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Ye L, Su M, Qiao X, Wang S, Zheng K, Zhu Y, Li H, Wang Y, Ge RS. Chalcone derivatives from licorice inhibit human and rat gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases as therapeutic uses. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 317:116690. [PMID: 37245711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, licorice (the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. inflata) has been used to treat inflammation and sexual debility for over 1000 years. Pharmacological studies have identified many biologically active chalcone derivatives from licorice. AIM OF THE STUDY Human 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (h3β-HSD2) catalyzes the formation of precursors for sex hormones and corticosteroids, which play critical roles in reproduction and metabolism. We explored inhibition and mode action of chalcones of inhibiting h3β-HSD2 and compared it with rat 3β-HSD1. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the inhibition of 5 chalcones on h3β-HSD2 and compared species-dependent difference with 3β-HSD1. RESULTS The inhibitory strength on h3β-HSD2 was isoliquiritigenin (IC50, 0.391 μM) > licochalcone A (0.494 μM) > licochalcone B (1.485 μM) > echinatin (1.746 μM) >chalcone (100.3 μM). The inhibitory strength on r3β-HSD1 was isoliquiritigenin (IC50, 0.829 μM) > licochalcone A (1.165 μM) > licochalcone B (1.866 μM) > echinatin (2.593 μM) > chalcone (101.2 μM). Docking showed that all chemicals bind steroid and/or NAD+-binding site with the mixed mode. Structure-activity relationship analysis showed that strength was correlated with chemical's hydrogen bond acceptor. CONCLUSION Some chalcones are potent h3β-HSD2 and r3β-HSD1 inhibitors, possibly being potential drugs to treat Cushing's syndrome or polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinyi Qiao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Shah A, Wondisford FE. Gluconeogenesis Flux in Metabolic Disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2023; 43:153-177. [PMID: 37603427 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061121-091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a critical biosynthetic process that helps maintain whole-body glucose homeostasis and becomes altered in certain medical diseases. We review gluconeogenic flux in various medical diseases, including common metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalances, specific inborn genetic errors, and cancer. We discuss how the altered gluconeogenic activity contributes to disease pathogenesis using data from experiments using isotopic tracer and spectroscopy methodologies. These in vitro, animal, and human studies provide insights into the changes in circulating levels of available gluconeogenesis substrates and the efficiency of converting those substrates to glucose by gluconeogenic organs. We highlight ongoing knowledge gaps, discuss emerging research areas, and suggest future investigations. A better understanding of altered gluconeogenesis flux may ultimately identify novel and targeted treatment strategies for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
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Landis D, Sutter A, Fernandez F, Nugent K. The effect of metformin on glucose metabolism in patients receiving glucocorticoids. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:379-385. [PMID: 35525318 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, but chronic use of these drugs can cause hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatic steatosis, obesity, and other complications due to their metabolic actions. Metformin is a widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a known ability to lower blood glucose levels. This review focuses on metformin's actions on glucose metabolism and its potential use as a drug to limit the metabolic side effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Available data suggest that metformin inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, crucial gluconeogenic enzymes, and fatty acid synthesis that leads to a significant improvement in glucose tolerance and maintenance of insulin sensitivity during glucocorticoid treatment. Three small randomized control trials have demonstrated that metformin can limit changes in glucose metabolism during treatment with prednisone. These studies reveal a promising potential for metformin use as a therapeutic agent to reduce glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Landis
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alex Sutter
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fabiana Fernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Favero V, Cremaschi A, Parazzoli C, Falchetti A, Gaudio A, Gennari L, Scillitani A, Vescini F, Morelli V, Aresta C, Chiodini I. Pathophysiology of Mild Hypercortisolism: From the Bench to the Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:673. [PMID: 35054858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild hypercortisolism is defined as biochemical evidence of abnormal cortisol secretion without the classical detectable manifestations of overt Cushing’s syndrome and, above all, lacking catabolic characteristics such as central muscle weakness, adipose tissue redistribution, skin fragility and unusual infections. Mild hypercortisolism is frequently discovered in patients with adrenal incidentalomas, with a prevalence ranging between 5 and 50%. This high variability is mainly due to the different criteria used for defining this condition. This subtle cortisol excess has also been described in patients with incidentally discovered pituitary tumors with an estimated prevalence of 5%. To date, the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of mild hypercortisolism of pituitary origin are still not well clarified. At variance, recent advances have been made in understanding the genetic background of bilateral and unilateral adrenal adenomas causing mild hypercortisolism. Some recent data suggest that the clinical effects of glucocorticoid (GC) exposure on peripheral tissues are determined not only by the amount of the adrenal GC production but also by the peripheral GC metabolism and by the GC sensitivity. Indeed, in subjects with normal cortisol secretion, the combined estimate of cortisol secretion, cortisone-to-cortisol peripheral activation by the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme and GC receptor sensitizing variants have been suggested to be associated with the presence of hypertension, diabetes and bone fragility, which are three well-known consequences of hypercortisolism. This review focuses on the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying both the different sources of mild hypercortisolism and their clinical consequences (bone fragility, arterial hypertension, subclinical atherosclerosis, cardiovascular remodeling, dyslipidemia, glucose metabolism impairment, visceral adiposity, infections, muscle damage, mood disorders and coagulation).
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Huang P, Li Y, Xu C, Melino G, Shao C, Shi Y. HSD11B1 is upregulated synergistically by IFNγ and TNFα and mediates TSG-6 expression in human UC-MSCs. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:24. [PMID: 32328292 PMCID: PMC7168568 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory factors such as IFNγ and TNFα could endow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) a potent immunomodulatory property, a process called licensing, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. We here found that glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1), which converts inactive cortisone to the active cortisol and thereby regulates tissue glucocorticoid (GC) levels, was greatly upregulated by IFNγ and TNFα in human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) in a synergistic manner. While IFNγ alone was not able to induce HSD11B1, it could increase the activity of NF-kB and thus augment the upregulation of HSD11B1 by TNFα. Interestingly, the upregulation of HSD11B1 by IFNγ and TNFα also required glucocorticoid receptor. Furthermore, HSD11B1 was shown to be required for the expression of TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), an important anti-inflammatory effector molecule of MSCs. Therefore, the inflammatory factors IFNγ and TNFα can promote GC metabolism and thereby drive the expression of anti-inflammatory factor TSG-6 in human UC-MSCs, forming a potential negative feedback loop. These findings help to understand the relationship between inflammation and GC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Huang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenchang Xu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- 2Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,3Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Changshun Shao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- 1State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,4The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,5Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Teofilović A, Brkljačić J, Djordjevic A, VojnovićMilutinović D, Tappy L, Matić G, Veličković N. Impact of insulin and glucocorticoid signalling on hepatic glucose homeostasis in the rat exposed to high-fructose diet and chronic stress. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:815-825. [PMID: 32070154 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1728236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overconsumption of fructose-enriched beverages and everyday stress are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders through modulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. The aim of the study was to investigate whether interaction of high-fructose diet and chronic stress alter insulin and glucocorticoid signalling thus affecting hepatic glucose homeostasis. High-fructose diet led to hyperinsulinemia, increased glucose transporter 2 level, elevated protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, increased glucokinase mRNA and phospho-to-total glycogen synthase kinase 3 ratio and decreased expression of gluconeogenic genes. Fructose diet also led to stimulated glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism, but downstream signalling remained unchanged due to increased glucocorticoid clearance. Stress did not affect hepatic insulin and glucocorticoid signalling nor glucose metabolism, while the interaction of the factors was observed only for glucokinase expression. The results suggest that, under conditions of fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia, suppression of gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthase activation contribute to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The increased glucocorticoid inactivation may represent an adaptive mechanism to prevent hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teofilović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Brkljačić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela VojnovićMilutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gordana Matić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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de Oliveira LCS, Telles PVN, E Sousa JFR, Cavalcante AKM, Wong DVT, Lima-Junior RC, Torres-Leal FL, Dos Santos AA, da Silva MTB. Influence of the physical exercise on decrease in the gastric emptying and alter appetite and food behavior in rats dexamethasone-treatment. Physiol Behav 2019; 209:112610. [PMID: 31299373 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chronic use of Dexamethasone (Dex) induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. On the other hand, physical exercise attenuates the symptoms induced by Dex in many physiological systems. However, the effect of the exercise on the changes in gastric motility induced by dexamethasone remains unknown. We hypothesized that low-intensity aerobic exercise modulates the metabolic effects induced by Dex-treatment by modifying the gastrointestinal function and feeding behavior in rats. Male rats were distributed into the following groups: Control (Ctrl), Dex (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), Exercise (Ctrl + Exercise 5%) and (Dex1.0 + Exercise 5%). The exercise protocol was swimming for 5 consecutive days. We assessed the murinometric and nutritional indices, food intake, blood glucose by (ipGTT) and the gastric emptying rate of a liquid test meal were assessed in all rats. We observed a significant decrease (p < .05) in the gastric emptying in Dex1.0 group in relation to Ctrl group. The exercise prevented decrease in the gastric emptying (p < .05) in Dex1.0 + EX5% group when compared with Dex1.0 groups. The Dex1.0 group induced a significantly increase (p < .05) in glycaemia vs Ctrl group. The hyperglycemia was improving (p < .05) in the Dex1.0 + Ex5% compared with Dex1.0 groups. We observed a positive correlation (p < .05, and r = 0.7065) between gastric retention vs glycaemia in the Dex1.0 groups. The Dex1.0 reduced (p < .05) the body weight and altered body composition, promoting hypophagia. IL-6 increased (p < .05) at gastric fundus in Ex5% compared with Ctrl groups. In conclusion, the use of Dex1.0 decreases gastric emptying, promotes hyperglycemia and modifies feeding behavior. The low-intensity exercise prevents hyperglycemia, thus improving gastric dysmotility without improving the anthropometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deysi Viviana Tenazoa Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberto Cesar Lima-Junior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Leonardo Torres-Leal
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Armenio Aguiar Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Moisés Tolentino Bento da Silva
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil.
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Delaleu J, Destere A, Hachon L, Declèves X, Lloret-Linares C. Glucocorticoids dosing in obese subjects: A systematic review. Therapie 2019; 74:451-458. [PMID: 30928086 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are amongst the most widely used and effective treatments to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In obese subjects, drug dosing adjusted by body weight is problematic, all the more so as patients are at higher risk of GC metabolic side effects. We propose here to describe the determinants of drug pharmacokinetics (PK) in obese subjects and GC pharmacology, and to identify the existing PK studies that may help discussing the best size descriptor for GC dosing in obese subjects. A clinician and a pharmacist screened PubMed using the MeSH Terms: "glucocorticoids" OR "steroidal agents" AND "pharmacokinetics" AND "obesity" OR "overweight". The search was limited to the publications written in English language and to those performed in humans. A systematic search using the MeSH terms was performed until August 31st, 2017. Only three such PK studies have been published so far that compare dexamethasone, prednisolone and methylprednisolone in obese and normal weight subjects. The studies concur that GC partially distribute in the excess of body weight and that adjustment by total body weight (TBW) or by body weight (BW) excess would increase the initial plasma GC concentration after a loading dose and would thus be inappropriate. Contradictory results are observed regarding GC exposure or clearance according to the GC studied. Behind this overwhelming lack of conclusive evidence for adjusting GC by body weight, further PK studies are clearly needed for guiding their dosing. Furthermore, studies demonstrated an increased sensibility to GC, even when GC exposure was reduced, suggesting that adjustment by body weight may not only be unnecessary but also dangerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Delaleu
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Department of Internal Medicine, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Destere
- CHU de Limoges, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Lorry Hachon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pharmacy Department, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- INSERM, UMR-S 1144 Université Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry Unit, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Célia Lloret-Linares
- Groupe Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Pays de Savoie, Maladies Nutritionnelles et Métaboliques, 74100 Annemasse, France.
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Koracevic G, Stojkovic M, Lovic D, Pavlovic M, Kostic T, Kutlesic M, Micic S, Koracevic M, Djordjevic M. Should Cushing's Syndrome be Considered as a Disease with High Cardiovascular Risk in Relevant Guidelines? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018; 18:12-24. [PMID: 30289080 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666181005122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A considerable amount of data supports a 1.8-7.4-fold increased mortality associated with Cushing's syndrome (CS). This is attributed to a high occurrence of several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in CS [e.g. adiposity, arterial hypertension (AHT), dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)]. Therefore, practically all patients with CS have the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which represents a high CVD risk. Characteristically, despite a relatively young average age, numerous patients with CS display a 'high' or 'very high' CVD risk (i.e. risk of a major CVD event >20% in the following 10 years). Although T2DM is listed as a condition with a high CVD risk, CS is not, despite the fact that a considerable proportion of the CS population will develop T2DM or impaired glucose tolerance. CS is also regarded as a risk factor for aortic dissection in current guidelines. This review considers the evidence supporting listing CS among high CVD risk conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Koracevic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Centre, Nis, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Dragan Lovic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine Intermedica, Nis, Serbia
| | - Milan Pavlovic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Centre, Nis, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Kostic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Centre, Nis, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Milan Djordjevic
- Health Centre Jagodina, Emergency Medical Service, Jagodina, Serbia
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Chang LL, Wun WSA, Wang PS. An inhibitor of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (PF915275) alleviates nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism and adiposity in rat and human cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:45. [PMID: 30021644 PMCID: PMC6052566 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) detected in human cord blood and milk. NP exposure in developmental periods results in hyperadrenalism and increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11β-HSD1) activity in an adult rat model. Alleviating 11β-HSD1 activity is therefore a logical and common way to treat hyperadrenalism. PF915275 (PF; 4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-sulfonic acid (6-amino-pyridin-2-yl)-amide) is a selective inhibitor for 11β-HSD1. This study aimed to determine whether PF915275 could alleviate the hyperadrenalism induced by NP. In addition to a rat model, the effects of NP and PF915275 were measured in human preadipocytes. Methods For the in vivo rat model, female adult rats exposed to NP during the developmental period were divided into two treatment groups, with one receiving oral DMSO solution and the other receiving PF915275 once per day for 4 weeks. After the final treatment, the rats from each group were sacrificed for analysis. For the in vitro human model, human preadipocytes received 2 regimens of NP treatment. One treatment regimen occurred before differentiation (to mimic the sensitive developmental period; P exposure), and the other included continuous exposure from preadipocytes to fully differentiated adipocytes (to mimic the growing and adult periods, respectively; C exposure). Protein and RNA were extracted from rat tissues and the preadipocytes for western blot and real-time PCR analysis. Results In the rat model, PF915275 alleviated NP-induced effects by interfering with adipogenesis pathways, including enhancing PPARα expression, decreasing PPARγ expression, and reducing both 11β-HSD1 protein and mRNA expression levels. Additionally, PF915275 reduced the effects of the adrenal corticoid synthesis pathway by reducing StAR expression and 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase activities. With short-term exposure, NP enhanced PPARγ and FASN mRNA expression levels and reduced PPARα expression, whereas PF915275 alleviated these effects. With C exposure, the NP-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids was reduced by PF915275 treatment, which was mediated by decreased PPARγ mRNA and protein expression levels and increased PPARα protein expression. Conclusions The effects of NP and PF915275 treatment in both rat and human cell models are similar. Rats may be an appropriate model to study the effects of NP in humans, especially during the developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Shih-Lin, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Abstract
Corticosteroids are secreted by the adrenal glands and control the functions of adipose tissue via the activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In turn, adipocytes release a large variety of adipokines into the bloodstream, regulating the function of several organs and tissues, including the adrenal glands, hereby controlling corticosteroid production. In adipose tissue, the activation of the MR by glucocorticoids (GC) and aldosterone affects important processes such as adipocyte differentiation, oxidative stress, autophagic flux, adipokine expression as well as local production of GC through upregulation of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Notably, the proinflammatory responses induced by the MR are counteracted by activation of the GR, whose activity inhibits the expression of inflammatory adipokines. Both GR and MR are deeply involved in adipogenesis and adipose expansion; hence pharmacological blockade of these two receptors has proven effective against adipose tissue dysfunction in experimental models of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), suggesting a potential use for MR and GR antagonists in these clinical settings. Importantly, obesity and Cushing's syndrome (CS) share metabolic similarities and are characterized by high levels of circulating corticosteroids, which in turn are able to deeply affect adipose tissue. In addition, pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing aldosterone and GC levels, by means of the inhibition of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) or 11β-HSD1, represent alternative strategies to counter the detrimental effects of excessive levels of corticosteroids, which are often observed in obesity and, more general, in MetS. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1425-1447, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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12
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Chang LL, Wun WSA, Wang PS. Nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism can be reversed/alleviated by inhibiting of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 44:1-12. [PMID: 27060500 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed that nonylphenol (NP) exposure during development resulted in increases in body weight and hyperadrenalism in adult male offspring. The mechanism of hyperadrenalism includes the primary activation of the adrenal gland and the conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to active glucocorticoids by 11β-HSD1. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is investigated as a new therapeutic approach. This study examined the effect of PF915275 (a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor) on hyperadrenalism and adipogenesis in male rats exposed to NP during development. The results showed that treatment with the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor PF915275 reversed/alleviated NP-induced hyperadrenalism via the following mechanisms: (1) decreasing serum corticosterone, 11β-hydroxylase, and aldosterone synthase levels; (2) significantly increasing PPARα protein and mRNA expression. In adipose tissue, NP significantly increased PPARγ mRNA expression, whereas PF915275 significantly decreased the level of mRNA expression; and (3) the expression of key regulators/enzymes in the adipogenesis metabolic pathway was also modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, ROC; Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC.
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13
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Boullu-Ciocca S, Tassistro V, Dutour A, Grino M. Pioglitazone in adult rats reverses immediate postnatal overfeeding-induced metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory alterations. Endocrine 2015; 50:608-19. [PMID: 26084260 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immediate postnatal overfeeding in rats, obtained by reducing the litter size, results in early-onset obesity. Such experimental paradigm programs overweight, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, increased adipose glucocorticoid metabolism [up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)], and overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) in adulthood. We studied the effects of pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, treatment on the above-mentioned overfeeding-induced alterations. Nine-month-old rats normofed or overfed during the immediate postnatal period were given pioglitazone (3 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Pioglitazone stimulated weight gain and induced a redistribution of adipose tissue toward epididymal location with enhanced plasma adiponectin. Treatment normalized postnatal overfeeding-induced metabolic alterations (increased fasting insulinemia and free fatty acids) and mesenteric overexpression of GR, 11β-HSD11, CD 68, and proinflammatory cytokines mRNAs, including plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1. Mesenteric GR mRNA levels correlated positively with mesenteric proinflammatory cytokines mRNA concentrations. In vitro incubation of MAT obtained from overfed rats demonstrated that pioglitazone induced a down-regulation of GR gene expression and normalized glucocorticoid-induced stimulation of 11β-HSD1 and plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 mRNAs. Our data show for the first time that the metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory alterations induced by early-onset postnatal obesity can be reversed by pioglitazone at the adulthood. They demonstrate that pioglitazone, in addition to its well-established effect on adipose tissue redistribution and adiponectin secretion, reverses programing-induced adipose GR, 11β-HSD1, and proinflammatory cytokines overexpression, possibly through a GR-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boullu-Ciocca
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - V Tassistro
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine, 13385, Marseille, France
- Inserm, UMR1062, "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis", 13385, Marseille, France
- INRA, UMR1260, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - A Dutour
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine, 13385, Marseille, France
- Inserm, UMR1062, "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis", 13385, Marseille, France
- INRA, UMR1260, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - M Grino
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine, 13385, Marseille, France.
- Inserm, UMR1062, "Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis", 13385, Marseille, France.
- INRA, UMR1260, 13385, Marseille, France.
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Kong X, Yu J, Bi J, Qi H, Di W, Wu L, Wang L, Zha J, Lv S, Zhang F, Li Y, Hu F, Liu F, Zhou H, Liu J, Ding G. Glucocorticoids transcriptionally regulate miR-27b expression promoting body fat accumulation via suppressing the browning of white adipose tissue. Diabetes 2015; 64:393-404. [PMID: 25187367 PMCID: PMC4876791 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-term glucocorticoid (GC) treatment induces central fat accumulation and metabolic dysfunction. We demonstrate that microRNA-27b (miR-27b) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of GC-induced central fat accumulation. Overexpression of miR-27b had the same effects as dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on the inhibition of brown adipose differentiation and the energy expenditure of primary adipocytes. Conversely, antagonizing miR-27b function prevented DEX suppression of the expression of brown adipose tissue-specific genes. GCs transcriptionally regulate miR-27b expression through a GC receptor-mediated direct DNA-binding mechanism, and miR-27b suppresses browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) by targeting the three prime untranslated region of Prdm16. In vivo, antagonizing miR-27b function in DEX-treated mice resulted in the efficient induction of brown adipocytes within WAT and improved GC-induced central fat accumulation. Collectively, these results indicate that miR-27b functions as a central target of GC and as an upstream regulator of Prdm16 to control browning of WAT and, consequently, may represent a potential target in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Kong
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Bi
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Qi
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Di
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanmin Zha
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lv
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Hu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Vodička M, Ergang P, Mikulecká A, Řeháková L, Klusoňová P, Makal J, Soták M, Musílková J, Zach P, Pácha J. Regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 7α-hydroxylase CYP7B1 during social stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89421. [PMID: 24586766 PMCID: PMC3931759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11HSD1) is an enzyme that amplifies intracellular glucocorticoid concentration by the conversion of inert glucocorticoids to active forms and is involved in the interconversion of 7-oxo- and 7-hydroxy-steroids, which can interfere with the activation of glucocorticoids. The presence of 11HSD1 in the structures of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suggests that this enzyme might play a role in the regulation of HPA output. Here we show that the exposure of Fisher 344 rats to mild social stress based on the resident-intruder paradigm increased the expression of 11HSD1 and CYP7B1, an enzyme that catalyzes 7-hydroxylation of steroids. We found that social behavioral profile of intruders was significantly decreased whereas their plasma levels of corticosterone were increased more than in residents. The stress did not modulate 11HSD1 in the HPA axis (paraventricular nucleus, pituitary, adrenal cortex) but selectively upregulated 11HSD1 in some regions of the hippocampus, amygdala and prelimbic cortex. In contrast, CYP7B1 was upregulated not only in the hippocampus and amygdala but also in paraventricular nucleus and pituitary. Furthermore, the stress downregulated 11HSD1 in the thymus and upregulated it in the spleen and mesenteric lymphatic nodes whereas CYP7B1 was upregulated in all of these lymphoid organs. The response of 11HSD1 to stress was more obvious in intruders than in residents and the response of CYP7B1 to stress predominated in residents. We conclude that social stress induces changes in enzymes of local metabolism of glucocorticoids in lymphoid organs and in brain structures associated with the regulation of the HPA axis. In addition, the presented data clearly suggest a role of 11HSD1 in modulation of glucocorticoid feedback of the HPA axis during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mikulecká
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Řeháková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Klusoňová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Makal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matúš Soták
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Musílková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zach
- Institute of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Objective This article reviews the state of the art regarding the association between glucocorticoid actions and both obesity and insulin resistance, two main features of the metabolic syndrome. Methods A methodological assessment of the literature on PubMed and SciELO databases was conducted by using the following terms: stress, metabolic syndrome, glucocorticoids, obesity, insulin resistance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Results Chronic stress, mainly through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, promotes the accumulation of visceral fat. Reciprocally, obesity promotes a systemic low-grade inflammation state, mediated by increased adipokine secretion, which can chronically stimulate and disturb stress system. This vicious cycle, probably initiated by visceral adipose tissue dysfunction, might be the trigger for the development of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Given the strong evidences linking glucocorticoid release, obesity and type 2 diabetes, better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this connection might be useful for prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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17
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Vasiljević A, Bursać B, Djordjevic A, Milutinović DV, Nikolić M, Matić G, Veličković N. Hepatic inflammation induced by high-fructose diet is associated with altered 11βHSD1 expression in the liver of Wistar rats. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1393-402. [PMID: 24389792 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High fructose consumption provokes metabolic perturbations that result in chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Glucocorticoids, potent anti-inflammatory hormones, have important role in pathogenesis of diet-induced metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to examine the link between glucocorticoid metabolism and inflammation in the liver of fructose-fed rats. METHODS Fructose-fed male Wistar rats consumed 60% fructose solution for 9 weeks. Glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism and signaling were analyzed by measuring the level of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression, as well as via determination of intracellular corticosterone concentration, glucocorticoid receptor subcellular distribution and expression of its target gene, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the level of inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) on Ser(307) were analyzed as markers of hepatic inflammation. The protein and/or mRNA levels of all examined molecules were assessed by Western blot and/or qPCR. RESULTS Fructose-rich diet led to an enhancement of 11βHSD1 protein level in the liver, without affecting intracellular level of corticosterone and downstream glucocorticoid signaling. On the other hand, proinflammatory state was achieved through NFκB activation and increased TNFα expression, while elevated level of inhibitory phosphorylation of IRS-1 was observed as an early hallmark of insulin resistance. CONCLUSION High-fructose diet does not influence hepatic glucocorticoid signaling downstream of the receptor, permitting development of NFκB-driven inflammation. The alteration in 11βHSD1 expression is most likely the consequence of enhanced inflammation, finally leading to disruption of insulin signaling in the rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vasiljević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Aulinas A, Valassi E, Webb SM. Pronóstico del paciente tratado de síndrome de Cushing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 61:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cho KD, Paek J, Kang JH, Chang D, Na KJ, Yang MP. Serum adipokine concentrations in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:429-36. [PMID: 24372863 PMCID: PMC4857983 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An excess of intra-abdominal fat is observed frequently in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Adipokine dysregulation is a possible cause of complications related to visceral obesity, but little information is available on adipokine in dogs with naturally occurring HAC. OBJECTIVES To examine the differences in the circulating adipokines concentrations in overweight dogs with and without pituitary-dependent HAC (PDH). ANIMALS Thirty healthy dogs and 15 client-owned dogs with PDH. METHODS Case-controlled observational study, which enrolled 15 overweight dogs diagnosed with PDH and 30 otherwise healthy dogs of similar body condition score. Nine of 15 dogs with PDH were treated with low-dose trilostane twice daily and reassessed after treatment. RESULTS The serum leptin (P < .0001) and insulin (P < .0001) concentrations were significantly higher in the PDH group (leptin, 22.8 ± 8.8 [mean ± SD]; insulin, 9.1 ± 6.1) than the healthy group (leptin, 4.9 ± 3.7; insulin, 1.9 ± 0.9). However, there were no significant differences in the adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels between the 2 groups. In the PDH group, the serum cortisol concentrations had a linear association with the leptin concentrations, and there were significant decreases in the leptin (P = .0039) and insulin (P = .0039) levels after trilostane treatment. However, the leptin and insulin levels remained higher after trilostane treatment than in healthy control dogs with similar body condition score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypercortisolemia in dogs with PDH might upregulate the circulating leptin levels. However, a large population-based study will be necessary to determine whether the upregulation of leptin is involved directly with the complications caused by HAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-D Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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20
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Winnick JJ, Ramnanan CJ, Saraswathi V, Roop J, Scott M, Jacobson P, Jung P, Basu R, Cherrington AD, Edgerton DS. Effects of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibition on hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E747-56. [PMID: 23403942 PMCID: PMC3625750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00639.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of prolonged 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) inhibition on basal and hormone-stimulated glucose metabolism in fasted conscious dogs. For 7 days prior to study, either an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (HSD1-I; n = 6) or placebo (PBO; n = 6) was administered. After the basal period, a 4-h metabolic challenge followed, where glucagon (3×-basal), epinephrine (5×-basal), and insulin (2×-basal) concentrations were increased. Hepatic glucose fluxes did not differ between groups during the basal period. In response to the metabolic challenge, hepatic glucose production was stimulated in PBO, resulting in hyperglycemia such that exogenous glucose was required in HSD-I (P < 0.05) to match the glycemia between groups. Net hepatic glucose output and endogenous glucose production were decreased by 11β-HSD1 inhibition (P < 0.05) due to a reduction in net hepatic glycogenolysis (P < 0.05), with no effect on gluconeogenic flux compared with PBO. In addition, glucose utilization (P < 0.05) and the suppression of lipolysis were increased (P < 0.05) in HSD-I compared with PBO. These data suggest that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of diseases characterized by insulin resistance and excessive hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Winnick
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - C. J. Ramnanan
- 2Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa School of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
| | - V. Saraswathi
- 3Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;
| | - J. Roop
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - M. Scott
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - P. Jacobson
- 4Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - P. Jung
- 4Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - R. Basu
- 5Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - A. D. Cherrington
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - D. S. Edgerton
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
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Anagnostis P, Katsiki N, Adamidou F, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Kita M, Mikhailidis DP. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors: novel agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and obesity-related disorders? Metabolism 2013; 62:21-33. [PMID: 22652056 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Cushing's syndrome share common features. It has been proposed that increased glucocorticoid activity at peripheral tissues may play a role in the pathogenesis of MetS and obesity-related disorders. It is well-known that intracellular cortisol concentrations are determined not only by plasma levels but also by the activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) which catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol, especially in the liver and adipose tissue. Another isoenzyme exists, the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, which acts in the opposite direction inactivating cortisol to cortisone in the kidney. This review considers the significance of the 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the treatment of several features of MetS and provides current data about the development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, as new agents for this purpose. MATERIALS/METHODS Using PubMed, we searched for publications during the last 20years regarding the development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. RESULTS Emerging data from animal and human studies indicate an association of 11β-HSD1 over-expression with obesity and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. This has led to the hypothesis that selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 could be used to treat MetS and diabetes. Indeed, natural products and older agents such as thiazolidinediones and fibrates seem to exert an inhibitory effect on 11β-HSD1, ameliorating the cardiometabolic profile. In view of this concept, novel compounds, such as adamantyltriazoles, arylsulfonamidothiazoles, anilinothiazolones, BVT2733, INCB-13739, MK-0916 and MK-0736, are currently under investigation and the preliminary findings from both experimental and human studies show a favourable effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, weight reduction and adipokine levels. CONCLUSIONS Many compounds inhibiting 11β-ΗSD1 are under development and preliminary data about their impact on glucose metabolism and obesity-related disorders are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos Str, Thessaloniki, 54 642, Greece.
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Cabrera Blatter M, del Prado B, Miceli D, Gomez N, Ivanic J, Di Tollo B, Gallelli M, Castillo V. Interleukin-6 and insulin incrase and nitric oxide and adiponectin decrease in blind dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Torrecilla E, Fernández-Vázquez G, Vicent D, Sánchez-Franco F, Barabash A, Cabrerizo L, Sánchez-Pernaute A, Torres AJ, Rubio MA. Liver upregulation of genes involved in cortisol production and action is associated with metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2012; 22:478-86. [PMID: 21964795 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-011-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, which converts cortisone (inactive) to cortisol, is downregulated in obesity. However, this compensation fails in obese with metabolic abnormalities, such as diabetes. To further characterize the tissue-specific cortisol regeneration in obesity, we have investigated the mRNA expression of genes related to local cortisol production, i.e., 11β-HSD1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) and cortisol action, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and a cortisol target gene, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver, and visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues from morbidly obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS Fifty morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, 14 men (mean age, 41.3 ± 3.5 years; BMI, 48.0 ± 3.6 kg/m(2)) and 36 women (mean age, 44.6 ± 1.9 years; BMI, 44.9 ± 1.2 kg/m(2)), were classified as having MS (MS+, n = 20) or not (MS-, n = 30). Tissue mRNA levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Hepatic mRNA levels of these genes were higher in obese patients with MS (11β-HSD1, P = 0.002; H6PDH, P = 0.043; GR, P = 0.033; PEPCK, P = 0.032) and positively correlated with the number of clinical characteristics that define the MS. The expression of the four genes positively correlated among them. In contrast to the liver, these genes were not differently expressed in VAT or SAT, when MS+ and MS- obese patients were compared. CONCLUSIONS Coordinated liver-specific upregulation of genes involved in local cortisol regeneration and action support the concept that local hepatic hypercortisolism contributes to development of MS in morbidly obese patients.
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Czegle I, Csala M, Mandl J, Benedetti A, Karádi I, Bánhegyi G. G6PT-H6PDH-11βHSD1 triad in the liver and its implication in the pathomechanism of the metabolic syndrome. World J Hepatol 2012; 4:129-38. [PMID: 22567185 PMCID: PMC3345537 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome, one of the most common clinical conditions in recent times, represents a combination of cardiometabolic risk determinants, including central obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing worldwide as a consequence of common overnutrition and consequent obesity. Although a unifying picture of the pathomechanism is still missing, the key role of the pre-receptor glucocorticoid activation has emerged recently. Local glucocorticoid activation is catalyzed by a triad composed of glucose-6-phosphate-transporter, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the endoplasmic reticulum. The elements of this system can be found in various cell types, including adipocytes and hepatocytes. While the contribution of glucocorticoid activation in adipose tissue to the pathomechanism of the metabolic syndrome has been well established, the relative importance of the hepatic process is less understood. This review summarizes the available data on the role of the hepatic triad and its role in the metabolic syndrome, by confronting experimental findings with clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Czegle
- Ibolya Czegle, István Karádi, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1125 Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence also suggests that increased cardiovascular risk may persist even after long-term remission of CS. Increased central obesity, a typical feature of CS, is associated with altered production of adipokines, which contributes to the pathogenesis of several metabolic and cardiovascular complications observed in this condition. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown a relationship between cortisol and adipokines in several experimental settings. In patients with either active or 'cured' CS, an increase in leptin and resistin levels as well as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. For other adipokines, including adiponectin, results are inconclusive. Studies are needed to further elucidate the interactions between clinical and subclinical increases in cortisol production and altered adipokine release in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Valassi
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Vagnerová K, Loukotová J, Ergang P, Musílková J, Mikšík I, Pácha J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ stimulates 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Steroids 2011; 76:577-81. [PMID: 21352843 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are metabolized in vascular tissue by two types of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11HSD1, 11HSD2) and thus these enzymes are considered to be important factors that modulate the diverse and complex effects of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular function. The present study evaluated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone on 11HSD1 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and compared the effect with that of corticosterone. Using primary cultures of VSMC derived from rat aorta, we showed that pioglitazone significantly increases 11HSD1 activity and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner with EC(50) 243 nM and that this effect is not blocked by RU 486, an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. In contrast, corticosterone had no effect on 11HSD1. Pioglitazone positively regulated transcription of two CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), specifically C/EBPα a potent activator of 11HSD1 gene transcription in some cells types, and C/EBPζ, whereas C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were not changed. In contrast, corticosterone stimulated the expression of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ, but the levels of C/EBPα and C/EBPζ were not changed. In conclusion, activation of PPARγ in VSMC up-regulates vascular 11HSD1 and thus reactivates 11-oxo metabolites to biologically active glucocorticoids through a mechanism that seems to involve C/EBPα and C/EBPζ. Our data provide one of the possible explanations for PPARγ agonists' effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Staab CA, Stegk JP, Haenisch S, Neiß E, Köbsch K, Ebert B, Cascorbi I, Maser E. Analysis of alternative promoter usage in expression of HSD11B1 including the development of a transcript-specific quantitative real-time PCR method. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fernández Vázquez G, Torrecilla García E, Rubio Herrera MÁ. El síndrome metabólico como síndrome de Cushing intrahepatocitario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 58:153-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have explored the etiologic or permissive role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) in obesity and Type 2 diabetes, biochemical conditions often with concurrent hyperinsulinism. In contrast, there are limited data on the effect of insulin deficiency (i.e. Type 1 diabetes) on 11β-HSD1 or endoplasmic reticulum enzymes that generate the reduced pyridine cofactor NADPH. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of insulin-deficient, streptozotozin diabetes on key microsomal enzymes involved in rat hepatic corticosterone production. METHODS After rats had been rendered diabetic with streptozotocin and some had been treated with insulin (2-6 units, s.c., long-acting insulin once daily) for 7 days, hepatic microsomes were isolated. Serum corticosterone and fructosamine were obtained premortem. Intact microsomes were incubated in vitro and 11β-HSD1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) measured. RESULTS Although diabetes markedly altered body weight gain and serum protein glycosylation (assessed by fructosamine), there was no significant change in hepatic 11β-HSD1 reductase activity, with or without insulin treatment. However, serum corticosterone levels were significantly correlated with 11β-HSD1 reductase activity when all groups were analyzed together (P < 0.05). Untreated diabetes modified (P < 0.01) two hepatic microsomal NADPH-generating enzymes, namely H6PDH and IDH, resulting in a 37% decrease and 14% increase in enzyme levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with most in vivo studies, chronic insulin deficiency with attendant hyperglycemia does not significantly modify hepatic 11β-HSD1 reductase activity, but does alter the activity of two microsomal enzymes coupled with pyridine cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Hyatt
- Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
The Metabolic Syndrome is a diagnosis of increasing prevalence that is noted to share multiple clinical features with Cushing's syndrome. Several studies suggest abnormalities in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis to be associated with this disease and tissue-specific hypercortisolemia is being investigated as a possible contributing factor. More research is needed to explore the relation between cortisol and the metabolic syndrome which, if confirmed, will have major therapeutic and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Krikorian
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Staab CA, Maser E. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is an important regulator at the interface of obesity and inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:56-72. [PMID: 20045052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic glucocorticoid excess, as exemplified by the Cushing syndrome, leads to obesity and all further symptoms of the metabolic syndrome. The current obesity epidemic, however, is not characterized by increased plasma cortisol concentrations, but instead comes along with chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue and concomitant increased levels of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1, gene HSD11B1), a parameter known to cause obesity in a mouse model. 11beta-HSD1 represents an intracellular amplifier of active glucocorticoid, thus enhances the associated effects on the inflammatory response as well as on nutrient and energy metabolism, and may therefore cause and exacerbate obesity by local increase of glucocorticoid concentrations. Obtained by extensive literature and database searching, the present review includes comprehensive lists of primary glucocorticoid-sensitive genes and gene products as well as of the thus far known regulators of HSD11B1 expression with implication in inflammation and metabolic disease. Collectively, the data clearly show that, in addition to amplifying active glucocorticoid and thus profoundly modulating inflammation and nutrient metabolism, 11beta-HSD1 is subject to tight control of multiple additional immunomodulatory and metabolic regulators. Hence, 11beta-HSD1 acts at the interface of inflammation and obesity and represents an efficient integrator and effector of local inflammatory and metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Staab
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Zhao LF, Iwasaki Y, Zhe W, Nishiyama M, Taguchi T, Tsugita M, Kambayashi M, Hashimoto K, Terada Y. Hormonal regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoenzyme gene transcription. Endocr J 2010; 57:317-24. [PMID: 20139635 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both glucocorticoid and insulin are known to have an anabolic effect on lipogenesis. Acetyl-CoA, an intermediate product of glycolysis, is supplied for fatty acid synthesis when carbohydrate intake is sufficient. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), consisting of two isoenzymes ACC1 and ACC2, mediates the conversion from acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, and thus plays a key role for the regulation of lipogenesis. In this study, we surveyed the effects of glucocorticoid and insulin on the transcriptional activity of the alternative promoters of ACCs (PI-PIII for ACC1, and PI and PII for ACC2) using the HepG2 human hepatocyte cell line in vitro. We also examined the roles of the insulin and/or glucose-regulated transcriptional factor(s) such as SREBP1c, LXRalpha/beta, and ChREBP on each promoter of the ACC genes. We found that both insulin and glucocorticoid had potent positive effects on all the promoters examined, and additive effects of both hormones were recognized in ACC1 PI and ACC2 PI. Furthermore, a representative insulin-responsive transcription factor SREBP1c showed significant stimulatory effects on all the promoters of ACC genes, among which those on ACC1 PIII and ACC2 PI were most prominent. On the other hand, the effect of LXRalpha was rather selective; it showed a marked stimulatory effect only on ACC1 PII. LXRbeta and ChREBP had minimal, if any, effects on some of the promoters. Altogether, our data suggest that insulin and glucocorticoid have positive effects on both ACC1 and ACC2 gene transcription. SREBP1c might be a master regulator of the expression of both genes regardless of the promoter utilized, whereas LXRalpha seems to play a promoter-specific role. Since ACC1 facilitates lipogenesis by stimulating fatty acid synthesis and ACC2 inhibits lipolysis, both insulin and glucocorticoid seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and/or hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
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Özçelik E, Uslu S, Kebapçı N, Kara M, Dokumacıoğlu A, Musmul A. Interrelations of serum leptin levels with adrenocorticotropic hormone, basal cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2010; 4:13-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Anagnostis P, Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Clinical review: The pathogenetic role of cortisol in the metabolic syndrome: a hypothesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2692-701. [PMID: 19470627 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease. The common characteristics of MetS and hypercortisolemic conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (CS) suggest that the pathogenesis of MetS and central obesity might involve prolonged and excessive exposure to glucocorticoids. The present review summarizes the evidence on the potential role of cortisol in the pathogenesis of MetS and discusses new therapeutic approaches for these patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Using PubMed, we searched for publications during the last 20 yr regarding the possible pathogenetic role of cortisol in the development of MetS. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Emerging data suggest that patients with MetS show hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which leads to a state of "functional hypercortisolism." The cause for this activation of the HPA axis remains uncertain but may be partly associated with chronic stress and/or low birth weight, which are both associated with increased circulating cortisol levels and greater responsiveness of the HPA axis. Increased exposure to cortisol contributes to increased fat accumulation in visceral depots. However, cortisol metabolism is not only centrally regulated. The action of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 at the tissue level also modulates cortisol metabolism. Increased 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 activity in adipose tissue and liver might contribute to the development of several features of the MetS. CONCLUSIONS MetS shares many characteristics of CS, and cortisol might play a role in the development of MetS at both a central and a peripheral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, University College London, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a causal relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic dysfunction. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors that promote atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, comprises central obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, manifestations of altered total body energy regulation. Excess caloric intake is indisputably the key driver of MetS, but other environmental and genetic factors likely play a role; in particular, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH), may induce or exacerbate various aspects of MetS. Clinical studies show that OSA can affect glucose metabolism, cholesterol, inflammatory markers, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Animal models of OSA enable scientists to circumvent confounders such as obesity in clinical studies. In the most widely used model, which involves exposing rodents to IH during their sleep phase, the IH alters circadian glucose homeostasis, impairs muscle carbohydrate uptake, induces hyperlipidemia, and upregulates cholesterol synthesis enzymes. Complicating factors such as obesity or a high-fat diet lead to progressive insulin resistance and liver inflammation, respectively. Mechanisms for these effects are not yet fully understood, but are likely related to energy-conserving adaptations to hypoxia, which is a strong catabolic stressor. Finally, IH may contribute to the morbidity of MetS by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Identification of OSA as a potential causative factor in MetS would have immense clinical impact and could improve the management and understanding of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Tsugita M, Iwasaki Y, Nishiyama M, Taguchi T, Shinahara M, Taniguchi Y, Kambayashi M, Terada Y, Hashimoto K. Differential regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 and -2 gene transcription by proinflammatory cytokines in vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2008; 83:426-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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