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Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Kusy K, Podgórski T, Pospieszna B, Zieliński J. Changes in red blood cell parameters during incremental exercise in highly trained athletes of different sport specializations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17040. [PMID: 38560450 PMCID: PMC10981411 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During physical exercise, the level of hematological parameters change depending on the intensity and duration of exercise and the individual's physical fitness. Research results, based on samples taken before and after exercise, suggest that hematological parameters increase during incremental exercise. However, there is no data confirming this beyond any doubt. This study examined how red blood cell (RBC) parameters change during the same standard physical exertion in athletes representing different physiological training profiles determined by sport discipline. Methods The study included 39 highly trained male members of national teams: 13 futsal players, 12 sprinters, and 14 triathletes. We used multiple blood sampling to determine RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit value (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) before, during (every 3 min), and after (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min) an incremental treadmill exercise test until exhaustion. Results There were no significant exercise-induced differences in RBC parameters between athletic groups. No significant changes were recorded in RBC parameters during the low-intensity phase of exercise. RBC, Hb, and Hct increased significantly during incremental physical exercise, and rapidly returned to resting values upon test termination. Conclusions The general pattern of exercise-induced changes in RBC parameters is universal regardless of the athlete's physiological profile. The changes in RBC parameters are proportional to the intensity of exercise during the progressive test. The increase in hemoglobin concentration associated with the intensity of exercise is most likely an adaptation to the greater demand of tissues, mainly skeletal muscles, for oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Pospieszna
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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Chatzinikolaou PN, Margaritelis NV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Vrabas IS, Kyparos A, D'Alessandro A, Nikolaidis MG. Erythrocyte metabolism. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14081. [PMID: 38270467 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Our aim is to present an updated overview of the erythrocyte metabolism highlighting its richness and complexity. We have manually collected and connected the available biochemical pathways and integrated them into a functional metabolic map. The focus of this map is on the main biochemical pathways consisting of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, redox metabolism, oxygen metabolism, purine/nucleoside metabolism, and membrane transport. Other recently emerging pathways are also curated, like the methionine salvage pathway, the glyoxalase system, carnitine metabolism, and the lands cycle, as well as remnants of the carboxylic acid metabolism. An additional goal of this review is to present the dynamics of erythrocyte metabolism, providing key numbers used to perform basic quantitative analyses. By synthesizing experimental and computational data, we conclude that glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and redox metabolism are the foundations of erythrocyte metabolism. Additionally, the erythrocyte can sense oxygen levels and oxidative stress adjusting its mechanics, metabolism, and function. In conclusion, fine-tuning of erythrocyte metabolism controls one of the most important biological processes, that is, oxygen loading, transport, and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Caimi G, Carlisi M, Presti RL. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Erythrocyte Indices, and Elongation Index at Baseline in a Group of Trained Subjects. J Clin Med 2023; 13:151. [PMID: 38202157 PMCID: PMC10780127 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise elicits adaptive changes in several organs and physiological processes, including erythrocyte properties. METHODS In a group of 79 subjects (62 men and 17 women; mean age 31.37 ± 10.19 years) who trained several times a week as they practiced amateur sports, we evaluated the elongation index, markers of erythrocyte deformability, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), indicators of erythrocyte anisocytosis, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and the main erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) in basal conditions. RESULTS In comparison with a group of healthy, but not training, volunteers, the values of the elongation index, and not the RDW, are increased, and this datum is accompanied by an increase in MCV and MCHC, likely related to an increased presence of circulating young erythrocytes in training subjects. We also divided the same group according to the median of the VO2max, observing that the subgroup above the median shows both an increase in the elongation index values and a decrease in MCH and MCHC. CONCLUSIONS In trained subjects, there is no correlation between the values of the elongation index and the RDW, while the interrelations among the elongation index, RDW, and main erythrocyte indices appear to be of particular interest and of a certain complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Caimi
- Department of Health Promotion and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Melania Carlisi
- Department of Health Promotion and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Lo Presti
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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Kabata-Piżuch A, Suder A, Handzlik-Waszkiewicz P, Teległów A, Marchewka A. Alterations of Body Composition, Blood Morphology and Fibrinogen Concentration after Vibration Therapy in Older Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6620. [PMID: 37892757 PMCID: PMC10607843 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrotherapy is one of the methods of physical therapy. Vibration, like various forms of physical activity, affects metabolic processes and health. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of thirty vibration sessions on body composition, hematologic and rheological indexes of blood, and protein and fibrinogen concentration in elderly women's blood. The study included 69 women, aged 60-70 years (mean age 64.6 ± 2.9), who were randomly and parallel assigned into: the vibrotherapy group 1 (G1) that took part in vibrotherapy on the Knees module, the vibrotherapy group 2 (G2) that took part in vibrotherapy on the Metabolism module, and the control group (CG) without interventions. In all patients, the following assessments were performed twice-baseline and after thirty vibrotherapy sessions: an assessment of body composition, a complete blood count with a hematology analyzer and erythrocyte aggregation by a laser-optical rotational red cell analyzer; total plasma protein and fibrinogen concentrations were established, respectively, by biuret and spectrophotometric methods. Intergroup (between groups) and intragroup (within each group) changes were statistically evaluated. After applying thirty vibration sessions, a decrease in body composition parameters (BM, body mass G1, p < 0.05; G2, p < 0.001 and FFM, fat free mass G1, p < 0.05; G2, p < 0.05) was confirmed in both intervention groups and BMI, body mass index in G2 (p < 0.05). It was found that, in G2, changes in erythrocyte aggregation indexes (T ½, half time kinetics of aggregation, p < 0.05 and AI, aggregation index, p < 0.05) and decrease of fibrinogen concentration (p < 0.05) took place. A series of thirty vibration sessions did not cause significant alterations in blood morphological parameters; therefore, vibrotherapy did not disturb hematological balance. Vibration sessions had a positive effect on BM, BMI, AG and fibrinogen concentration in the studied women, indicating the usefulness of this form of activation in older adults. Due to a decrease in FFM observed in the study, vibrotherapy should be employed in conjunction with physical exercise and other forms of physical activity in the group of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabata-Piżuch
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Suder
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Handzlik-Waszkiewicz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Teległów
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Marchewka
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
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D'Alessandro A, Hod EA. Red Blood Cell Storage: From Genome to Exposome Towards Personalized Transfusion Medicine. Transfus Med Rev 2023; 37:150750. [PMID: 37574398 PMCID: PMC10834861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the introduction of omics technologies-especially high-throughput genomics and metabolomics-has contributed significantly to our understanding of the role of donor genetics and nongenetic determinants of red blood cell storage biology. Here we briefly review the main advances in these areas, to the extent these contributed to the appreciation of the impact of donor sex, age, ethnicity, but also processing strategies and donor environmental, dietary or other exposures - the so-called exposome-to the onset and severity of the storage lesion. We review recent advances on the role of genetically encoded polymorphisms on red cell storage biology, and relate these findings with parameters of storage quality and post-transfusion efficacy, such as hemolysis, post-transfusion intra- and extravascular hemolysis and hemoglobin increments. Finally, we suggest that the combination of these novel technologies have the potential to drive further developments towards personalized (or precision) transfusion medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Eldad A Hod
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Pospieszna B, Kusy K, Slominska EM, Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Zieliński J. Sports Participation Promotes Beneficial Adaptations in the Erythrocyte Guanylate Nucleotide Pool in Male Athletes Aged 20-90 Years. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:987-997. [PMID: 37377627 PMCID: PMC10292611 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s406555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The guanine nucleotide pool (GTP, guanosine-5'-triphosphate; GDP, guanosine-5'-diphosphate, and GMP, guanosine-5'-monophosphate) is an essential energy donor in various biological processes (eg protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis) and secures several vital regulatory functions in the human body. The study aimed to predict the trends of age-related changes in erythrocyte guanine nucleotides and examine whether competitive sport and related physical training promote beneficial adaptations in erythrocyte guanylate concentrations. Methods The study included 86 elite endurance runners (EN) aged 20-81 years, 58 sprint-trained athletes (SP) aged 21-90 years, and 62 untrained individuals (CO) aged 20-68 years. Results The concentration of erythrocyte GTP and total guanine nucleotides (TGN) were highest in the SP group, lower in the EN group, and lowest in the CO group. Both athletic groups had higher guanylate energy charge (GEC) values than the CO group (p = 0.012). Concentrations of GTP, TGN, and GEC value significantly decreased, while GDP and GMP concentrations progressively increased with age. Conclusion Such a profile of change suggests a deterioration of the GTP-related regulatory function in older individuals. Our study explicitly shows that lifelong sports participation, especially of sprint-oriented nature, allows for maintaining a higher erythrocyte guanylate pool concentration, supporting cells' energy metabolism, regulatory and transcription properties, and thus more efficient overall body functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pospieszna
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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Tomschi F, Kieckbusch L, Zachow J, Hilberg T. Does Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia Depend on Exercise Duration? Biology (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36829500 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute physical activity is assumed to lead to exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Yet, little research has been conducted dealing with the influence of exercise duration on EIH. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three different exercise durations using the same intensity compared to a control session on EIH. A total of 36 participants conducted three different exercise sessions on a bicycle ergometer for 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively, in addition to a passive control session. The intensity was set to 75% of the individual's VO2max. Pre and post exercise, pain sensitivity was measured employing pressure pain thresholds (PPT) at the elbow, knee, and ankle joints, as well as the sternum and forehead. In addition, the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) response was conducted pre and post exercise. The results reveal that the exercises neither led to any changes in PPT measured at any landmark nor induced any CPM response effects. These results do not confirm the hypoalgesic effects usually observed after exercise. The reasons explaining these results remain rather elusive but might be explained by the low intensities chosen leading to a milder release of pain inhibiting substances, the landmarks employed for PPT measurements, or potential non-responsiveness of participants.
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Dixit S, Borghi-Silva A, Gular K, Reddy RS, Kakaraparthi VN, Ribeiro IL, Tedla JS, Girish S. Exercise modulates the immune system in cardiorespiratory disease patients: Implications for clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heart Lung 2023; 57:161-172. [PMID: 36219921 PMCID: PMC9515346 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cardiorespiratory problems often suffer from systemic inflammation. Stress due to the disease and continuous inflammation can undermine the success of the rehabilitation program. OBJECTIVE This review has been undertaken primarily to understand the effectiveness of exercise training on the immune system in individuals undergoing cardiorespiratory rehabilitation and its implications for further management during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Assessors analyzed related studies identified in the MEDLINE, PROQUEST, PUBMED, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Physiotherapy Evidence, and Science Direct databases. The studies were divided into groups focused on the effect of exercise on blood leukocytes, the anti-inflammatory effect, and the role of nutrition and exercise in resolving inflammation. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were included in this review. The number of studies included in each section was as follows: the effects of exercise training on leukocytes in cardiorespiratory conditions (n = 8), anti-inflammatory effect (n = 6), and the role of nutrition and exercise in resolving inflammation (n = 14). The bias risk assessment showed poor internal validity; most included studies were assigned no and unclear descriptors. CONCLUSIONS Substantive evidence is presented that emphasizes the role of moderate-intensity exercise in boosting the immune system in patients with cardiorespiratory diseases. Exercise has anti-inflammatory effects that are vital for overall well-being and resolving longstanding inflammation. Individuals with an active lifestyle had a better pathogen immune response than more sedentary individuals. Our findings highlight the current need to investigate the long-term effects of cardiorespiratory rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehil Dixit
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kumar Gular
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravi Shankar Reddy
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Venkata Nagaraj Kakaraparthi
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivana Leão Ribeiro
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jaya Shanker Tedla
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Srilatha Girish
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, UAE
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Bizjak DA, John L, Matits L, Uhl A, Schulz SVW, Schellenberg J, Peifer J, Bloch W, Weiß M, Grüner B, Bracht H, Steinacker JM, Grau M. SARS-CoV-2 Altered Hemorheological and Hematological Parameters during One-Month Observation Period in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36499657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological and hemorheological parameters are known to be altered in COVID-19; however, the value of combined monitoring in order to deduce disease severity is only scarcely examined. A total of 44 acute SARS-CoV-2-infected patients (aCOV) and 44 age-matched healthy controls (Con) were included. Blood of aCOV was sampled at admission (T0), and at day 2 (T2), day 5 (T5), day 10 (T10), and day 30 (T30) while blood of Con was only sampled once. Inter- and intra-group differences were calculated for hematological and hemorheological parameters. Except for mean cellular volume and mean cellular hemoglobin, all blood cell parameters were significantly different between aCOV and Con. During the acute disease state (T0-T5), hematological and hemorheological parameters were highly altered in aCOV; in particular, anemic conditions and increased immune cell response/inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, decreased deformability, as well as increased aggregation, were observed. During treatment and convalescence until T30, almost all abnormal values of aCOV improved towards Con values. During the acute state of the COVID-19 disease, the hematological, as well as the hemorheological system, show fast and potentially pathological changes that might contribute to the progression of the disease, but changes appear to be largely reversible after four weeks. Measuring RBC deformability and aggregation, as well as oxidative stress induction, may be helpful in monitoring critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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He Y, Wu Q. The Effect of Extracellular Vesicles on Thrombosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022:10.1007/s12265-022-10342-w. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular events caused by acute thrombosis is high, including acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, acute pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the roles of extracellular vesicles of different cellular origins in various cardiovascular events associated with acute thrombosis, as described in the current literature, to facilitate the future development of a precise therapy for thrombosis caused by such vesicles. We hope that our review will indicate a new horizon in the field of cardiovascular research with regard to the treatment of acute thrombosis, especially targeting thrombosis caused by extracellular vesicles secreted by individual cells. As more emerging technologies are being developed, new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies related to EVs are expected to be identified for related diseases in the future.
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Grau M, Zollmann E, Bros J, Seeger B, Dietz T, Noriega Ureña JA, Grolle A, Zacher J, Notbohm HL, Suck G, Bloch W, Schumann M. Autologous Blood Doping Induced Changes in Red Blood Cell Rheologic Parameters, RBC Age Distribution, and Performance. Biology 2022; 11:biology11050647. [PMID: 35625375 PMCID: PMC9137932 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Autologous blood doping (ABD) refers to the artificial increase in circulating red blood cell (RBC) mass by sampling, storage, and transfusion of one’s own blood. It is assumed that some athletes apply this prohibited technique to improve oxygen transport capacity and thus exercise performance. The primary aim of this study was to test whether RBC rheological and associated parameters significantly change due to ABD with the consideration of whether this type of measurement might be suitable for detecting ABD. Further, it was assessed whether those changes are translated into indices of endurance performance. Eight males underwent an ABD protocol combined with several blood parameter measurements and two exercise tests (pre and post transfusion). Results of this investigation suggest a change in the distribution of age-related RBC sub-populations and altered deformability of total RBC as well as of the respective sub-populations. Further, the identified changes in RBC also appear to improve sports performance. In conclusion, these data demonstrate significant changes in hematological and hemorheological parameters, which could be of interest in the context of new methods for ABD detection. However, additional research is needed with larger and more diverse study groups to widen the knowledge gained by this study. Abstract Autologous blood doping (ABD) refers to the transfusion of one’s own blood after it has been stored. Although its application is prohibited in sports, it is assumed that ABD is applied by a variety of athletes because of its benefits on exercise performance and the fact that it is not detectable so far. Therefore, this study aims at identifying changes in hematological and hemorheological parameters during the whole course of ABD procedure and to relate those changes to exercise performance. Eight healthy men conducted a 31-week ABD protocol including two blood donations and the transfusion of their own stored RBC volume corresponding to 7.7% of total blood volume. Longitudinal blood and rheological parameter measurements and analyses of RBC membrane proteins and electrolyte levels were performed. Thereby, responses of RBC sub-populations—young to old RBC—were detected. Finally, exercise tests were carried out before and after transfusion. Results indicate a higher percentage of young RBC, altered RBC deformability and electrolyte concentration due to ABD. In contrast, RBC membrane proteins remained unaffected. Running economy improved after blood transfusion. Thus, close analysis of RBC variables related to ABD detection seems feasible but should be verified in further more-detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Grau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emily Zollmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Janina Bros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Benedikt Seeger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Dietz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Javier Antonio Noriega Ureña
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service West, Center for Transfusion Medicine Hagen, Feithstraße 184, 58097 Hagen, Germany; (J.A.N.U.); (A.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Andreas Grolle
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service West, Center for Transfusion Medicine Hagen, Feithstraße 184, 58097 Hagen, Germany; (J.A.N.U.); (A.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Jonas Zacher
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Hannah L. Notbohm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Garnet Suck
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service West, Center for Transfusion Medicine Hagen, Feithstraße 184, 58097 Hagen, Germany; (J.A.N.U.); (A.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Moritz Schumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (E.Z.); (J.B.); (B.S.); (T.D.); (H.L.N.); (W.B.); (M.S.)
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12
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Szanto S, Mody T, Gyurcsik Z, Babjak LB, Somogyi V, Barath B, Varga A, Matrai AA, Nemeth N. Alterations of Selected Hemorheological and Metabolic Parameters Induced by Physical Activity in Untrained Men and Sportsmen. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120870. [PMID: 34940627 PMCID: PMC8706578 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal tissue oxygen supply is essential for proper athletic performance and endurance. It also depends on perfusion, so on hemorheological properties and microcirculation. Regular exercise is beneficial to the rheological status, depending on its type, intensity, and duration. We aimed to investigate macro and microrheological changes due to short, high-intensity exercise in professional athletes (soccer and ice hockey players) and untrained individuals. The exercise was performed on a treadmill ergometer during a spiroergometry examination. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to analyze lactate concentration, hematological parameters, blood and plasma viscosity, and red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation. Leukocyte, RBC and platelet counts, and blood viscosity increased with exercise, by the largest magnitude in the untrained group. RBC deformability slightly impaired after exercise, but showed better values in ice hockey versus soccer players. RBC aggregation increased with exercise, dominantly in ice hockey players. Lactate increased mostly in soccer players, and the respiratory exchange rate was the lowest in ice hockey players. Overall, short, high-intensity exercise altered macro and microrheological parameters, mostly in the untrained group. Significant differences were found between the two sports. The data can be useful in training status monitoring, selection, and in revealing the causes of physical loading symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Szanto
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Park 12, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (S.S.); (T.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Tobias Mody
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Park 12, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (S.S.); (T.M.); (Z.G.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Gyurcsik
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Park 12, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (S.S.); (T.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Laszlo Balint Babjak
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.B.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Viktoria Somogyi
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.B.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Barbara Barath
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.B.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Adam Varga
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.B.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Adam Attila Matrai
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.B.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Norbert Nemeth
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.B.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (A.V.); (A.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-416-915
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13
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Pospieszna B, Kusy K, Slominska EM, Zieliński J. Life-long sports engagement enhances adult erythrocyte adenylate energetics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23759. [PMID: 34887502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity reduces age-related metabolic and functional decline. The energy stored in adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, and AMP) is essential to enable multiple vital functions of erythrocytes and body tissues. Our study aimed to predict the rate of age-related changes in erythrocyte adenylate energetics in athletes and untrained controls. The erythrocyte concentration of adenylates was measured in 68 elite endurance runners (EN, 20–81 years), 58 elite sprinters (SP, 21–90 years), and 62 untrained individuals (CO, 20–68 years). Resting concentrations of ATP, total adenine nucleotide pool, and ADP/AMP ratio were lowest in the CO group and highest in the SP group. The concentration of erythrocyte ADP and AMP was lowest in the EN group and highest in the CO group. In all studied groups, we found a significant increase in the concentration of most erythrocyte adenylate metabolites with age. For ADP and AMP, the trend was also significant but decreasing. Our study strongly suggests that lifelong sports and physical activity participation supports erythrocyte energetics preservation. Although the direction and the predicted rates of change are similar regardless of the training status, the concentrations of particular metabolites are more advantageous in highly trained athletes than in less active controls. Of the two analyzed types of physical training, sprint-oriented training seems to be more efficient in enhancing erythrocyte metabolism throughout adulthood and old age than endurance training.
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14
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Amiri P, DeCastro J, Littig J, Lu H, Liu C, Conboy I, Aran K. Erythrocytes, a New Contributor to Age-Associated Loss of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101912. [PMID: 34396716 PMCID: PMC8529433 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood exchanges between young and old partners demonstrate old blood has a detrimental effect on brain health of young animals. Previous studies primarily investigate soluble blood factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta, on the brain and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the role of blood cellular components, particularly erythrocytes, has not been defined. Erythrocyte morphology and rigidity change as mammals age, altering their transport within the capillary bed. This impacts downstream biological events, such as the release of reactive oxygen species and hemoglobin, potentially compromising the BBB. Here, a micro electrical BBB (µE-BBB), with cocultured endothelial and astrocytic cells, and a built-in trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) system is described to monitor the effect of capillary shear stress on erythrocytes derived from young and old mice and people and the subsequent effects of these cells on BBB integrity. This is monitored by the passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and real-time profiling of TEER across the BBB after old and young erythrocyte exposure. Compared to young erythrocytes, old erythrocytes induce an increased permeability by 42% and diminished TEER by 2.9% of the µE-BBB. These results suggest that changes in circulating erythrocytes are a biomarker of aging in the context of BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Amiri
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life SciencesKeck Graduate InstituteClaremontCA91711USA
| | - Jonalyn DeCastro
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life SciencesKeck Graduate InstituteClaremontCA91711USA
| | - Joshua Littig
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life SciencesKeck Graduate InstituteClaremontCA91711USA
| | - Hsiang‐Wei Lu
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life SciencesKeck Graduate InstituteClaremontCA91711USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Irina Conboy
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Kiana Aran
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life SciencesKeck Graduate InstituteClaremontCA91711USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
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15
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Nemkov T, Skinner SC, Nader E, Stefanoni D, Robert M, Cendali F, Stauffer E, Cibiel A, Boisson C, Connes P, D'Alessandro A. Acute Cycling Exercise Induces Changes in Red Blood Cell Deformability and Membrane Lipid Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22. [PMID: 33477427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the effects of a controlled, 30 min, high-intensity cycling test on blood rheology and the metabolic profiles of red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma from well-trained males. RBCs demonstrated decreased deformability and trended toward increased generation of microparticles after the test. Meanwhile, metabolomics and lipidomics highlighted oxidative stress and activation of membrane lipid remodeling mechanisms in order to cope with altered properties of circulation resulting from physical exertion during the cycling test. Of note, intermediates from coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis for conjugation to fatty acyl chains, in parallel with reversible conversion of carnitine and acylcarnitines, emerged as metabolites that significantly correlate with RBC deformability and the generation of microparticles during exercise. Taken together, we propose that RBC membrane remodeling and repair plays an active role in the physiologic response to exercise by altering RBC properties.
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16
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Kumar RS, Narukulla R, Sharma T. Comparative Effectiveness of Thermal Stability and Rheological Properties of Nanofluid of SiO 2–TiO 2 Nanocomposites for Oil Field Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar Kumar
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India
| | - Ramesh Narukulla
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India
| | - Tushar Sharma
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh 229304, India
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San-Millán I, Stefanoni D, Martinez JL, Hansen KC, D’Alessandro A, Nemkov T. Metabolomics of Endurance Capacity in World Tour Professional Cyclists. Front Physiol 2020; 11:578. [PMID: 32581847 PMCID: PMC7291837 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of elite athletes provides a unique opportunity to define the upper limits of human physiology and performance. Across a variety of sports, these individuals have trained to optimize the physiological parameters of their bodies in order to compete on the world stage. To characterize endurance capacity, techniques such as heart rate monitoring, indirect calorimetry, and whole blood lactate measurement have provided insight into oxygen utilization, and substrate utilization and preference, as well as total metabolic capacity. However, while these techniques enable the measurement of individual, representative variables critical for sports performance, they lack the molecular resolution that is needed to understand which metabolic adaptations are necessary to influence these metrics. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based analytical approaches have enabled the measurement of hundreds to thousands of metabolites in a single analysis. Here we employed targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches to investigate whole blood responses to exercise in elite World Tour (including Tour de France) professional cyclists before and after a graded maximal physiological test. As cyclists within this group demonstrated varying blood lactate accumulation as a function of power output, which is an indicator of performance, we compared metabolic profiles with respect to lactate production to identify adaptations associated with physiological performance. We report that numerous metabolic adaptations occur within this physically elite population (n = 21 males, 28.2 ± 4.7 years old) in association with the rate of lactate accumulation during cycling. Correlation of metabolite values with lactate accumulation has revealed metabolic adaptations that occur in conjunction with improved endurance capacity. In this population, cycling induced increases in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites and Coenzyme A precursors. These responses occurred proportionally to lactate accumulation, suggesting a link between enhanced mitochondrial networks and the ability to sustain higher workloads. In association with lactate accumulation, altered levels of amino acids before and after exercise point to adaptations that confer unique substrate preference for energy production or to promote more rapid recovery. Cyclists with slower lactate accumulation also have higher levels of basal oxidative stress markers, suggesting long term physiological adaptations in these individuals that support their premier competitive status in worldwide competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo San-Millán
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Research and Development, UAE Team Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Davide Stefanoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Janel L. Martinez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kirk C. Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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18
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D'Alessandro A, Fu X, Reisz JA, Kanias T, Page GP, Stone M, Kleinman S, Zimring JC, Busch M. Stored RBC metabolism as a function of caffeine levels. Transfusion 2020; 60:1197-1211. [PMID: 32394461 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee consumption is extremely common in the United States. Coffee is rich with caffeine, a psychoactive, purinergic antagonist of adenosine receptors, which regulate red blood cell energy and redox metabolism. Since red blood cell (purine) metabolism is a critical component to the red cell storage lesion, here we set out to investigate whether caffeine levels correlated with alterations of energy and redox metabolism in stored red blood cells. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We measured the levels of caffeine and its main metabolites in 599 samples from the REDS-III RBC-Omics (Recipient Epidemiology Donor Evaluation Study III Red Blood Cell-Omics) study via ultra-high-pressure-liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry and correlated them to global metabolomic and lipidomic analyses of RBCs stored for 10, 23, and 42 days. RESULTS Caffeine levels positively correlated with increased levels of the main red cell antioxidant, glutathione, and its metabolic intermediates in glutathione-dependent detoxification pathways of oxidized lipids and sugar aldehydes. Caffeine levels were positively correlated with transamination products and substrates, tryptophan, and indole metabolites. Expectedly, since caffeine and its metabolites belong to the family of xanthine purines, all xanthine metabolites were significantly increased in the subjects with the highest levels of caffeine. However, high-energy phosphate compounds ATP and DPG were not affected by caffeine levels, despite decreases in glucose oxidation products-both via glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. CONCLUSION Though preliminary, this study is suggestive of a beneficial correlation between the caffeine levels and improved antioxidant capacity of stored red cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.,Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- BloodWorks Northwest, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tamir Kanias
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Steve Kleinman
- University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California
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Filipovic A, Bizjak D, Tomschi F, Bloch W, Grau M. Influence of Whole-Body Electrostimulation on the Deformability of Density-Separated Red Blood Cells in Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 31156450 PMCID: PMC6530393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell nitric oxide synthase (RBC-NOS) dependent NO production positively affects RBC deformability which is known to improve oxygen supply to the working tissue. Whole-body electrostimulation (WB-EMS) has been shown to improve maximum strength, sprinting and jumping performance, and to increase deformability in elite soccer players during the season. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether WB-EMS affects RBC turnover which might affect overall deformability of circulating RBC by rejuvenation of the RBC population and if this might be related to improved endurance capacity. Thirty male field soccer players were assigned in either a WB-EMS group (EG, n = 10), a training group (TG, n = 10), or a control group (CG, n = 10). EG performed 3 × 10 squat jumps superimposed with WB-EMS twice per week in concurrent to 2-4 soccer training sessions and one match per week. TG only performed 3 × 10 squat jumps without EMS in addition to their soccer routine and the CG only performed the usual soccer training and match per week. Subjects were tested before (Baseline) and in week 7 (wk-7), with blood sampling before (Pre), 15-30 min after (Post), and 24 h after (24 h post) the training. Endurance capacity was determined before and directly after the training period. The key findings of the investigation indicate an increase in young RBC in the EG group along with improved overall RBC deformability, represented by decreased SS1/2:EImax Ratio. Analysis of the different RBC subfractions revealed improved RBC deformability of old RBC during study period. This improvement was not only observed in the EG but also in TG and CG. Changes in RBC deformability were not associated to altered RBC-NOS/NO signaling pathway. Endurance capacity remained unchanged during study period. In summary, the effect of WB-EMS on RBC physiology seems to be rather low and results are only in part comparable to previous findings. According to the lower training volume of the present study it can be speculated that the soccer specific training load in addition to the WB-EMS was too low to induce changes in RBC physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Filipovic
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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