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Kugler BA, Thyfault JP, McCoin CS. Sexually dimorphic hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to exercise: a mini-review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:685-691. [PMID: 36701482 PMCID: PMC10027083 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00711.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a physiological stress that disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis while enhancing systemic metabolic energy demand mainly through the increased workload of skeletal muscle. Although the extensive focus has been on skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise, the liver senses these disruptions in metabolic energy homeostasis and responds to provide the required substrates to sustain increased demand. Hepatic metabolic flexibility is an energetically costly process that requires continuous mitochondrial production of the cellular currency ATP. To do so, the liver must maintain a healthy functioning mitochondrial pool, attained through well-regulated and dynamic processes. Intriguingly, some of these responses are sex-dependent. This mini-review examines the hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to exercise with a focus on sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Colin S McCoin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
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Abstract
The health benefits of regular exercise are well established. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for exercise-induced health benefits remain a topic of debate. One of the key cell-signaling candidates proposed to provide exercise-induced benefits is sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). SIRT3, an NAD+ dependent mitochondrial deacetylase, positively modulates many cellular processes, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and protection against oxidative stress. Although the exercise-induced change in SIRT3 signaling is a potential mechanism contributing to the health advantages of exercise on aging, studies investigating the impact of exercise on SIRT3 abundance in cells provide conflicting results. To resolve this conundrum, this narrative review provides a detailed analysis of the role that exercise-induced changes in SIRT3 play in providing the health and aging benefits associated with regular physical activity. We begin with an overview of SIRT3 function in cells followed by a comprehensive review of the impact of exercise on SIRT3 expression in humans and other mammalians. We then discuss the impact of SIRT3 on aging, followed by a thorough analysis of the cell-signaling links between SIRT3 and exercise-induced adaptation. Notably, to stimulate future research, we conclude with a discussion of key unanswered questions related to exercise, aging, and SIRT3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Research Institute of Molecular Exercise Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ricardo Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Molecular Exercise Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-304918224
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Yang Y, Wang W, Tian Y, Shi J. Sirtuin 3 and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP): A systematic review. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:103-111. [PMID: 35346868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a channel that opens at the inner mitochondrial membrane under conditions of stress. Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) is a mitochondrial deacetylase known to play a major role in stress resistance and a regulatory role in cell death. This systematic review aims to elucidate the role of Sirt3 in mPTP inhibition. Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched up to May 2020. Original studies that investigated the relationship between Sirt3 and mPTP were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study characteristics, methods and outcomes. A total of 194 articles were found. Twenty-nine articles, which met criteria were included in the systematic review. Twenty-three studies provided evidence of the inhibitory effect of Sirt3 on the mPTP aperture. This review summarizes up-to-date evidence of the protective and inhibitory role of Sirt3 through deacetylating Cyclophilin D (CypD) on the mPTP aperture. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of this effect in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Stevanović J, Beleza J, Coxito P, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise and liver "fitness": Role of mitochondrial function and epigenetics-related mechanisms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2020; 32:1-14. [PMID: 32029220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern lifestyles, especially high-caloric intake and physical inactivity, contribute to the increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which becomes a significant health problem worldwide. Lifestyle changes, however, affect not only parental generation, but also their offspring, reinforcing the need for efficient preventive approaches to deal with this disease. This transgenerational influence of phenotypes dependent on parents (particularly maternal) behaviours may open additional research avenues. Despite persistent attempts to design an effective pharmacological therapy against NAFLD, physical activity, as a non-pharmacological approach, emerges as an exciting strategy. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we briefly review the effect of physical exercise on liver mitochondria adaptations in NAFLD, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial metabolism and transgenerational and epigenetic mechanisms in liver diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A deeper look into cellular mechanisms sheds a light on possible effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD through modulation of function and structure of particular organelles, namely mitochondria. Additionally, despite of increasing evidence regarding the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of different diseases, the role of microRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modification in NAFLD pathogenesis still needs to be elucidated.
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Santos-alves E, Rizo-roca D, Marques-aleixo I, Coxito P, Martins S, Guimarães JT, Oliveira PJ, Torrella JR, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. Physical exercise positively modulates DOX-induced hepatic oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and quality control signaling. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Pillon Barcelos R, Freire Royes LF, Gonzalez-Gallego J, Bresciani G. Oxidative stress and inflammation: liver responses and adaptations to acute and regular exercise. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:222-236. [PMID: 28166653 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1291942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is remarkably important during exercise outcomes due to its contribution to detoxification, synthesis, and release of biomolecules, and energy supply to the exercising muscles. Recently, liver has been also shown to play an important role in redox status and inflammatory modulation during exercise. However, while several studies have described the adaptations of skeletal muscles to acute and chronic exercise, hepatic changes are still scarcely investigated. Indeed, acute intense exercise challenges the liver with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation onset, whereas regular training induces hepatic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory improvements. Acute and regular exercise protocols in combination with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplementation have been also tested to verify hepatic adaptations to exercise. Although positive results have been reported in some acute models, several studies have shown an increased exercise-related stress upon liver. A similar trend has been observed during training: while synergistic effects of training and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory supplementations have been occasionally found, others reported a blunting of relevant adaptations to exercise, following the patterns described in skeletal muscles. This review discusses current data regarding liver responses and adaptation to acute and regular exercise protocols alone or combined with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplementation. The understanding of the mechanisms behind these modulations is of interest for both exercise-related health and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo Pillon Barcelos
- a Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade de Passo Fundo , Passo Fundo , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica (PPGBTOx) , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica (PPGBTOx) , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Brazil.,c Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Gallego
- d Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , University of León , León , Spain
| | - Guilherme Bresciani
- e Grupo de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Salud (IRyS), Escuela de Educación Física , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso , Valparaiso , Chile
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Rizo-Roca D, Ríos-Kristjánsson JG, Núñez-Espinosa C, Santos-Alves E, Magalhães J, Ascensão A, Pagès T, Viscor G, Torrella JR. Modulation of mitochondrial biomarkers by intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and aerobic exercise after eccentric exercise in trained rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:683-693. [PMID: 28177702 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unaccustomed eccentric contractions induce muscle damage, calcium homeostasis disruption, and mitochondrial alterations. Since exercise and hypoxia are known to modulate mitochondrial function, we aimed to analyze the effects on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD) in trained rats using 2 recovery protocols based on: (i) intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) and (ii) IHH followed by exercise. The expression of biomarkers related to mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, oxidative stress, and bioenergetics was evaluated. Soleus muscles were excised before (CTRL) and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after an EEIMD protocol. The following treatments were applied 1 day after the EEIMD: passive normobaric recovery (PNR), 4 h daily exposure to passive IHH at 4000 m (PHR) or IHH exposure followed by aerobic exercise (AHR). Citrate synthase activity was reduced at 7 and 14 days after application of the EEIMD protocol. However, this reduction was attenuated in AHR rats at day 14. PGC-1α and Sirt3 and TOM20 levels had decreased after 1 and 3 days, but the AHR group exhibited increased expression of these proteins, as well as of Tfam, by the end of the protocol. Mfn2 greatly reduced during the first 72 h, but returned to basal levels passively. At day 14, AHR rats had higher levels of Mfn2, OPA1, and Drp1 than PNR animals. Both groups exposed to IHH showed a lower p66shc(ser36)/p66shc ratio than PNR animals, as well as higher complex IV subunit I and ANT levels. These results suggest that IHH positively modulates key mitochondrial aspects after EEIMD, especially when combined with aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rizo-Roca
- a Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Gabriel Ríos-Kristjánsson
- a Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- a Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,b School of Medicine, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile 621-0427
| | - Estela Santos-Alves
- c Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 4200-450
| | - José Magalhães
- c Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 4200-450
| | - António Ascensão
- c Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 4200-450
| | - Teresa Pagès
- a Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ginés Viscor
- a Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- a Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Pinto AP, da Rocha AL, Oliveira LDC, Morais GP, de Vicente LG, Cintra DE, Pauli JR, Moura LP, Ropelle ER, da Silva ASR. Levels of Hepatic Activating Transcription Factor 6 and Caspase-3 Are Downregulated in Mice after Excessive Training. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 29018408 PMCID: PMC5622940 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that different running overtraining (OT) protocols with the same external load, but performed downhill (OTR/down), uphill (OTR/up), and without inclination (OTR), led to hepatic fat accumulation. As the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is linked to animal models of fatty liver disease, we investigated the effects of these OT models on the proteins related to ER stress (i.e., BiP, inositol-requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, eIF2alpha, ATF6beta, and glucose-regulated protein 94) and apoptosis (C/EBP-homologous protein, Caspase-3, 4, and 12, Bax, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2) in livers of C57BL/6 mice. Also, aerobic training can attenuate cardiac ER stress and improve exercise capacity. Therefore, we investigated whether the decrease in performance induced by our OT protocols is linked to ER stress and apoptosis in mouse hearts. The rodents were divided into six groups: naïve (N, sedentary mice), control (CT, sedentary mice submitted to the performance evaluations), trained (TR), OTR/down, OTR/up, and OTR groups. Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive, and grip force tests were used to evaluate performance. After the grip force test, the livers and cardiac muscles (i.e., left ventricle) were removed and used for immunoblotting. All of the OT protocols led to similar responses in the performance parameters and displayed significantly lower hepatic ATF6beta values compared to the N group. The OTR/down group exhibited lower liver cleaved caspase-3 values compared to the CT group. However, the other proteins related to ER stress and apoptosis were not modulated. Also, the cardiac proteins related to ER stress and apoptosis were not modulated in the experimental groups. In conclusion, the OT protocols decreased the levels of hepatic ATF6beta, and the OTR/down group decreased the levels of hepatic cleaved caspase-3. Also, the decrease in performance induced by our OT models is not associated with ER stress and apoptosis in mice hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciana da C. Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P. Morais
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa G. de Vicente
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Leandro P. Moura
- Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Adelino S. R. da Silva,
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Santos-Alves E, Marques-Aleixo I, Rizo-Roca D, Torrella JR, Oliveira PJ, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. Exercise modulates liver cellular and mitochondrial proteins related to quality control signaling. Life Sci 2015; 135:124-30. [PMID: 26135624 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The effects of exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscle, including the increase on mitochondrial function, dynamics, biogenesis and autophagy signaling are well described. However, these same effects on liver mitochondria, important in the context of hepatocyte ability to mitigate drug-induced injury and obesity-related disorders, are not fully understood. Therefore, the effects of two distinct chronic exercise models (endurance training--ET and voluntary physical activity--VPA) on liver cellular and mitochondrial quality control were analyzed. MAIN METHODS Eighteen male-adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sedentary (SED), ET (12-week treadmill) and VPA (12-week voluntary free wheel). Liver mitochondrial alterations were evaluated by semi-quantification of proteins involved in oxidative stress (SIRT3, p66shc, p66(Ser36)), biogenesis (citrate synthase, PGC-1α and mtTFA), dynamics (MFN1, OPA1 and DRP1) and auto(mito)phagy (Beclin-1, Bcl-2, LC3II/LC3I, p62, Parkin and PINK) signaling. Liver ultrastructural alterations were also evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Both exercise models induced beneficial alterations on liver mitochondrial morphology and increased mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α and mtTFA), autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, LC3-II, LC3II/LC3I), and DRP1 and SIRT3 proteins. Increased citrate synthase activity and OPA1, p62 and Parkin content as well as decreased PINK protein levels were only observed after ET. VPA decreased OPA1, Beclin-1/Bcl-2, Parkin and p66(Ser36). Mitochondrial density and circularity increased in both exercised groups. SIGNIFICANCE Both chronic exercise models increased proteins related with mitochondrial biogenesis and alteration proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy signaling, suggesting that exercise can induce liver mitochondrial adaptive remodeling and hepatocyte renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Santos-Alves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - I Marques-Aleixo
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - D Rizo-Roca
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J R Torrella
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - P J Oliveira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Fletcher JA, Meers GM, Linden MA, Kearney ML, Morris EM, Thyfault JP, Rector RS. Impact of various exercise modalities on hepatic mitochondrial function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:1089-97. [PMID: 24263979 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to exercise are largely unknown. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of various exercise modalities on measures of hepatic mitochondrial function and metabolism. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n = 8-10 per group) into sedentary (SED), voluntary wheel running (VWR), VWR with food pulled during the dark cycle (VMR-OF), treadmill endurance exercise (TM-END; 30 m·min, 12% gradient, 60 min·d, 5 d·wk), or treadmill interval sprint training (TM-IST; 50 m·min, 12% gradient, 6 × 2.5 min bouts, 5 d·wk) groups for a 4-wk intervention. RESULTS Hepatic mitochondrial state 3 and maximal uncoupled respiration were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all four exercise groups compared with SED animals. In addition, hepatic mitochondrial [1-C] pyruvate oxidation to CO2, an index of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, was significantly increased in VWR-OF, TM-END, and TM-IST rats (P < 0.05), whereas exercise-induced increases in [2-C] pyruvate oxidation and [1-C] palmitate oxidation to CO2 did not reach statistical significance. Hepatic mitochondrial sirtuin 3 protein content, which putatively increases activity of mitochondrial proteins, was elevated in the VWR, VWR-OF, and TM-END groups (P < 0.05). In addition, only VWR-OF animals experienced increases in hepatic cytochrome c protein content and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA, whereas PGC-1α mRNA expression and phospho-CREB protein content was increased in VWR-OF and TM-END groups. CONCLUSION Four weeks of exercise training, regardless of exercise modality, significantly increased hepatic mitochondrial respiration and evoked other unique improvements in mitochondrial metabolism that do not appear to be dependent on increases in mitochondrial content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Fletcher
- 1Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO; 2Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and 3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Santos-Alves E, Marques-Aleixo I, Coxito P, Balça MM, Rizo-Roca D, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Martins S, Torrella JR, Oliveira PJ, Moreno AJ, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. Exercise mitigates diclofenac-induced liver mitochondrial dysfunction. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:668-77. [PMID: 24889192 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several strategies have been developed to counteract liver injury as a consequence of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs toxicity. Here, we aimed to determine whether physical exercise results in liver mitochondrial protection against in vitro diclofenac toxicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sedentary, 12-week endurance training (ET) and voluntary activity (VPA). In vitro liver mitochondrial function as assessed by oxygen consumption, transmembrane electric potential (ΔΨ) and susceptibility to the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) was evaluated in the absence and presence of diclofenac. Mitochondrial oxidative stress markers [MnSOD, aconitase, -SH and MDA, SIRT3, p66shc(Ser36)/p66shc ratio] and apoptotic signalling (caspases 3, 8 and 9, Bax, Bcl-2 and CypD) were assessed. Content of OXPHOS components and qualitative liver morphological evaluation were assessed. RESULTS Despite no effects of ET and VPA on basal liver mitochondrial oxygen consumption or ΔΨ endpoints, exercised animals showed lower susceptibility to MPTP. Diclofenac-induced decrease in ΔΨ, increased state 4 respiration and susceptibility to MPTP opening were all prevented by exercise. Under untreated conditions, VPA group showed higher aconitase activity, while ET decreased MDA and increased Bax content. VPA decreased p66shc(Ser36), complex III and V OXPHOS subunits. Both ET and VPA increased complex IV OXPHOS subunit, and SIRT3 and Bcl-2 content and decreased caspase 9 activity. Unexpectedly, ET and VPA decreased ANT. CONCLUSIONS Both chronic physical exercise models augmented the resistance to in vitro diclofenac-induced mitochondrial alterations, including increased MPTP susceptibility, possibly by modulating oxidative stress and MPTP regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Santos-Alves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Gonçalves IO, Passos E, Rocha-rodrigues S, Diogo CV, Torrella JR, Rizo D, Viscor G, Santos-alves E, Marques-aleixo I, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise prevents and mitigates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-induced liver mitochondrial structural and bioenergetics impairments. Mitochondrion 2014; 15:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gonçalves IO, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Exercise as a therapeutic tool to prevent mitochondrial degeneration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1184-94. [PMID: 24033085 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, encompassing hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis, is a significant health problem associated with modern lifestyle, based on caloric overconsumption and physical inactivity. Although the mechanisms associated with progression from the 'benign' steatosis to NASH are still elusive, mitochondrial dysfunction seems to play an important role in this degenerative process. Degeneration of mitochondrial function during NASH has been associated with impaired β-oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation and increased reactive oxygen species production, contributing to hepatocyte death and inflammatory response. Despite the fact that several therapeutic approaches can be used in the context of NASH, including insulin-sensitizing agents, anti-obesity drugs, lipid-lowering drugs or mitochondrial-targeted drugs, dietary and physical activity are still the most effective strategies. In fact, active lifestyles decrease insulin resistance and body weight and result in decreased histological signs of liver injury. In fatty liver, physical activity prevents the disease progression through mitochondrial adaptations, namely by increasing cytochrome c content, enzyme activities and fatty acid oxidation, which are lost after some days of physical inactivity. However, less is known about the effect of physical activity on NASH-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. After a brief characterization of NASH and its association with liver mitochondrial (dys)function, the present review addresses the impact of physical (in)activity on NASH and, particularly, the possible contribution of active lifestyles to the modulation of liver mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês O Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ascensão A, Martins MJ, Santos-alves E, Gonçalves IO, Portincasa P, Oliveira PJ, Magalhães J. Modulation of hepatic redox status and mitochondrial metabolism by exercise: Therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:862-70. [PMID: 23880173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hashimoto T, Yokokawa T, Endo Y, Iwanaka N, Higashida K, Taguchi S. Modest hypoxia significantly reduces triglyceride content and lipid droplet size in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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