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Ant Bursalı E. Novel Tannic Acid-Modified Cobalt-Based Metal-Organic Framework: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity. ACS Omega 2024; 9:18946-18956. [PMID: 38708246 PMCID: PMC11064010 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid inorganic-organic materials with typical porous structures and a unique morphology. Due to their diversity, they are extensively used in a wide range of applications such as environmental, catalysis, biomedicine, etc. In this study, a novel cobalt-based MOF modified with tannic acid (Co-TPA/TA) (TPA: terephthalic acid; TA: tannic acid) as a promising material for antimicrobial agents was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis and compared with an as-synthesized cobalt-based framework. Co-TPA/TA demonstrated good antimicrobial efficiency under optimum conditions against yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 with an inhibition zone ranging from 14 to 20 mm. Reduced ATP levels, generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane damage from cobalt ion release, and development of an alkaline microenvironment could all be contributing factors to the possible antimicrobial pathways. The novel framework can be obtained using simple, affordable, and easily accessible commercial ligands and is considered to have the potential to be used as an antimicrobial material in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ant Bursalı
- Department of Chemistry, Dokuz
Eylul University, Tınaztepe, Izmir 35390, Turkiye
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2
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Mutlu S, Ortaç B, Ozbey DH, Durgun E, Savaskan Yılmaz S, Arsu N. Laser-Driven Rapid Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Investigation of UV-NIR Optical Absorption, Luminescence, Photocatalytic Degradation, and Gas and Ion Adsorption Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:217. [PMID: 38257016 PMCID: PMC10820686 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we designed a platform based on a laser-driven approach for fast, efficient, and controllable MOF synthesis. The laser irradiation method was performed for the first time to synthesize Zn-based MOFs in record production time (approximately one hour) compared to all known MOF production methods with comparable morphology. In addition to well-known structural properties, we revealed that the obtained ZnMOFs have a novel optical response, including photoluminescence behavior in the visible range with nanosecond relaxation time, which is also supported by first-principles calculations. Additionally, photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue with ZnMOF was achieved, degrading the 10 ppm methylene blue (MB) solution 83% during 1 min of irradiation time. The application of laser technology can inspire the development of a novel and competent platform for a fast MOF fabrication process and extend the possible applications of MOFs to miniaturized optoelectronic and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Mutlu
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey;
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) and Institute of Materials Science Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (D.H.O.); (E.D.)
| | - Bülend Ortaç
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) and Institute of Materials Science Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (D.H.O.); (E.D.)
| | - Dogukan Hazar Ozbey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) and Institute of Materials Science Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (D.H.O.); (E.D.)
| | - Engin Durgun
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) and Institute of Materials Science Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (D.H.O.); (E.D.)
| | - Sevil Savaskan Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey;
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) and Institute of Materials Science Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (D.H.O.); (E.D.)
| | - Nergis Arsu
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul 34220, Turkey
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Jasim Al-Khafaji HH, Alsalamy A, Abed Jawad M, Ali Nasser H, Dawood AH, Hasan SY, Ahmad I, Gatea MA, Younis Albahadly WK. Synthesis of a novel Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS hydrogel with high capability in antimicrobial studies. Front Chem 2023; 11:1236580. [PMID: 37638100 PMCID: PMC10450620 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1236580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, we face the resistance of some bacterial strains against some antibiotics. Therefore, it is essential to report and synthesize new compounds with antimicrobial properties. A novel copper/dipicolinic acid-metal-organic framework cross-linked oxidized pectin and chitosan (Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS) hydrogel polymer was synthesized under environmental conditions with the controllable process, which uses biodegradable polymer compounds such as pectin and chitosan in its structure. The efficient physicochemical features of the synthesized Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS hydrogel using SEM, FT-IR, TGA, BET, XRD, and EDS/mapping were identified and confirmed. The newly synthesized Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS hydrogel showed activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and fungal species, and significant antibacterial and antifungal properties were observed. In antibacterial activity, the MIC against Gram-positive species was in the range of 16-128 mg/mL, the MIC against Gram-negative species was in the range of 64-256 mg/mL, and the MIC against fungal species was in the range of 128-512 mg/mL. In antimicrobial evaluations, in addition to the MIC test, the MBC test, the MFC test, and the IZD test were performed, and the results were reported. The results were compared with commercial antibiotics in the market. Development of novel nanostructures based on hydrogel polymers with distinctive functionality can affect the performance of these nanostructures in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Abed Jawad
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Al-Mansour, Iraq
| | - Hind Ali Nasser
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Ashour H. Dawood
- Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Esraa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saif Yaseen Hasan
- College of Health and Medical Technology, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Abdulfadhil Gatea
- Technical Engineering Department College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
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Oladipo AA, Derakhshan Oskouei S, Gazi M. Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2023; 14:631-673. [PMID: 37284550 PMCID: PMC10241095 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing trace levels of antibiotics and hormones in the environment and food samples are concerning and pose a threat. Opto-electrochemical sensors have received attention due to their low cost, portability, sensitivity, analytical performance, and ease of deployment in the field as compared to conventional expensive technologies that are time-consuming and require experienced professionals. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with variable porosity, active functional sites, and fluorescence capacity are attractive materials for developing opto-electrochemical sensors. Herein, the insights into the capabilities of electrochemical and luminescent MOF sensors for detection and monitoring of antibiotics and hormones from various samples are critically reviewed. The detailed sensing mechanisms and detection limits of MOF sensors are addressed. The challenges, recent advances, and future directions for the development of stable, high-performance MOFs as commercially viable next-generation opto-electrochemical sensor materials for the detection and monitoring of diverse analytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo
- Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eastern Mediterranean University, TR North Cyprus, Famagusta, via Mersin 10, Türkiye
| | - Saba Derakhshan Oskouei
- Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eastern Mediterranean University, TR North Cyprus, Famagusta, via Mersin 10, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Gazi
- Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eastern Mediterranean University, TR North Cyprus, Famagusta, via Mersin 10, Türkiye
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Yan F, Cheng F, Guo C, Liang G, Zhang S, Fang S, Zhang Z. Curcumin-regulated constructing of defective zinc-based polymer-metal-organic framework as long-acting antibacterial platform for efficient wound healing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:59-69. [PMID: 36924546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
A dual-modal antibacterial platform has been established for highly efficient wound healing infected by bacteria based on a defective zinc-based metal-organic framework composite, which was synthesized using 1,4-phthalic acid-based polyether polymer (L8) as ligand, curcumin as regulator, and Zn2+ as metal coordinated center (Cur@Zn-MOF). In addition to the integration of the features of polymer-MOF synthesized using L8 (such as high water stability and controllable and long-term release of Zn2+) and Zn-bioMOF prepared using curcumin as ligand (such as feasible release of curcumin and Zn2+ and good biocompatibility), the Cur@Zn-MOF bioplatform also possessed plenty of structure defects. Comparing with Zn-bioMOF and polyZn-MOF synthesized using the sole ligand, the smaller released amount of curcumin (6.08 μg mL-1) and higher release level of Zn2+ ions (5.68 μg mL-1) were simultaneously achieved for the defective Cur@Zn-MOF within a long-term duration (48 h). The synergistic effect afforded Cur@Zn-MOF the high sterilization performance toward Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) even at the low usage of 125 μg mL-1. The in vivo wound healing effect further confirmed the superior treatment ability of Cur@Zn-MOF toward the bacterium-infected wound. Also, the negligible cytotoxicity and low hemolysis of Cur@Zn-MOF greatly promoted the viability of human skin fibroblasts. Accordingly, this work can provide a new dual-modal bioplatform based on the functional MOF via the controllable release of antibacterial drug and metal ions for the efficient wound healing.
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Livesey TC, Mahmoud LAM, Katsikogianni MG, Nayak S. Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Biodegradable Composites for Controlled Delivery of Antimicrobial Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15. [PMID: 36678903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global crisis with an increasing number of untreatable or exceedingly difficult-to-treat bacterial infections, due to their growing resistance to existing drugs. It is predicted that AMR will be the leading cause of death by 2050. In addition to ongoing efforts on preventive strategies and infection control, there is ongoing research towards the development of novel vaccines, antimicrobial agents, and optimised diagnostic practices to address AMR. However, developing new therapeutic agents and medicines can be a lengthy process. Therefore, there is a parallel ongoing worldwide effort to develop materials for optimised drug delivery to improve efficacy and minimise AMR. Examples of such materials include functionalisation of surfaces so that they can become self-disinfecting or non-fouling, and the development of nanoparticles with promising antimicrobial properties attributed to their ability to damage numerous essential components of pathogens. A relatively new class of materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), is also being investigated for their ability to act as carriers of antimicrobial agents, because of their ultrahigh porosity and modular structures, which can be engineered to control the delivery mechanism of loaded drugs. Biodegradable polymers have also been found to show promising applications as antimicrobial carriers; and, recently, several studies have been reported on delivery of antimicrobial drugs using composites of MOF and biodegradable polymers. This review article reflects on MOFs and polymer-MOF composites, as carriers and delivery agents of antimicrobial drugs, that have been studied recently, and provides an overview of the state of the art in this highly topical area of research.
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Asiri M, Abdulsalam AG, Kahtan M, Alsaikhan F, Farhan I, Mutlak DA, Hadrawi SK, Suliman M, Di Lorenzo R, Laneri S. Synthesis of New Zirconium Magnetic Nanocomposite as a Bioactive Agent and Green Catalyst in the Four-Component Synthesis of a Novel Multi-Ring Compound Containing Pyrazole Derivatives. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4468. [PMID: 36558322 PMCID: PMC9784536 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
New nanocomposites containing zirconium were synthesized using microwave irradiation. Their structure was confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) curves, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. After the structure confirmation of the zirconium magnetic nanocomposite, the catalytic properties in the synthesis of pyrazole derivatives were investigated. Next, the biological activities of the zirconium magnetic nanocomposite, such as the antibacterial and antifungal activities, were investigated. The research results showed that the zirconium magnetic nanocomposite has high catalytic properties and can be used as a magnetic nanocatalyst for synthesizing heterocyclic compounds such as pyrazole derivatives in addition to having high biological properties. The unique properties of the nanoparticles can be attributed to their synthesis method and microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mustafa Kahtan
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad 10011, Iraq
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Issa Farhan
- Medical Physics Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | | | - Salema K. Hadrawi
- Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Muath Suliman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ritamaria Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
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Moghaddam-manesh M, Sargazi G, Roohani M, Zanjani NG, Khaleghi M, Hosseinzadegan S. Synthesis of PVA/Fe3O4@SiO2@CPS@SID@Ni as novel magnetic fibrous composite polymer nanostructures and evaluation of anti-cancer and antimicrobial activity. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yin M, Zhang L, Wei X, Sun J, Xu D. Detection of antibiotics by electrochemical sensors based on metal-organic frameworks and their derived materials. Microchem J 2022; 183:107946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bashar BS, Kareem HA, Hasan YM, Ahmad N, Alshehri AM, Al-Majdi K, Hadrawi SK, AL Kubaisy MMR, Qasim MT. Application of novel Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures as an antimicrobial agent and magnetic nanocatalyst in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Front Chem 2022; 10:1014731. [PMID: 36300031 PMCID: PMC9589061 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1014731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the microwave-assisted method, novel Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures were synthesized. The crystallinity, thermal stability, adsorption/desorption isotherms, morphology/size distribution, and magnetic hysteresis of synthesized Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures were characterized by XRD patterns, TGA curve, BET adsorption/desorption technique, SEM image, and VSM curve, respectively. After confirming the Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures, its antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacterial, Gram-negative bacterial, and fungal strains based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were studied. The MIC values in antimicrobial activity for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, between 16–128 μg/ml, and for fungal strain, 128 μg/ml were observed. The results showed that the high specific surface area of Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures caused the antimicrobial power of nanoparticles to be high, and the observed antimicrobial effects were higher than some known commercial antimicrobial drugs. Another advantage of the specific surface area of Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures was its high catalytic properties in the three-component reaction of isatin, malononitrile, and dimedone. New spiro [indoline-pyranopyrimidines] derivatives were synthesized with high efficiency. The catalytic activity results of Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures showed that, in addition to recyclability, derivatives could be synthesized in less time than previously reported methods. The results of investigating the catalytic activity of Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures showed that the spiro [indoline-pyranopyrimidines] derivatives were synthesized in the time range of 10–20 min with an efficiency of over 85%. As a final result, it can be concluded that the microwave synthesis method improves the unique properties of magnetic nanostructures, especially its specific surface area, and has increased its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar S. Bashar
- Department of Computing Technologies Engineering, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hawraa A. Kareem
- Anesthesia Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - Nafis Ahmad
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. M. Alshehri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadhum Al-Majdi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ashur University College, Baghdad, Iraq
- *Correspondence: Kadhum Al-Majdi,
| | - Salema K. Hadrawi
- Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Maytham T. Qasim
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
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Ahmad I, Jasim SA, Yasin G, Al-Qargholi B, Hammid AT. Synthesis and characterization of new 1,4-dihydropyran derivatives by novel Ta-MOF nanostructures as reusable nanocatalyst with antimicrobial activity. Front Chem 2022; 10:967111. [PMID: 36238096 PMCID: PMC9552082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.967111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel Ta- MOF was synthesized under mild conditions by ultrasound irradiations. The sample was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, TG and BET technique. The final structures showed high physicho-chemical properties including narrow particle size distribution, homogenous morphology, high thermal stability and remarkable surface area. Ta- MOF synthesized in this study was used as a catalyst in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyran derivatives. The results proved that it has a high catalyst capability. Its advantages include high recyclability, less reaction time with higher efficiency and synthesis of new1,4-dihydropyran derivatives. In the following, antimicrobial activity including antifungal and antibacterial activity of Ta- MOF nanoparticles based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Fungicidal Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration were evaluated. The synthesized Ta- MOF, in addition to high catalytic properties, showed high antimicrobial activity with MIC value between 16 and −256 μg/ml, and can be introduced as an agent against bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-maarif University College, Al-anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
- *Correspondence: Saade Abdalkareem Jasim,
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Basim Al-Qargholi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
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