (J/g). Secondly, the distribution of polymeric catalysts engaged in polymer chain synthesis and the nature of the dormant state are two of the most essential yet fundamentally unknown aspects. Comprehensive and exhaustive kinetics of E/VCH have shown numerous different kinetic aspects that are interpreted as manifestations of polymeric catalysts or of the instability of several types of active center [Zr]/[C*] fluctuations and formation rates of chain propagation RpE, RpVCH, and propagation rate constants kpE and kpVCH, the quantitative relationship between RpE, RpVCH and kpE, kpVCH and catalyst structures, their constituent polymer Mw, and their reactivity response to the endocyclic and exocyclic bonds of VCH. The kinetic parameters RpE, RpVCH, kpE, and kpVCH, which are the apparent rates for the metallocene-catalyzed E/VCH, RpE, and kpE values, are much more significant than RpVCH and kpVCH at 120 s, RpE and RpVCH 39.63 and 0.78, and the kpE and kpVCH values are 6461 and 93 L/mol·s, respectively, and minor diffusion barriers are recommended in the early stages. Compared with previously reported PE, RpE and kpE values are 34.2 and 7080 L/mol·s. VCH increases the RpE in the initial stage, as we are expecting; this means that the exocyclic bond of VCH is more active at the initial level, and that the chain transfer reaction of cyclic internal π double is increased with the reaction time. The tp versus Rp, kp, and [Zr]/[C*] fraction count may be fitted to a model that invokes deactivation of growing polymer chains. At tp 120–360 s higher, the incorporation rate of VCH suppresses E insertion, resulting in reduced molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (A.N.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.-K.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering Yunqi Campus, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.I.); (A.U.R.)
| | - Ze-Kun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.-K.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Ameer Ali Kubar
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.I.); (A.U.R.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.-K.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (L.G.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Collins
- University of Victoria Faculty of Science chemistry CANADA
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- University of Eastern Finland Department of Chermistry Yliopistokatu 7 80100 Joensuu FINLAND
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Ali A, Uddin A, Jamil MI, Shen X, Abbas M, Aziz T, Hussain M, Hussain S, Fang R, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetics and mechanistic investigations of ethylene-propylene copolymerizations catalyzed with symmetrical metallocene and activated by TIBA/borate. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ali A, Jamil MI, Uddin A, Hussain M, Aziz T, Tufail MK, Guo Y, Jiang B, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetic and thermal study of ethylene-propylene copolymerization catalyzed by ansa-zirconocene activated with Alkylaluminium/borate: Effects of linear and branched alkylaluminium compounds as cocatalyst. J Polym Res 2021; 28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ali A, Tufail MK, Jamil MI, Yaseen W, Iqbal N, Hussain M, Ali A, Aziz T, Fan Z, Guo L. Comparative Analysis of Ethylene/Diene Copolymerization and Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymerization Using Ansa-Zirconocene Catalyst with Alkylaluminum/Borate Activator: The Effect of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Dienes on Catalytic Behavior and Polymer Microstructure. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072037. [PMID: 33918422 PMCID: PMC8038244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The copolymerization of ethylene‒diene conjugates (butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP) and nonconjugates (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), vinyl norbornene VNB, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD)), and terpolymerization of ethylene-propylene-diene conjugates (BD, IP) and nonconjugates (ENB, VNB, VCH and HD) using two traditional catalysts of C2-symmetric metallocene—silylene-bridged rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex A) and ethylene-bridged rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex B)—with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] borate/TIBA co-catalyst, were intensively studied. Compared to that in the copolymerization of ethylene diene, the catalytic activity was more significant in E/P/diene terpolymerization. We obtained a maximum yield of both metallocene catalysts with conjugated diene between 3.00 × 106 g/molMt·h and 5.00 × 106 g/molMt·h. ENB had the highest deactivation impact on complex A, and HD had the most substantial deactivation effect on complex B. A 1H NMR study suggests that dienes were incorporated into the co/ter polymers’ backbone through regioselectivity. ENB and VNB, inserted by the edo double bond, left the ethylidene double bond intact, so VCH had an exo double bond. Complex A’s methyl and phenyl groups rendered it structurally stable and exhibited a dihedral angle greater than that of complex B, resulting in 1, 2 isoprene insertion higher than 1, 4 isoprene that is usually incapable of polymerization coordination. High efficiency in terms of co- and ter- monomer incorporation with higher molecular weight was found for complex 1. The rate of incorporation of ethylene and propylene in the terpolymer backbone structure may also be altered by the conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GPC techniques were used to characterize the polymers obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran Jamil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Waleed Yaseen
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Nafees Iqbal
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Munir Hussain
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Asad Ali
- National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Tariq Aziz
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (L.G.)
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Zaccaria F, Zuccaccia C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Vittoria A, Macchioni A, Busico V, Ehm C. Methylaluminoxane’s Molecular Cousin: A Well-defined and “Complete” Al-Activator for Molecular Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Aziz T, Zheng J, Jamil MI, Fan H, Ullah R, Iqbal M, Ali A, Khan FU, Ullah A. Enhancement in Adhesive and Thermal Properties of Bio‐based Epoxy Resin by Using Eugenol Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ali A, Muhammad N, Hussain S, Jamil MI, Uddin A, Aziz T, Tufail MK, Guo Y, Wei T, Rasool G, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetic and Thermal Study of Ethylene and Propylene Homo Polymerization Catalyzed by ansa-Zirconocene Activated with Alkylaluminum/Borate: Effects of Alkylaluminum on Polymerization Kinetics and Polymer Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33467427 PMCID: PMC7830494 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of ethylene and propylene polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous metallocene were investigated using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride followed by quenched-flow methods. The studied metallocene catalysts are: rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-I), rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-II) activated with ([Me2NPh][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-I), [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-II), and were co-catalyzed with different molar ratios of alkylaluminum such as triethylaluminium (TEA) and triisobutylaluminium (TIBA). The change in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, microstructure and thermal properties of the synthesized polymer are discussed in detail. Interestingly, both Mt-I and Mt-II showed high activity in polyethylene with productivities between 3.17 × 106 g/molMt·h to 5.06 × 106 g/molMt·h, activities were very close to each other with 100% TIBA, but Mt-II/borate-II became more active when TEA was more than 50% in cocatalyst. Similarly, Polypropylene showed the highest activity of 11.07 106 g /molMt·h with Mt-I/Borate-I/TIBA. The effects of alkylaluminum on PE molecular weight were much more complicated; MWD curve changed from mono-modal in Mt-I/borate-I/TIBA to bimodal type when TIBA was replaced by different amounts of TEA. In PE, the active center fractions [C*]/[Zr] of Mt-I/borate were higher than that of Mt-II/borate and average chain propagation rate constant (k p) value slightly decreased with the increase of TEA/TIBA ratio, but the Mt-II/borate systems showed higher k p 1007 k p (L/mol·s). In PP, the Mt-I/borate presented much higher [C*]/[Zr] and k p value than the Mt-II. This work also extend to investigate the mechanistic features of zirconocenes catalyzed olefin polymerizations that addressed the largely unknown issues in zirconocenes in the distribution of the catalyst, between species involved in polymer chain growth and dormant state. In both metallocene systems, chain transfer with alkylaluminum is the dominant way of chain termination. To understand the mechanism of cocatalyst effects on PE Mw and (MWD), the unsaturated chain ends formed via β-H transfer have been investigated by 1H NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Nadeem Muhammad
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Jamil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Azim Uddin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tariq Aziz
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Yintian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
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Ali A, Nadeem M, Lu J, Moradian JM, Rasheed T, Aziz T, Maouche C, Guo Y, Awais M, Zhiqiang F, Quo L. Rapid kinetic evaluation of homogeneous single-site metallocene catalysts and cyclic diene: how do the catalytic activity, molecular weight, and diene incorporation rate of olefins affect each other? RSC Adv 2021; 11:31817-31826. [PMID: 35496867 PMCID: PMC9041555 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of ethylene and cyclic diene 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) copolymerization catalyzed by rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/triisobutylaluminium (TIBA) were investigated using a quench-labeling procedure using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride (TPCC). The E/ENB copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and sulfur analysis. To reduce the errors of the ethylene–diene copolymerization for the kinetics study, we selected E/ENB with steric and electronic features that permit us to elucidate the metallocene catalyst behavior against dienes. A quantitative approach of catalyst speciation, stereodynamics, and micro-kinetics assisted the resolution of mechanistic problems, such as the elastomeric synthesis of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), the catalyst resting state nature, and how much ion-pairing occurs during polymerization. We report here the precise observation of metal–polymer species, explanation of the dynamics of their initiation, propagation, and termination, and ethylene ENB copolymer development. An approach based on acyl chloride was used to selectively quenched transition metal–polymer bonds to evaluate the polymeric catalyst in terms of its reaction rate, Rp, propagation rate content, kp, and mole fraction of active centers. It is noted that the decline in catalytic activity in the range of 1800 s, and the active center [Zr]/[*C] fraction significantly increased during the initial 1000 s and then tended towards a steady figure of 86%. It is suggested that nearly complete initiation of all olefins catalysts can be obtained after a sufficiently extended reaction. The quick increase in active sites in the first stage can be described by the immediate initiation of active sites positioned on the surfaces of catalyst particles. The initial polymerization rate, Rp, is high and the crystalline properties of the E/ENB copolymer are low due to the greater incorporation of ENB in the polymer backbone, and later the polymerization reaction rates remained stable with a lower mol% of ENB. The melting temperature (Tm) ranges from 108 to 127 °C, whereas the crystalline temperature ranges from 63 to 108 (J g−1). In the E–ENB copolymers, the value of kpE is much greater than that of kpENB; at 120 s, the kpE and kpENB values are 9115 and 431 L mol−1 s−1, respectively, implying smaller diffusion barriers in the early stages, which are close to the actual propagation rate constant. The kinetics and mechanism of ethylene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene copolymerization catalyzed by rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 were investigated using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Jinwei Lu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jamile Mohammadi Moradian
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chanez Maouche
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yintian Guo
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Fan Zhiqiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Li Quo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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