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Li YK, Chen Z, Zhang C. Historical evolution and processing mechanism of 'nine steaming and nine drying' of traditional Chinese medicine preparation. Pharm Biol 2024; 62:436-446. [PMID: 38755954 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2354345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nine steaming and nine drying is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) processing method and it is widely used for processing tonifying herbs. Modern research reveals that the repeated steaming and drying process varies the composition and clinical efficacy of TCM. OBJECTIVE This paper analyzes and explores the historical evolution, research progress, development strategies, and problems encountered in the nine steaming and nine drying process so as to provide a reasonable explanation for this method. METHODS English and Chinese literature from 1986 to 2023 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (CP), and CNKI (Chinese). Nine steaming and nine drying, processing, TCM and pharmacological activity were used as the key words. RESULTS Nine steaming and nine drying has undergone thousands of years of clinical practice. Under specific processing conditions of nine steaming and nine drying, the ingredients of the TCM have significant changes, which in turn altered clinical applications. CONCLUSIONS This review provides sufficient evidence to prove the rationality and scientific value of nine steaming and nine drying and puts forward a development direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
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Liu ZX, Wang L, Fu XS, Long YQ, Zeng J, Chen GY, Zhou RB, Liu XD. Analysis of quality evaluation and optimal harvest period of Aurantii Fructus from different sources using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Phytochem Anal 2024. [PMID: 38639073 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The active constituents in Aurantii Fructus sourced from different regions within Hunan Province exhibit variations, with certain samples demonstrating substandard quality. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and quality of Aurantii Fructus from various sources, establish a robust methodology for quality evaluation, and determine the optimal harvesting period. MATERIALS AND METHODS The components of Aurantii Fructus were qualitatively analyzed using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to identify potential markers, enabling qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the quality and optimal harvest period of Aurantii Fructus. RESULTS Overall, 155 compounds were identified in Aurantii Fructus, with Huangpi exhibiting the highest number of components. Eleven potential markers were selected to assess the quality of Aurantii Fructus. The average content of Huangpi was the highest, indicating a high level of similarity. The samples' overall scores were ordered as follows: Huangpi > Xiangcheng > Choucheng > Daidai. Anren and Changde's Huangpi exhibited high contents, being rich in chemical components, resulting in favorable scores. Similarly, Changde's Xiangcheng displayed significant medicinal value. As the harvest time was delayed, there was an increase in fruit size, accompanied by thinner peels and a continuous decrease in the contents of potential markers. The best harvest period of Aurantii Fructus was within 1 week before and after the Lesser Heat. CONCLUSION The present study establishes a precise and efficient method for evaluating the quality of Aurantii Fructus, thereby providing more comprehensive insights into its composition. This research lays the foundation for subsequent development and utilization of Aurantii Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Sen Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Qing Long
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Yu Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Medicinal and Functional Food, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ri Bao Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Dan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Zhou L, Liu T, Yan T, Yang M, Wang P, Shi L. 'Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying' processing enhanced properties of Polygonatum kingianum against inflammation, oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:3123-3138. [PMID: 38072675 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygonatum kingianum Coll. & Hemsl (PK), a prominent medicine and food homology plant, has been consumed as a decoction from boiling water for thousands of years. 'Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying' processing has been considered an effective method for enriching tonic properties, but studies investigating such impacts on PK and underlying mechanisms are extremely rare. RESULTS We first demonstrated substantial improvements in the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemia effects of the Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying processed PK water extracts compared with crude PK in cell models (i.e., HepG2 and Raw 264.7 cells). We then integrated foodomics and network pharmacology analysis to uncover the key compounds responsible for the improved benefits. A total of 551 metabolites of PK extracts were identified, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. During processing, 204 metabolites were enhanced, and 32 metabolites were recognized as key constituents of processed PK responsible for the improved health-promoting activities, which may affect PI3K-Akt-, MAPK-, and HIF-1 pathways. We further confirmed the high affinity between identified key constituents of processed PK and their predicted acting targets using molecular docking. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel insights into bioactive compounds of processed PK, elaborating the rationality of processing from the perspective of tonic effects. Consuming processed PK could be an efficacious strategy to combat the high prevalence of metabolic diseases that currently affect millions of people worldwide. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqi Zhou
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Yan
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minmin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Li T, Yu F, Zhang T, Wang X, Sun Y, Shuai G, Chen Y, Xue Y, Zhang J, Zhang H. Modulatory effects of fermented Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua on immune homeostasis and gut integrity in a dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis model. Food Funct 2024; 15:3158-3173. [PMID: 38440931 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The gut health-promoting properties of saponin-rich Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (FP) fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum P9 were explored in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. FP supplementation effectively inhibited DSS-induced physiological alteration and impaired immune responses by reducing the disease activity index (DAI) score and restoring the T helper (Th) 1/Th2 and regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 ratios. In addition, FP supplementation protected the gut barrier function against DSS-induced damage via upregulation of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-18, and the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study further elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying the FP-mediated suppression of the plasticity of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and subsequent macrophage polarization. Therefore, the FP supplementation effectively restored mucosal immune homeostasis and enhanced gut integrity. In addition, it suppressed the growth of Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus and promoted the enrichment of probiotics and short-chain fatty acid-producing microbes, such as Romboutsia, Faecalibaculum, and Blautia. In conclusion, P. cyrtonema Hua fermented with L. plantarum P9 might be a promising dietary intervention to improve gut health by sustaining overall gut homeostasis and related gut integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Fengyao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gexia Shuai
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yanhua Xue
- Jian Chang Bang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.3 Jinshankou Industry Park, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, China
| | - Jinlian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
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Zhang Q, Yang Z, Su W. Review of studies on polysaccharides, lignins and small molecular compounds from three Polygonatum Mill. (Asparagaceae) spp. in crude and processed states. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129511. [PMID: 38242391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Since ancient times, Polygonatum Mill. (Asparagaceae) has been utilized as a medicinal and culinary resource in China. Its efficacy in treating various illnesses has been well documented. Traditional processing involves the Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask method, which results in a reduction of toxicity and enhanced effectiveness of Polygonatum. Many substances, such as polysaccharides, lignins, saponins, homoisoflavones, alkaloids, and others, have been successfully isolated from Polygonatum. This review presents the research progress on the chemical composition of three crude and processed Polygonatum, including Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté (P. sibiricum), Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl (P. kingianum), and Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema). The review also includes the pharmacology of Polygonatum, specifically on the pharmacology of polysaccharides both before and after processing. Its objective is to provide a foundation for uncovering the significance of the processing procedure, and to facilitate the development and utilization of Polygonatum in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zouyue Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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Wang J, Wang L, Tan J, Chai R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao S, Wang X, Bian Y, Liu J. Toxicity studies of condensed fuzheng extract in mice and rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24780. [PMID: 38318056 PMCID: PMC10838742 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutritional supplements have been used to improve immune function. Condensed fuzheng extract (CFE) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula that is predominantly made from sheep placenta, Astragalus mongholicus Bunge, and Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl. However, the toxicological profile of CFE has not been determined. In this study, we investigated the acute (14 days) and sub-chronic (90 days) oral toxicities of CFE in mice and rats and the phytochemical composition of CFE. Materials and methods For the assessment of acute toxicity, 80 ICR mice of both sexes were randomly divided into four groups. Three groups were treated with 4500, 2250 and 1125 mg/kg/d bw CFE daily (n = 10/group per sex) for 14 days; a separate group was used as control. To test the sub-chronic toxicity, male and female Sprague Dawley rats were orally administered 8150, 4075 or 2037 mg/kg bw of CFE for 90 days; a control group was included. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological markers were tested at the end of the experiment. The chemical composition of CFE was determined by UPLC-HRMS method. Results In both acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies, no mortalities, indications of abnormality, or treatment-related adverse effects were observed. The LD50 of CFE was higher than 4500 mg/kg. There were no significant changes in the hematological and biochemical data in the treatment group compared with the control group (p > 0.05). Histopathological analyses of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, thymus, testes (male rats) and ovaries (female rats) revealed no anatomical changes of each organ. Phytochemical analysis of CFE revealed the presence of flavonoids (highest abundance), phenols and alkaloids. In conclusion, our results showed that CFE is a safe and non-toxic formula. We also reported phytochemicals in CFE that may possess important pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiDa Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Tianjin Second People’s Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Pharmaceutical Department, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junzhen Tan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - RunDong Chai
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - ShuWu Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - XiangLing Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - YuHong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - JianWei Liu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Cheng Y, Tian S, Chen Y, Xie J, Hu X, Wang Y, Xie J, Huang H, Yang C, Si J, Yu Q. Structural characterization and in vitro fermentation properties of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128877. [PMID: 38134995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides, the major active ingredient and quality control indicator of Polygomatum cyrtonema are in need of elucidation for its in vitro fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics of the homogeneous Polygomatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP-80 %) and its effects on human intestinal bacteria and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production during the in vitro fermentation. The results revealed that PCP-80 % was yielded in 10.44 % and the molecular weight was identified to be 4.1 kDa. PCP-80 % exhibited a smooth, porous, irregular sheet structure and provided good thermal stability. The analysis of Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) suggested that PCP-80 % contained six glycosidic bonds, with 2,1-linked-Fruf residues accounted for a largest proportion. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provided additional evidence that the partial structure of PCP-80 % probably consists of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2 → as the main chain, accompanied by side chains dominated by →6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→. Besides, PCP-80 % promoted the production of SCFAs and increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Megamonas, Bifidobacterium and Phascolarctobacterium during in vitro colonic fermentation, which changed the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These findings indicated that Polygomatum cyrtonema polysaccharides were able to modulate the structure and composition of the intestinal bacteria flora and had potential probiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shenglan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jiayan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hairong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Chaoran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jingyu Si
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Zhang Y, Huang Y, Dou D. Anti-prostate cancer mechanism of black ginseng during the "nine steaming and nine sun-drying" process based on HPLC analysis combined with vector space network pharmacology. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:12. [PMID: 38236377 PMCID: PMC10796871 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
HPLC analysis determined six small-molecule organic acids, maltol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 17 ginsenosides, four oligosaccharides, and 20 amino acids in black ginseng samples with different processing times. Based on the content determination results, the differential ingredients in the processing of black ginseng were screened by multivariate statistical analysis. Network pharmacological methods obtained the core targets and pathways of the above ingredients against prostate cancer. Finally, the entropy weight method was used to assign values to the above ingredients, targets, and pathways, and the vector space network pharmacology method was established to study the anti-prostate cancer mechanism of black ginseng in the process of "nine steaming and nine sun-drying". Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), fructose, glucose, dencichin, glutamate, ginsenoside 20 (S)-Rg3, 20 (R)-Rg3, 20 (S)-Rh2, Rg1, Re, and Rc were the main differential ingredients in various steaming and sun-drying cycle periods of black ginseng. The results of vector space network pharmacology showed that the main reason for the change in the anti-prostate cancer pathway of black ginseng with the number of steaming and sun-drying was the different regulatory ability of black ginseng on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation pathway. It gave researchers a fresh perspective for exploring the anti-prostate cancer active components of black ginseng and the change in the mechanism of the effect of traditional Chinese medicine in processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youran Zhang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Su LL, Li X, Guo ZJ, Xiao XY, Chen P, Zhang JB, Mao CQ, Ji D, Mao J, Gao B, Lu TL. Effects of different steaming times on the composition, structure and immune activity of Polygonatum Polysaccharide. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 310:116351. [PMID: 36914038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Polygonati Rhizoma has high medicinal value, it can enhance the immune capacity of the body, regulate the metabolism of blood glucose and lipids, treat weakness of the stomach and intestines and physical fatigue, and so on. There are three plant varieties of Polygonati Rhizoma recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, including Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. and Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, compared with the first two, Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is less studied. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is one of the basal plants of the Chinese herb Polygonati Rhizoma, that strengthens the spleen, moistens the lungs, and benefits the kidneys. Polygonatum polysaccharide is the main active substance of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, which has various biological effects of regulating immune system, anti-inflammatory, anti-antidepressant, antioxidant and other effects. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to analyze the necessity and scientificity of multiple cycles of steaming during the traditional nine-steaming and nine-drying process of the concoction of Polygonatum, we investigated the changes in the composition and structure of polysaccharides, and explored its immunomodulatory activity and molecular biological mechanism. METHODS The structural characterization and molecular weight of polysaccharides were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-performance size exclusion chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPSEC-ELSD) and Matrix.assisted laser resolutionu ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The composition and proportion of monosaccharides were determined by PMP-HPLC method. A mouse immunosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide to compare the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of different steaming times of Polygonatum, The changes of body mass and immune organ indices of mice were measured; the secretion levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon γ (IFN-γ) and the expression levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and then flow cytometry was used to detect T-lymphocyte subpopulations to evaluate the differences of immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides during the processing and preparation of Polygonatum. Finally, the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to analyze short-chain fatty acids and to investigate the effects of different steaming times of Polygonatum polysaccharides on immune function and intestinal flora in immunosuppressed mice. RESULTS The structure of the Polygonatum polysaccharide with different steaming times changed significantly, the relative molecular weight of Polygonatum polysaccharide decreased significantly, and the monosaccharide composition of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua with different steaming times was the same but the content was different. The immunomodulatory activity of the Polygonatum polysaccharide was enhanced after concoction, which significantly increased the spleen index and thymus index, and increased the expression of IL-2, IFN-γ, IgA and IgM. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio of Polygonatum polysaccharide also increased gradually with different steaming times, indicating enhanced immune function and significant immunomodulatory effect. The content of short-chain fatty acids in the feces of mice in both six steaming six sun-drying of Polygonatum polysaccharides (SYWPP) and nine steaming nine sun-drying of Polygonatum polysaccharides (NYWPP) groups increased significantly, including the content of propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid, and also had a good effect on the regulation and improvement of microbial community abundance and diversity, SYWPP and NYWPP increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and the ratio of Bacteroides and Firmicutes (B:F), while SYWPP significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroides, Alistipes and norank_f__Lachnospiraceae, but the effect of raw Polygonatum polysaccharides (RPP) and NYWPP was not significant than SYWPP. CONCLUSION Overall, both SYWPP and NYWPP could significantly enhance the immune activity of the organism, improve the imbalance of intestinal flora in immunosuppressed mice, and increase the content of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), it is noteworthy that SYWPP has a better effect on the improvement of the immune activity of the organism. These findings can explore the stage of the concoction process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua to achieve the best effect, provide a reference basis for the development of quality standards, and at the same time promote the application of new therapeutic agents and health foods in raw and different steaming times of Polygonatum polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Lin Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Guo
- China Resources Sanjiu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiu-Ba Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun-Qin Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - De Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Bo Gao
- China Resources Sanjiu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Tu-Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Zhang J, Wang J, Yang L, Wang Y, Jin W, Li J, Zhang Z. Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Polygonatum cyrtonema and Its Processed Product: Chemical Fingerprinting, Determination and Bioactivity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114341. [PMID: 37298820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is a traditional pharmaceutical technology in Chinese medicine. Traditionally, proper processing of CHMs is necessary to meet the specific clinical requirements of different syndromes. Processing with black bean juice is considered one of the most important techniques in traditional Chinese pharmaceutical technology. Despite the long-standing practice of processing Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCH), there is little research on the changes in chemical constituents and bioactivity before and after processing. This study investigated the influence of black bean juice processing on the chemical composition and bioactivity of PCH. The results revealed significant changes in both composition and contents during processing. Saccharide and saponin content significantly increased after processing. Moreover, the processed samples exhibited considerably stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity, as well as FRAP-reducing capacity, compared to the raw samples. The IC50 values for DPPH were 1.0 ± 0.12 mg/mL and 0.65 ± 0.10 mg/mL for the raw and processed samples, respectively. For ABTS, the IC50 values were 0.65 ± 0.07 mg/mL and 0.25 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the processed sample demonstrated significantly higher inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase (IC50 = 1.29 ± 0.12 mg/mL and 0.48 ± 0.04 mg/mL) compared to the raw sample (IC50 = 5.58 ± 0.22 mg/mL and 0.80 ± 0.09 mg/mL). These findings underscore the significance of black bean processing in enhancing the properties of PCH and lay the foundation for its further development as a functional food. The study elucidates the role of black bean processing in PCH and offers valuable insights for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Qin Zhou Provincial Health School, Qinzhou 535009, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Yang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenfang Jin
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Shi Y, Si D, Chen D, Zhang X, Han Z, Yu Q, Liu J, Si J. Bioactive compounds from Polygonatum genus as anti-diabetic agents with future perspectives. Food Chem 2023; 408:135183. [PMID: 36566543 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Species in the genus Polygonatum are traditional food and medicinal plants, which play an important role in controlling blood glucose. In this reveiw, we systematically summarized the traditional and modern applications of the genus Polygonatum in DM, focused on the material bases of polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins. We highlighted their mechanisms of action in preventing obese diabetes, improving insulin resistance, promoting insulin secretion, regulating intestinal microecology, inhibiting advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, suppressing carbohydrate digestion and obsorption and modulating gluconeogenesis. Based on the safety and efficacy of this 'medicinal food' and its utility in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, we proposed a research and development program that includs diet design (supplementary food), medical nutrition therapy and new drugs, which could provide new pathways for the use of natural plants in prevention and treatment of DM.
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Nie X, Wang L, Wang S, Yu N, Lu Y, Lyu W, Meng X. In vitro hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua with various steaming degrees: Relationship with homoisoflavonoids. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Wang S, He F, Wu H, Xiang F, Zheng H, Wu W, Li S. Health-Promoting Activities and Associated Mechanisms of Polygonati Rhizoma Polysaccharides. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36771015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonati Rhizoma, a typical homology of medicine and food, possesses remarkable anti-fatigue, anti-aging, metabolic regulatory, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetes, and anti-cancer effects. Among bioactive phytochemicals in Polygonati Rhizoma, polysaccharides play important roles in the health-promoting activities through the mechanisms mentioned above and potential synergistic effects with other bioactives. In this review, we briefly introduce the updated biosynthesis of polysaccharides, the purification method, the structure characterization, and food applications, and discuss in detail the biological activities of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharides and associated mechanisms, aiming at broadening the usage of Polygonati Rhizoma as functional food and medicine.
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14
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Sun Y, Zhou L, Shan X, Zhao T, Cui M, Hao W, Wei B. Untargeted components and in vivo metabolites analyses of Polygonatum under different processing times. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chen L, Xu S, Liu Y, Zu Y, Zhang F, Du L, Chen J, Li L, Wang K, Wang Y, Chen S, Chen Z, Du X. Identification of key gene networks controlling polysaccharide accumulation in different tissues of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua by integrating metabolic phenotypes and gene expression profiles. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1012231. [PMID: 36247596 PMCID: PMC9558278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1012231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides, a type of important bioactive compound, are involved in multiple plant defense mechanisms, and in particular polysaccharide-alleviated abiotic stress has been well studied. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema Hua) is a medicinal and edible perennial plant that is used in traditional Chinese medicine and is rich in polysaccharides. Previous studies suggested that sucrose might act as a precursor for polysaccharide biosynthesis. However, the role of sucrose metabolism and transport in mediating polysaccharide biosynthesis remains largely unknown in P. cyrtonema Hua. In this study, we investigated the contents of polysaccharides, sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the rhizome, stem, leaf, and flower tissues of P. cyrtonema Hua, and systemically identified the genes associated with the sucrose metabolism and transport and polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways. Our results showed that polysaccharides were mainly accumulated in rhizomes, leaves, and flowers. Besides, there was a positive correlation between sucrose and polysaccharide content, and a negative correlation between glucose and polysaccharide content in rhizome, stem, leaf, and flower tissues. Then, the transcriptomic analyses of different tissues were performed, and differentially expressed genes related to sucrose metabolism and transport, polysaccharide biosynthesis, and transcription factors were identified. The analyses of the gene expression patterns provided novel regulatory networks for the molecular basis of high accumulation of polysaccharides, especially in the rhizome tissue. Furthermore, our findings explored that polysaccharide accumulation was highly correlated with the expression levels of SUS, INV, SWEET, and PLST, which are mediated by bHLH, bZIP, ERF, ARF, C2H2, and other genes in different tissues of P. cyrtonema Hua. Herein, this study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional regulation of polysaccharide accumulation and provides information regarding valuable genes involved in the tolerance to abiotic stresses in P. cyrtonema Hua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longsheng Chen
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-Products Processing, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Zu
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhang
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Liji Du
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Li
- Jinzhai Senfeng Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Lu’an, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shijin Chen
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ziping Chen
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianfeng Du
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-Products Processing, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Luo L, Qiu Y, Gong L, Wang W, Wen R. A Review of Polygonatum Mill. Genus: Its Taxonomy, Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological Effect Due to Processing Changes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154821. [PMID: 35956772 PMCID: PMC9369890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The genus Polygonatum Tourn, ex Mill. contains numerous chemical components, such as steroidal saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and others, it possesses diverse pharmacological activities, such as anti-aging, anti-tumor, immunological regulation, as well as blood glucose management and fat reducing properties. Aim of the review: This study reviews the current state of research on the systematic categorization, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and processing changes of the plants belonging to the genus Polygonatum, to provide a theoretical foundation for their scientific development and rational application. Materials and methods: The information was obtained by searching the scientific literature published between 1977 and 2022 on online databases (including PubMed, CNKI, SciFinder, and Web of Science) and other sources (such as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition, and Chinese herbal books). Results: The genus Polygonatum contains 79 species, and 233 bioactive chemical compounds were identified in them. The abundance of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant activities, anti-fatigue activities, anti-inflammatory activities, etc., were revealed for the representatives of this genus. In addition, there are numerous processing methods, and many chemical constituents and pharmacological activities change after the unappropriated processing. Conclusions: This review summarizes the taxonomy classification, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and processing of the plants belonging to the genus Polygonatum, providing references and research tendencies for plant-based drug development and further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medic Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.L.); (Y.Q.); (R.W.)
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medic Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.L.); (Y.Q.); (R.W.)
| | - Limin Gong
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medic Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.L.); (Y.Q.); (R.W.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-731-138-7317-947 (L.G.); +86-731-136-5743-8606 (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medic Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.L.); (Y.Q.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-731-138-7317-947 (L.G.); +86-731-136-5743-8606 (W.W.)
| | - Ruiding Wen
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medic Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.L.); (Y.Q.); (R.W.)
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Huai X, Wei Y, Zhu J, Li X, Xu P, Ijabadeniyi OA. Development and Application of the New Integrated Equipment and Process of the Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask Method in the Processing of Polygonatum cyrtonema. Processes (Basel) 2022; 10:1044. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a traditional processing method, the Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask method has been widely used in the special processing of Chinese medicinal materials. With the highly integrated design and innovation of infiltrating equipment, steaming equipment, drying equipment, and other equipment, a new type of integrated equipment for the Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask method was finally developed and successfully applied in Polygonatum cyrtonema processing. Moreover, seven new processes were explored. The longer the steaming time was, the more steaming and drying cycles, the lower the product recovery rate and the higher the energy consumption. The higher the steaming pressure was, the lower the product recovery rate, the higher the energy consumption and the shorter the drying time. The longer the drying time was, the lower the product recovery rate and polysaccharide content, and the higher the energy consumption. The best new process was XGY1, which had the highest overall score. The steaming process was the most time-consuming and energy-intensive production process, followed by the drying process. The obtained results can provide knowledgeable guidance for the further optimization of the integrated equipment of the Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask method and the development and application of technology for processing characteristic Chinese medicinal materials.
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