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Abstract
Mosquitoes are best known for transmitting human and animal viruses. However, they also harbour mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) as part of their microbiota. These are a group of viruses whose diversity and prevalence overshadow their medically relevant counterparts. Although metagenomics sequencing has remarkably accelerated the discovery of these viruses, what we know about them is often limited to sequence information, leaving much of their fundamental biology to be explored. Understanding the biology and ecology of MSVs can enlighten our knowledge of virus-virus interactions and lead to new innovations in the management of mosquito-borne viral diseases. We retrace the history of their discovery and discuss research milestones that would line the path from mosquito virome knowledge to vector management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Koh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France
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Si H, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M, Legnardi M, Mazzariol S, Centelleghe C. Comparison between Sampling Techniques for Virological Molecular Analyses: Dolphin Morbillivirus and Herpesvirus Detection from FTA ® Card and Frozen Tissue. Viruses 2023; 15:2422. [PMID: 38140663 PMCID: PMC10747605 DOI: 10.3390/v15122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stranded animals offer valuable information on marine mammal physiology and pathology; however, the decomposition state of the carcasses and lack of a rigorous cold chain for sample preservation can sometimes discourage diagnostic analyses based on nucleic acid detection. The present paper aims at evaluating the reliability of FTA® card tissue imprints as an alternative matrix to frozen tissues for virological analyses based on biomolecular methods. Given the contribution of Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) to strandings and the increase of herpesvirus detection in cetaceans, these two pathogens were selected as representative of RNA and DNA viruses. Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) and herpesvirus presence was investigated in parallel on tissue imprints on FTA® cards and frozen tissues collected during necropsy of dolphins stranded in Italy. Samples were analysed by nested RT-PCR for DMV and nested-PCR for herpesvirus. Only one animal was positive for herpesvirus, hampering further considerations on this virus. DMV was detected in all animals, both in FTA® card imprints and tissue samples, with differences possibly related to the decomposition condition category of the carcasses. Tissue sampling on FTA® cards seems a promising alternative to frozen tissues for biomolecular analyses, especially when ensuring adequate storage and shipment conditions for frozen tissues is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Si
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (H.S.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (H.S.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (H.S.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (H.S.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (C.C.)
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Krambrich J, Bringeland E, Hesson JC, Hoffman T, Lundkvist Å, Lindahl JF, Ling J. Usage of FTA® Classic Cards for Safe Storage, Shipment, and Detection of Arboviruses. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1445. [PMID: 35889164 PMCID: PMC9324231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by arthropod-borne RNA viruses are overrepresented among emerging infectious diseases. Effective methods for collecting, storing, and transporting clinical or biological specimens are needed worldwide for disease surveillance. However, many tropical regions where these diseases are endemic lack analytical facilities and possibility of continuous cold chains, which presents challenges from both a biosafety and material preservation perspective. Whatman® FTA® Classic Cards may serve as an effective and safe option for transporting hazardous samples at room temperature, particularly for RNA viruses classified as biosafety level (BSL) 2 and 3 pathogens, from sampling sites to laboratories. In this study, we investigated the biosafety and perseverance of representative alpha- and flaviviruses stored on FTA® cards. To evaluate the virus inactivation capacity of FTA® cards, we used Sindbis virus (SINV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). We inoculated susceptible cells with dilution series of eluates from viral samples stored on the FTA® cards and observed for cytopathic effect to evaluate the ability of the cards to inactivate viruses. All tested viruses were inactivated after storage on FTA® cards. In addition, we quantified viral RNA of JEV, SINV, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) stored on FTA® cards at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 30 days using two reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR assays. Viral RNA of SINV stored on FTA® cards was not reduced at either 4 °C or 25 °C over a 30-day period, but degraded rapidly at 37 °C. For JEV and TBEV, degradation was observed at all temperatures, with the most rapid degradation occurring at 37 °C. Therefore, the use of FTA® cards provides a safe and effective workflow for the collection, storage, and analysis of BSL 2- and 3-virus RNA samples, but there is a risk of false negative results if the cards are stored at higher temperatures for long periods of time. Conscious usage of the cards can be useful in disease surveillance and research, especially in tropical areas where transportation and cold chains are problematic.
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Pham PH, Misk E, Papazotos F, Jones G, Polinski MP, Contador E, Russell S, Garver KA, Lumsden JS, Bols NC. Screening of Fish Cell Lines for Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) Amplification: Identification of the Non-Supportive PRV-1 Invitrome. Pathogens 2020; 9:E833. [PMID: 33053677 PMCID: PMC7601784 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine reovirus (PRV) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), which is detrimental to Atlantic Salmon (AS) aquaculture, but so far has not been cultivatable, which impedes studying the disease and developing a vaccine. Homogenates of head kidney and red blood cells (RBC) from AS in which PRV-1 had been detected were applied to fish cell lines. The cell lines were from embryos, and from brain, blood, fin, gill, gonads, gut, heart, kidney, liver, skin, and spleen, and had the shapes of endothelial, epithelial, fibroblast, and macrophage cells. Most cell lines were derived from the Neopterygii subclass of fish, but one was from subclass Chondrostei. Cultures were examined by phase contrast microscopy for appearance, and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for PRV-1 RNA amplification and for the capacity to transfer any changes to new cultures. No changes in appearance and Ct values were observed consistently or transferable to new cultures. Therefore, 31 cell lines examined were unable to support PRV-1 amplification and are described as belonging to the non-supportive PRV-1 invitrome. However, these investigations and cell lines can contribute to understanding PRV-1 cellular and host tropism, and the interactions between virus-infected and bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H. Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ehab Misk
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada;
| | - Fotini Papazotos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
| | - Ginny Jones
- Elanco Canada Limited, Aqua Vaccines R&D, Charlottetown, PE C1E 2A7, Canada;
| | - Mark P. Polinski
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada; (M.P.P.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Elena Contador
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Spencer Russell
- Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada;
| | - Kyle A. Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada; (M.P.P.); (K.A.G.)
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Niels C. Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
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Horsington J, Eschbaumer M, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W. Inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in epithelium samples for safe transport and processing in low-containment laboratories. J Virol Methods 2019; 276:113770. [PMID: 31705919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak, transport and testing of potentially infectious samples, including epithelium from suspect lesions, presents a biosafety risk, particularly in FMD-free countries. Therefore, treatment to inactivate virus prior to transport is important. Tongue epithelium from cattle infected with FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O (O ALG/3/2014 - Lineage O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d) or A (A IRN/22/2015 - Lineage A/ASIA/G-VII) was incubated in RNAlater, RNA Shield or phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at room temperature for 2, 6, 24 or 48 h. After incubation, tissues were homogenised and tested by virus titration. Viral RNA in the homogenate was quantified by RT-qPCR, used for sequencing, and transfected into LFBKαVβ6 cells to recover infectious virus. RNAlater reduced A IRN/22/2015 titres by 4 log10 after 24 h, and completely after 48 h incubation. While O ALG/3/2014 was detected by VI after 2, 6 and 24 h, titration yielded no infectious virus, likely as a result of freeze-thawing. RNA Shield was cytotoxic at high concentrations but was effective at inactivating both strains after 24 h. Regardless of reagent or inactivation period, RT-qPCR, VP1 sequencing, and transfection of RNA to recover infectious virus were possible. RNA Shield appears a better choice for FMDV inactivation in tissues, however 24 h incubation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Rd, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Rd, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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Suhovskih AV, Kazanskaya GM, Volkov AM, Tsidulko AY, Aidagulova SV, Grigorieva EV. Suitability of RNALater solution as a tissue-preserving reagent for immunohistochemical analysis. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:239-247. [PMID: 31197457 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histological and immunohistochemical studies require high-quality paraffin blocks, where proper fixation of tissue samples with formalin is a key point. However, in some cases, the possibility to preserve biological samples prior to the formalin fixation or to use deposited tissues from biobanks is important. RNA-stabilizing reagent RNALater represents a potential option, but its suitability for pathological and immunohistochemical studies remains underinvestigated. Here, comparative study of formalin-fixed tissues and those had undergone preservation with RNALater was performed for different SCID mice tissues (brain, liver, kidney, and lung) using histological staining (hematoxylin-eosin and Weigert-van Gieson) or immunostaining for b-actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate. It was shown that RNALater preservation for 7-14 days was suitable for histological characterisation of mouse lung tissue, whereas all other tissues demonstrated some changes. Immunoreactivity of all the studied tissues was affected to a different extent, and the observed changes were detected at the 7th day already and continued to get worse by the 14th day. Overall, RNALater preservation affects immunogenicity of normal mouse tissues (brain, liver, kidney, and lung) making them unsuitable for immunohistochemistry. Some tissues retain their morphology (lung tissue) or demonstrate moderate changes (brain, liver, kidney), suggesting a restricted suitability of the RNALater-preserved tissues for histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics FRC FTM, Timakova 2/12, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina M Kazanskaya
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics FRC FTM, Timakova 2/12, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
- E. N. Meshalkin, Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M Volkov
- E. N. Meshalkin, Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra Y Tsidulko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics FRC FTM, Timakova 2/12, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | | | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics FRC FTM, Timakova 2/12, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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