Prostate cancer discrimination in the peripheral zone with a reduced field-of-view T(2)-mapping MRI sequence

Fast and accessible T2 mapping using off-resonance corrected DESPOT2 with application to 3D prostate

PURPOSE

Most T1 and T2 mapping take long acquisitions or needs specialized sequences not widely accessible on clinical scanners. An available solution is DESPOT1/T2 (Driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1/T2). DESPOT1/T2 uses Spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) and balanced Steady-State Free Precession (bSSFP) sequences, offering an accessible and reliable way for 3D accelerated T1/T2 mapping. However, bSSFP is prone to off-resonance artifacts, limiting the application of DESPOT2 in regions with high susceptibility contrasts, like the prostate. Our proposal, DESPO+, employs the full bSSFP and SPGR models with a dictionary-based method to reconstruct 3D T1/T2 maps in the prostate region without off-resonance banding.

METHODS

DESPO+ modifies the bSSFP acquisition of the original variable flip angle DESPOT2. DESPO+ uses variable repetition and echo times, employing a dictionary-based method of the full bSSFP and SPGR models to reconstruct T1, T2, and Proton Density (PD) simultaneously. The proposed DESPO+ method underwent testing through simulations, T1/T2 phantoms, and on fourteen healthy subjects.

RESULTS

The results reveal a significant reduction in T2 map banding artifacts compared to the original DESPOT2 method. DESPO+ approach reduced T2 errors by up to seven times compared to DESPOT2 in simulations and phantom experiments. We also synthesized in-vivo T1-weighted/T2-weighted images from the acquired maps using a spin-echo model to verify the map's quality when lacking a reference. For in-vivo imaging, the synthesized images closely resemble those from the clinical MRI protocol, reducing scan time by around 50% compared to traditional spin-echo T1-weighted/T2-weighted acquisitions.

CONCLUSION

DESPO+ provides an off-resonance insensitive and clinically available solution, enabling high-resolution 3D T1/T2 mapping and synthesized T1-weighted/T2-weighted images for the entire prostate, all achieved within a short scan time of 3.6 min, similar to DESPOT1/T2.

The quantitative parameters based on marrow metabolism derived from synthetic MRI: A pilot study of prognostic value in participants with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

The value of SyMRI-derived parameters from lumbar marrow for predicting early treatment response and optimizing the risk stratification of the Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) in participants with multiple myeloma (MM) is unknown.

METHODS

We prospectively enrolled participants with newly diagnosed MM before treatment. The SyMRI of lumbar marrow was used to calculate T1, T2, and PD values and the clinical features were collected. All participants were divided into good response (≥VGPR) and poor response (

RESULTS

Fifty-nine participants (good response, n = 33; poor response, n = 26) were evaluated. The bone marrow plasma cell percentage, β2-microglobulin, T1 and T2 value were difference between two groups (all p < 0.05). The T1 (odds ratio 1.003, p = 0.005) and T2 values (odds ratio 0.910, p = 0.002) were independent predictors and the AUC and cut-off values were 0.787, 967.2 ms and 0.784, 75.9 ms, respectively. There were no significant differences in SyMRI parameters between genders. Participants with both T1 value ≥967.2 ms and T2 value ≤75.9 ms in the R-ISS II stage were potentially to get poor response.

CONCLUSIONS

Synthetic MRI is a promising tool for predicting early treatment response to MM and promoting R-ISS II stage risk stratification.

Collapse

Key Words

• R‐ISS stage
• early treatment response
• magnetic resonance imaging
• multiple myeloma
• tumor burden

Collapse

MESH Headings

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Prognosis
• Multiple Myeloma/diagnostic imaging
• Multiple Myeloma/pathology
• Bone Marrow/diagnostic imaging
• Bone Marrow/pathology
• Pilot Projects
• Neoplasm Staging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Retrospective Studies

Collapse

Grants

• 82071898 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• National Natural Science Foundation of China

Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Sha Cui Department of Medical ImagingShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina Department of RadiologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Yinnan Guo Department of PainFifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Weiran Niu Department of Medical ImagingShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Jianting Li Department of RadiologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Wenjin Bian Department of Medical ImagingShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Wenqi Wu Department of RadiologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Wenjia Zhang Department of RadiologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Qian Zheng Department of RadiologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Jun Wang Department of RadiologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
Jinliang Niu Department of RadiologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina

Collapse

Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting: A Review of Clinical Applications

ABSTRACT

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is an approach to quantitative magnetic resonance imaging that allows for efficient simultaneous measurements of multiple tissue properties, which are then used to create accurate and reproducible quantitative maps of these properties. As the technique has gained popularity, the extent of preclinical and clinical applications has vastly increased. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of currently investigated preclinical and clinical applications of MRF, as well as future directions. Topics covered include MRF in neuroimaging, neurovascular, prostate, liver, kidney, breast, abdominal quantitative imaging, cardiac, and musculoskeletal applications.

P2T2: A physically-primed deep-neural-network approach for robust T2 distribution estimation from quantitative T2-weighted MRI

Estimating T₂ relaxation time distributions from multi-echo T₂-weighted MRI (T₂W) data can provide valuable biomarkers for assessing inflammation, demyelination, edema, and cartilage composition in various pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders, osteoarthritis, and tumors. Deep neural network (DNN) based methods have been proposed to address the complex inverse problem of estimating T₂ distributions from MRI data, but they are not yet robust enough for clinical data with low Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) and are highly sensitive to distribution shifts such as variations in echo-times (TE) used during acquisition. Consequently, their application is hindered in clinical practice and large-scale multi-institutional trials with heterogeneous acquisition protocols. We propose a physically-primed DNN approach, called P₂T₂, that incorporates the signal decay forward model in addition to the MRI signal into the DNN architecture to improve the accuracy and robustness of T₂ distribution estimation. We evaluated our P₂T₂ model in comparison to both DNN-based methods and classical methods for T₂ distribution estimation using 1D and 2D numerical simulations along with clinical data. Our model improved the baseline model's accuracy for low SNR levels (SNR<80) which are common in the clinical setting. Further, our model achieved a ∼35% improvement in robustness against distribution shifts in the acquisition process compared to previously proposed DNN models. Finally, Our P₂T₂ model produces the most detailed Myelin-Water fraction maps compared to baseline approaches when applied to real human MRI data. Our P₂T₂ model offers a reliable and precise means of estimating T₂ distributions from MRI data and shows promise for use in large-scale multi-institutional trials with heterogeneous acquisition protocols. Our source code is available at: https://github.com/Hben-atya/P2T2-Robust-T2-estimation.git.

Truly reproducible uniform estimation of the ADC with multi-b diffusion data- Application in prostate diffusion imaging

PURPOSE

The ADC is a well-established parameter for clinical diagnostic applications, but lacks reproducibility because it is also influenced by the choice diffusion weighting level. A framework is evaluated that is based on multi-b measurement over a wider range of diffusion-weighting levels and higher order tissue diffusion modeling with retrospective, fully reproducible ADC calculation.

METHODS

Averaging effect from curve fitting for various model functions at 20 linearly spaced b-values was determined by means of simulations and theoretical calculations. Simulation and patient multi-b image data were used to compare the new approach for diffusion-weighted image and ADC map reconstruction with and without Rician bias correction to an active clinical trial protocol probing three non-zero b-values.

RESULTS

Averaging effect at a certain b-value varies for model function and maximum b-value used. Images and ADC maps from the novel procedure are on-par with the clinical protocol. Higher order modeling and Rician bias correction is feasible, but comes at the cost of longer computation times.

CONCLUSIONS

Application of the new framework makes higher order modeling more feasible in a clinical setting while still providing patient images and reproducible ADC maps of adequate quality.

MR fingerprinting of the prostate

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has been adopted as the key tool for detection, localization, characterization, and risk stratification of patients suspected to have prostate cancer. Despite advantages over systematic biopsy, the interpretation of prostate mpMRI has limitations including a steep learning curve, leading to considerable interobserver variation. There is growing interest in clinical translation of quantitative imaging techniques for more objective lesion assessment. However, traditional mapping techniques are slow, precluding their use in the clinic. Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is an efficient approach for quantitative maps of multiple tissue properties simultaneously. The T₁ and T₂ values obtained with MRF have been validated with phantom studies as well as in normal volunteers and patients. Studies have shown that MRF-derived T₁ and T₂ along with ADC values are all significant independent predictors in the differentiation between normal prostate tissue and prostate cancer, and hold promise in differentiating low and intermediate/high-grade cancers. This review seeks to introduce the basics of the prostate MRF technique, discuss the potential applications of prostate MRF for the characterization of prostate cancer, and describes ongoing areas of research.

T2 mapping for the characterization of prostate lesions

Purpose

Purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative T2/ADC values in differentiating between PCa and lesions showing non-specific inflammatory infiltrates and atrophy, features of chronic prostatitis, as the most common histologically proven differential diagnosis.

Methods

In this retrospective, single-center cohort study, we analyzed 55 patients suspected of PCa, who underwent mpMRI (3T) including quantitative T2 maps before robot-assisted mpMRI-TRUS fusion prostate biopsy. All prostate lesions were scored according to PI-RADS v2.1. Regions of interest (ROIs) were annotated in focal lesions and normal prostate tissue. Quantitative mpMRI values from T2 mapping and ADC were compared using two-tailed t tests. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) and cutoff were calculated to differentiate between PCa and chronic prostatitis.

Results

Focal lesions showed significantly lower ADC and T2 mapping values than normal prostate tissue (p < 0.001). PCa showed significantly lower ADC and T2 values than chronic prostatitis (p < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of 0.85 (95% CI 0.74–0.97) for quantitative ADC values and 0.84 (95% CI 0.73–0.96) for T2 mapping. A significant correlation between ADC and T2 values was observed (r = 0.70; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

T2 mapping showed high diagnostic accuracy for differentiating between PCa and chronic prostatitis, comparable to the performance of ADC values.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00345-022-03991-8.

Value of T2 Mapping MRI for Prostate Cancer Detection and Classification

BACKGROUND

Currently, multi-parametric prostate MRI (mpMRI) consists of a qualitative T₂ , diffusion weighted, and dynamic contrast enhanced imaging. Quantification of T₂ imaging might further standardize PCa detection and support artificial intelligence solutions.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the value of T₂ mapping to detect prostate cancer (PCa) and to differentiate PCa aggressiveness.

STUDY TYPE

Retrospective single center cohort study.

POPULATION

Forty-four consecutive patients (mean age 67 years; median PSA 7.9 ng/mL) with mpMRI and verified PCa by subsequent targeted plus systematic MR/ultrasound (US)-fusion biopsy from February 2019 to December 2019.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

Standardized mpMRI at 3 T with an additionally acquired T₂ mapping sequence.

ASSESSMENT

Primary endpoint was the analysis of quantitative T₂ values and contrast differences/ratios (CD/CR) between PCa and benign tissue. Secondary objectives were the correlation between T₂ values, ISUP grade, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, and PI-RADS, and the evaluation of thresholds for differentiating PCa and clinically significant PCa (csPCa).

STATISTICAL TESTS

Mann-Whitney test, Spearman's rank (r_s ) correlation, receiver operating curves, Youden's index (J), and AUC were performed. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Median quantitative T₂ values were significantly lower for PCa in PZ (85 msec) and PCa in TZ (75 msec) compared to benign PZ (141 msec) or TZ (97 msec) (P < 0.001). CD/CR between PCa and benign PZ (51.2/1.77), respectively TZ (19.8/1.29), differed significantly (P < 0.001). The best T₂ -mapping threshold for PCa/csPCa detection was for TZ 81/86 msec (J = 0.929/1.0), and for PZ 110 msec (J = 0.834/0.905). Quantitative T₂ values of PCa did not correlate significantly with the ISUP grade (r_s  = 0.186; P = 0.226), ADC value (r_s  = 0.138; P = 0.372), or PI-RADS (r_s  = 0.132; P = 0.392).

DATA CONCLUSION

Quantitative T₂ values could differentiate PCa in TZ and PZ and might support standardization of mpMRI of the prostate. Different thresholds seem to apply for PZ and TZ lesions. However, in the present study quantitative T₂ values were not able to indicate PCa aggressiveness.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Clinical application of the therapeutic ultrasound in urologic disease: Part II of the therapeutic ultrasound in urology

This article aimed to review the clinical application and evidence of the therapeutic ultrasound in detail for urological diseases such as prostate cancer, kidney tumor, erectile dysfunction, and urolithiasis. We searched for articles about high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), extracorporeal shock wave therapy, ultrasound lithotripsy, and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the MEDLINE and Embase. HIFU may be indicated as a primary treatment for low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer, and salvage therapy for local recurrence as a promising way to address the limitations of current standard therapies. The application of HIFU in treating kidney tumors has scarcely been reported with unsatisfactory results. Evidence indicates that low-intensity shockwave therapy improves subjective and objective erectile function in patients with erectile dysfunction. Regarding the application of ultrasound in stone management, the novel combination of ultrasound lithotripsy and other energy sources in a single probe promises to be a game-changer in efficiently disintegrating large kidney stones in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. ESWL is losing its role in managing upper urinary tract calculi worldwide. The burst-wave lithotripsy and ultrasound propulsion could be the new hope to regain its position in the lithotripsy field. According to our investigations and reviews, cavitation bubbles of the therapeutic ultrasound are actively being used in the field of urology. Although clinical evidence has been accumulated in urological diseases such as prostate cancer, kidney tumor, erectile dysfunction, and lithotripsy, further development is needed to be a game-changer in treating these diseases.

Prostate Cancer Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Does the Choice of Diffusion-Weighting Level Matter?

BACKGROUND

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in multiparametric assessment of prostate lesions. The derived apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) could be a useful quantitative biomarker for malignant growth, but lacks acceptance because of low reproducibility.

PURPOSE

To investigate the impact of the choice of diffusion-weighting levels (b-values) on contrast-to-noise ratio and quantitative measures in prostate diffusion-weighted MRI.

STUDY TYPE

Retrospective and simulation based on published data.

SUBJECTS

Patient cohort (21 men with Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2 score ≥3) from a single-center study.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

3 T/diffusion-weighted imaging with single-shot echo-planar imaging.

ASSESSMENT

Both clinical data and simulations based on previously acquired data were used to quantify the influence of b-value choice in normal peripheral zone (PZ) and PZ tumor lesions. For clinical data, ADC was determined for different combinations of b-values. Contrast-to-noise ratio and quantitative diffusion measures were simulated for a wide range of b-values.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Tissue ADC and the lesion-to-normal tissue ADC ratios of different b-value combinations were compared with paired two-tailed Student's t-tests. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Findings about b-value dependence derived from clinical data and from simulations agreed with each other. Provided measurement was limited to two b-values, simulation-derived optimal b-value choices coincided with PI-RADSv2 recommendations. For two-point measurements, ADC decreased by 15% when the maximum b-value increased from 1000 to 1500 seconds/mm² , but corresponding lesion-to-normal tissue ADC ratio showed no significant change (P = 0.86 for acquired data). Simulations with three or more measurement points produced ADCs that declined by only 8% over this range of maximum b-value. Corresponding ADC ratios declined between 2.6% (three points) and 3.8% (21 points). Simulations also revealed an ADC reduction of about 19% with the shorter echo and diffusion time evaluated.

DATA CONCLUSION

The comprehensive assessment of b-value dependence permits better formulation of protocol and analysis recommendations for obtaining reproducible results in prostate cancer diffusion-weighted MRI.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Artificial intelligence and imaging biomarkers for prostate radiation therapy during and after treatment

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used in the management of prostate cancer (PCa). Quantitative MRI (qMRI) parameters, derived from multi-parametric MRI, provide indirect measures of tumour characteristics such as cellularity, angiogenesis and hypoxia. Using Artificial Intelligence (AI), relevant information and patterns can be efficiently identified in these complex data to develop quantitative imaging biomarkers (QIBs) of tumour function and biology. Such QIBs have already demonstrated potential in the diagnosis and staging of PCa. In this review, we explore the role of these QIBs in monitoring treatment response during and after PCa radiotherapy (RT). Recurrence of PCa after RT is not uncommon, and early detection prior to development of metastases provides an opportunity for salvage treatments with curative intent. However, the current method of monitoring treatment response using prostate-specific antigen levels lacks specificity. QIBs, derived from qMRI and developed using AI techniques, can be used to monitor biological changes post-RT providing the potential for accurate and early diagnosis of recurrent disease.

Quantitative T2*-Weighted Imaging and Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Rectal Cancer: Correlation of R2* and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient With Histopathological Prognostic Factors

Purpose

To assess T2*-weighted imaging (T2*WI) and reduced field-of-view diffusion-weighted Imaging (rDWI) derived parameters and their relationships with histopathological factors in patients with rectal cancer.

Methods

Fifty-four patients with pathologically-proven rectal cancer underwent preoperative T2*-weighted imaging and rDWI in this retrospective study. R2* values from T2*-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values from rDWI were compared in terms of different histopathological prognostic factors using student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. The correlations of R2* and ADC with prognostic factors were assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. The diagnostic performances of R2* and ADC were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) separately and jointly.

Results

Significant positive correlation was found between R2* values and T stage, lymph node involvement, histological grades, CEA level, the presence of EMVI and tumor deposit (r = 0.374 ~ 0.673, p = 0.000–0.006), with the exception of CA19-9 level, CRM status and tumor involvement in the circumference lumen (TIL). Meanwhile, ADC values negatively correlated with almost all the prognostic factors (r = −0.588 to −0.299, p = 0.000–0.030), except CA19-9 level. The AUC range was 0.724–0.907 for R2* and 0.674–0.887 for ADC in discrimination of different prognostic factors. While showing the highest AUC of 0.913 (0.803–1.000) in differentiation of T stage, combination of R2* and ADC with reference to different prognostic factors did not significantly improve the diagnostic performance in comparison with individual R2*/ADC parameter.

Conclusions

R2* and ADC were associated with important histopathological prognostic factors of rectal cancer. R2* might act as additional quantitative imaging marker for tumor characterization of rectal cancer.

Fast T2 mapping using multi-echo spin-echo MRI: A linear order approach

PURPOSE

Multi-echo spin-echo sequence is commonly used for T2 mapping. The estimated values using conventional exponential fit, however, are hampered by stimulated and indirect echoes leading to overestimation of T2 . Here, we present fast analysis of multi-echo spin-echo (FAMESE) as a novel approach to decrease the complexity of the search space, which leads to accelerated measurement of T2 .

METHODS

We developed FAMESE based on mathematical analysis of the Bloch equations in which the search space dimension decreased to only one. Then, we tested it in both phantom and human brain. Bland-Altman plot was used to assess the agreement between the estimated T2 values from FAMESE and the ones estimated from single-echo spin-echo sequence. The reliability of FAMESE was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients. In addition, we investigated the noise stability of the method in synthetic and experimental data.

RESULTS

In both phantom and healthy participants, FAMESE provided accelerated and SNR-resistant T2 maps. The FAMESE had a very good agreement with the single-echo spin echo for the whole range of T2 values. The intraclass correlation coefficient values for FAMESE were excellent (ie, 0.9998 and 0.9860 < intraclass correlation coefficient < 0.9942 for the phantom and humans, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our developed method FAMESE could be considered as a candidate for rapid T2 mapping with a clinically feasible scan time.

Distortion-free 3D diffusion imaging of the prostate using a multishot diffusion-prepared phase-cycled acquisition and dictionary matching

PURPOSE

To achieve three-dimensional (3D) distortion-free apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for prostate imaging using a multishot diffusion prepared-gradient echo (msDP-GRE) sequence and ADC dictionary matching.

METHODS

The msDP-GRE sequence is combined with a 3D Cartesian, centric k-space trajectory with center oversampling. Oversampled k-space center averaging and phase cycling are used to address motion- and eddy current-induced magnitude corruption. Extended-phase-graph (EPG) simulations and ADC dictionary matching are used to compensate for T₁ effects. To shorten the acquisition time, each volume is undersampled by a factor of two and reconstructed using iterative sensitivity encoding. The proposed approach is characterized using simulations and validated in a kiwifruit phantom, comparing the msDP-GRE ADC maps obtained using both standard monoexponential fitting and dictionary matching with the clinical standard single-shot diffusion weighted-echo planar imaging (ssDW-EPI) ADC. Initial in vivo feasibility is tested in three healthy subjects, and geometric distortion is compared with anatomical T₂ -weighted-turbo spin echo.

RESULTS

In the kiwifruit phantom experiment, the signal magnitude could be recovered using k-space center averaging and phase cycling. No statistically significant difference was observed in the ADC values estimated using msDP-GRE with dictionary matching and clinical standard DW-EPI (P < .05). The in vivo prostate msDP-GRE scans were free of geometric distortion caused by off-resonance susceptibility, and the ADC values in the prostate were in agreement with values found in the published literature.

CONCLUSION

Nondistorted 3D ADC maps of the prostate can be achieved using a msDP sequence and dictionary matching.

Clinical utility of combined T2-weighted imaging and T2-mapping in the detection of prostate cancer: a multi-observer study

Background

To evaluate the clinical utility of combined T2-weighted imaging and T2-mapping for the detection of prostate cancer.

Methods

Forty patients underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and T2-mapping of the prostate. Three readers each reviewed two sets of images: T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence (standard T2), and standard T2 in combination with T2-mapping. Each reader assigned probability scores for malignancy to each zone [peripheral zone (PZ) or transition zone (TZ)]. Inter-observer variability for standard T2 and combined standard T2 with T2-mapping were assessed. Diagnostic accuracy was compared between standard T2 and combined standard T2 with T2-mapping.

Results

There was fair agreement between all three readers for standard T2 [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) =0.56] and combined standard T2 with T2-mapping (ICC =0.58). There was no significant difference in the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve for standard T2 compared to combined standard T2 with T2-mapping (0.89 vs. 0.82, P=0.31). Sensitivity (Sn) for combined standard T2 with T2-mapping was significantly higher compared to standard T2 alone (73.0% vs. 49.2%, P=0.006). Specificity (Sp) for combined standard T2 with T2-mapping was borderline significantly lower compared to standard T2 alone (89.3% vs. 94.9%, P=0.05). There was no significant differences between the negative predictive values (NPVs) and positive predictive values (PPVs) (P=0.07, P=0.45).

Conclusions

Combination of T2-weighted imaging and T2-mapping could potentially increase Sn for prostate malignancy compared to T2-weighted imaging alone.

Novel T2 Mapping for Evaluating Cervical Cancer Features by Providing Quantitative T2 Maps and Synthetic Morphologic Images: A Preliminary Study

BACKGROUND

The application value of T₂ mapping in evaluating cervical cancer (CC) features remains unclear.

PURPOSE

To investigate the role of T₂ values in evaluating CC classification, grade, and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) in comparison to apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and to compare synthetic T₂ -weighted (T₂ W) images calculated from T₂ values to conventional T₂ W images for CC staging.

STUDY TYPE

Retrospective.

POPULATION

Sixty-three patients with histopathologically confirmed CC.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

3T, conventional T₂ W turbo spin-echo, diffusion-weighted echo-planar, and accelerated T₂ mapping sequence.

ASSESSMENT

T₂ and ADC values between different pathological features of CC were compared. The diagnostic accuracies of conventional and synthetic T₂ W images in staging were also compared.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Parameters were compared using an independent t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the chi-square test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed.

RESULTS

The T₂ values varied significantly between well/moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors ([92.8 ± 9.5 msec] vs. [83.8 ± 9.5 msec], P < 0.05) and between LVSI-positive and LVSI-negative CC ([82.2 ± 8.2 msec] vs. [93.9 ± 9.1 msec], P < 0.05). The ADC values showed a significant difference for grade ([0.76 ± 0.10 × 10^-3 mm² /s] vs. [0.65 ± 0.11 × 10^-3 mm² /s], P < 0.05) and no difference for LVSI status ([0.71 ± 0.11× 10^-3 mm² /s] vs. [0.73 ± 0.12× 10^-3 mm² /s], P = 0.472). There was no significant difference in T₂ and ADC values between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (P = 0.378 and P = 0.661, respectively). In MRI staging, the conventional and synthetic T₂ W images resulted in a similar accuracy (71% vs. 68%, P = 0.698).

DATA CONCLUSION

The accelerated T₂ mapping sequence may facilitate grading and staging of CC by providing quantitative T₂ maps and synthetic T₂ W images in one acquisition. T₂ values may be superior to ADC in predicting LVSI.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1859-1869.

Diagnosis and Grading of Prostate Cancer by Relaxation Maps From Synthetic MRI

BACKGROUND

The interpretation system for prostate MRI is largely based on qualitative image contrast of different tissue types. Therefore, a fast, standardized, and robust quantitative technique is necessary. Synthetic MRI is capable of quantifying multiple relaxation parameters, which might have potential applications in prostate cancer (PCa).

PURPOSE

To investigate the use of quantitative relaxation maps derived from synthetic MRI for the diagnosis and grading of PCa.

STUDY TYPE

Prospective.

SUBJECTS

In all, 94 men with pathologically confirmed PCa or benign pathological changes.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

T₁ -weighted imaging, T₂ -weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and synthetic MRI at 3.0T.

ASSESSMENT

Four kinds of tissue types were identified on pathology, including PCa, stromal hyperplasia (SH), glandular hyperplasia (GH), and noncancerous peripheral zone (PZ). PCa foci were grouped as low-grade (LG, Gleason score ≤6) and intermediate/high-grade (HG, Gleason score ≥7). Regions of interest were manually drawn by two radiologists in consensus on parametric maps according to the pathological results.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

RESULTS

T₁ and T₂ values of PCa were significantly lower than SH (P = 0.015 and 0.002). The differences of T₁ and T₂ values between PCa and noncancerous PZ were also significant (P ≤ 0.006). The area under the curve (AUC) of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was significantly higher than T₁ , T₂ , and proton density (PD) values in discriminating PCa from SH and noncancerous PZ (P ≤ 0.025). T₂ , PD, and ADC values demonstrated similar diagnostic performance in discriminating LG from HG PCa (AUC = 0.806 [0.640-0.918], 0.717 [0.542-0.854], and 0.817 [0.652-0.925], respectively; P ≥ 0.535).

DATA CONCLUSION

Relaxation maps derived from synthetic MRI were helpful for discriminating PCa from other benign pathologies. But the overall diagnostic performance was inferior to the ADC values. T₂ , PD, and ADC values performed similarly in discriminating LG from HG PCa lesions.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:552-564.

Accelerated Segmented Diffusion-Weighted Prostate Imaging for Higher Resolution, Higher Geometric Fidelity, and Multi-b Perfusion Estimation

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to improve the geometric fidelity and spatial resolution of multi-b diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An accelerated segmented diffusion imaging sequence was developed and evaluated in 25 patients undergoing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the prostate. A reduced field of view was acquired using an endorectal coil. The number of sampled diffusion weightings, or b-factors, was increased to allow estimation of tissue perfusion based on the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model. Apparent diffusion coefficients measured with the proposed segmented method were compared with those obtained with conventional single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI).

RESULTS

Compared with single-shot EPI, the segmented method resulted in faster acquisition with 2-fold improvement in spatial resolution and a greater than 3-fold improvement in geometric fidelity. Apparent diffusion coefficient values measured with the novel sequence demonstrated excellent agreement with those obtained from the conventional scan (R = 0.91 for bmax = 500 s/mm and R = 0.89 for bmax = 1400 s/mm). The IVIM perfusion fraction was 4.0% ± 2.7% for normal peripheral zone, 6.6% ± 3.6% for normal transition zone, and 4.4% ± 2.9% for suspected tumor lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed accelerated segmented prostate diffusion imaging sequence achieved improvements in both spatial resolution and geometric fidelity, along with concurrent quantification of IVIM perfusion.

The factors predicting upgrading of prostate cancer by using International Society for Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 Gleason grading system

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the factors to predict Gleason score upgrading (GSU) of patients with prostate cancer who were evaluated by using the International Society for Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 Gleason grading system.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Between January 2008 and December 2015, we retrospectively investigated patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy and followed up in the uro-oncology outpatient clinic. The pathologic specimens of the patients were evaluated based on the ISUP 2014 classification system. The patients were divided into two groups with or without upgraded Gleason scores. Factors that could be effective in predicting upgrading such as age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, D'Amico risk classification, PSA density, cancer of the prostate risk assessment (CAPRA) scores, biopsy tumor percentage, body mass index, and clinical stage parameters were compared between both groups.

RESULTS

Of the 265 patients who could be evaluated and followed up regularly, Gleason score upgrades were observed in 110 (41.5%) patients. Advanced age (p=0.009), PSA >20 ng/mL (p=0.036), PSA density >0.35 (p=0.005), high CAPRA score (p=0.031), and high biopsy tumor percentage (p=0.009) were discovered to be correlated with Gleason score upgrade in univariate logistic regression analysis. Advanced age alone was a predictor for GSU in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p=0.002). Five-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rate was 86% in the non-GSU group and 55% in the GSU group (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

GSU risk should be taken into consideration in making therapeutic decisions for older patients with prostate cancer, and precautions should be taken against development of aggressive disease.

Accelerated dynamic contrast enhanced MRI based on region of interest compressed sensing

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue contrast with one significant limitation of slow data acquisition. Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is one of the widely employed techniques to estimate tumor tissue physiological parameters using contrast agents. DCE-MRI data acquisition and reconstruction requires high spatiotemporal resolution, especially during the post-contrast phase. The region of Interest Compressed Sensing (ROICS) is based on Compressed Sensing (CS) framework and works on the hypothesis that limiting CS to an ROI can achieve superior CS performance. In this work, ROICS has been demonstrated on breast DCE-MRI data at chosen acceleration factors and the results are compared with conventional CS implementation. Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) was calculated to compare ROICS with CS quantitatively. CS and ROICS reconstructed images were used to compare K^trans and v_e values derived using standard Tofts Model (TM). This also validated the superior performance of ROICS over conventional CS. ROICS generated Concentration Time Curves (CTC's) at chosen acceleration factors follow similar trend as the ground truth data as compared to CS. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses show that ROICS outperforms CS particularly at acceleration factors of 5× and above.

Targeted Biopsy Validation of Peripheral Zone Prostate Cancer Characterization With Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting and Diffusion Mapping

OBJECTIVE

This study aims for targeted biopsy validation of magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) and diffusion mapping for characterizing peripheral zone (PZ) prostate cancer and noncancers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred four PZ lesions in 85 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging were retrospectively analyzed with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping, MRF, and targeted biopsy (cognitive or in-gantry). A radiologist blinded to pathology drew regions of interest on targeted lesions and visually normal peripheral zone on MRF and ADC maps. Mean T1, T2, and ADC were analyzed using linear mixed models. Generalized estimating equations logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate T1 and T2 relaxometry combined with ADC in differentiating pathologic groups.

RESULTS

Targeted biopsy revealed 63 cancers (low-grade cancer/Gleason score 6 = 10, clinically significant cancer/Gleason score ≥7 = 53), 15 prostatitis, and 26 negative biopsies. Prostate cancer T1, T2, and ADC (mean ± SD, 1660 ± 270 milliseconds, 56 ± 20 milliseconds, 0.70 × 10 ± 0.24 × 10 mm/s) were significantly lower than prostatitis (mean ± SD, 1730 ± 350 milliseconds, 77 ± 36 milliseconds, 1.00 × 10 ± 0.30 × 10 mm/s) and negative biopsies (mean ± SD, 1810 ± 250 milliseconds, 71 ± 37 milliseconds, 1.00 × 10 ± 0.33 × 10 mm/s). For cancer versus prostatitis, ADC was sensitive and T2 specific with comparable area under curve (AUC; (AUCT2 = 0.71, AUCADC = 0.79, difference between AUCs not significant P = 0.37). T1 + ADC (AUCT1 + ADC = 0.83) provided the best separation between cancer and negative biopsies. Low-grade cancer T2 and ADC (mean ± SD, 75 ± 29 milliseconds, 0.96 × 10 ± 0.34 × 10 mm/s) were significantly higher than clinically significant cancers (mean ± SD, 52 ± 16 milliseconds, 0.65 ± 0.18 × 10 mm/s), and T2 + ADC (AUCT2 + ADC = 0.91) provided the best separation.

CONCLUSIONS

T1 and T2 relaxometry combined with ADC mapping may be useful for quantitative characterization of prostate cancer grades and differentiating cancer from noncancers for PZ lesions seen on T2-weighted images.

Accelerated 3D T2 mapping with dictionary-based matching for prostate imaging

PURPOSE

To develop a fast and accurate method for 3D T2 mapping of prostate cancer using undersampled acquisition and dictionary-based fitting.

METHODS

3D high-resolution T2 -weighted images (0.9 × 0.9 × 3 mm3 ) were obtained with a multishot T2 -prepared balanced steady-state free precession (T2 -prep-bSSFP) acquisition sequence using a 3D variable density undersampled Cartesian trajectory. Each T2 -weighted image was reconstructed using total variation regularized sensitivity encoding. A flexible simulation framework based on extended phase graphs generated a dictionary of magnetization signals, which was customized to the proposed sequence. The dictionary was matched to the acquired T2 -weighted images to retrieve quantitative T2 values, which were then compared to gold-standard spin echo acquisition values using monoexponential fitting. The proposed approach was validated in simulations and a T1 /T2 phantom, and feasibility was tested in 8 healthy subjects.

RESULTS

The simulation analysis showed that the proposed T2 mapping approach is robust to noise and typically observed T1 variations. T2 values obtained in the phantom with T2 prep-bSSFP and the acquisition-specific, dictionary-based matching were highly correlated with the gold-standard spin echo method (r = 0.99). Furthermore, no differences were observed with the accelerated acquisition compared to the fully sampled acquisition (r = 0.99). T2 values obtained in prostate peripheral zone, central gland, and muscle in healthy subjects (age, 26 ± 6 years) were 97 ± 14, 76 ± 7, and 36 ± 3 ms, respectively.

CONCLUSION

3D quantitative T2 mapping of the whole prostate can be achieved in 3 minutes.

Evaluating the accuracy of multicomponent T2 parameters for luminal water imaging of the prostate with acceleration using inner-volume 3D GRASE

PURPOSE

Prostate cancer can be detected using a multicomponent T₂ mapping technique termed luminal water imaging. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) To accelerate the luminal water imaging acquisition by using inner volume selection as part of a gradient and spin echo sequence, and 2) to evaluate the accuracy of luminal water fractions and multicomponent T₂ relaxation times.

METHODS

The accuracy of parameter estimates was assessed using Monte Carlo simulations, in phantom experiments and in the prostate (in 5 healthy subjects). Two fitting methods, nonnegative least squares and biexponential fitting with stimulated echo correction, were compared.

RESULTS

Results demonstrate that inner volume selection in a gradient and spin echo sequence is effective for accelerating prostate luminal water imaging by at least threefold. Evaluation of the accuracy shows that the estimated luminal water fractions are relatively accurate, but the short- and long-T₂ relaxation times should be interpreted with caution in noisy scenarios (SNR < 100) and when the corresponding fractions are small ( < 0.5). The mean luminal water fractions obtained at SNR above 100 are 0.27 ± 0.07 for the peripheral zone for both fitting methods, 0.16 ± 0.04 for the transition zone with nonnegative least squares, and 0.16 ± 0.03 for the transition zone with biexponential fitting including stimulated echo correction.

CONCLUSION

The shortened scan duration allows the luminal water imaging sequence to be easily integrated into a standard multiparametric prostate MRI protocol.

Prostate cancer detection using quantitative T2 and T2 -weighted imaging: The effects of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in men on active surveillance

BACKGROUND

T₂ -weighted imaging (T₂ -WI) information has been used in a qualitative manner in the assessment of prostate cancer. Quantitative derivatives (T₂ relaxation time) can be generated from T₂ -WI. These outputs may be useful in helping to discriminate clinically significant prostate cancer from background signal.

PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS

To investigate changes in quantitative T₂ parameters in lesions and noncancerous tissue of men on active surveillance for prostate cancer taking dutasteride 0.5 mg or placebo daily for 6 months.

STUDY TYPE

Retrospective.

POPULATION/SUBJECTS

Forty men randomized to 6 months of daily dutasteride (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20).

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

Multiparametric 3T MRI at baseline and 6 months. This included a multiecho MR sequence for quantification of the T₂ relaxation times, in three regions of interest (index lesion, noncancerous peripheral [PZ] and transitional [TZ] zones). A synthetic signal contrast (T₂ Q contrast) between lesion and noncancerous tissue was assessed using quantitative T₂ values. Signal contrast was calculated using the T₂ -weighted sequence (T₂ W contrast).

ASSESSMENT

Two radiologists reviewed the scans in consensus according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS v. 2) guidelines.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U-tests, Spearman's correlation.

RESULTS

When compared to noncancerous tissue, shorter T₂ values were observed within lesions at baseline (83.5 and 80.5 msec) and 6 months (81.5 and 81.9 msec) in the placebo and dutasteride arm, respectively. No significant differences for T₂ W contrast at baseline and after 6 months were observed, both in the placebo (0.40 [0.29-0.49] vs. 0.43 [0.25-0.49]; P = 0.881) and dutasteride arm (0.35 [0.24-0.47] vs. 0.37 [0.22-0.44]; P = 0.668). There was a significant, positive correlation between the T₂ Q contrast and the T₂ W contrast values (r = 0.786; P < 0.001).

DATA CONCLUSION

The exposure to antiandrogen therapy did not significantly influence the T₂ contrast or the T₂ relaxation values in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1646-1653.

Pathologic correlation of transperineal in-bore 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging-guided prostate biopsy samples with radical prostatectomy specimen

PURPOSE

To determine the accuracy of in-bore transperineal 3-Tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided prostate biopsies for predicting final Gleason grades in patients who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy (RP).

METHODS

A retrospective review of men who underwent transperineal MR imaging-guided prostate biopsy (tpMRGB) with subsequent radical prostatectomy within 1 year was conducted from 2010 to 2015. All patients underwent a baseline 3-T multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) with endorectal coil and were selected for biopsy based on MR findings of a suspicious prostate lesion and high degree of clinical suspicion for cancer. Spearman correlation was performed to assess concordance between tpMRGB and final RP pathology among patients with and without previous transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsies.

RESULTS

A total of 24 men met all eligibility requirements, with a median age of 65 years (interquartile range [IQR] 11.7). The median time from biopsy to RP was 85 days (IQR 50.5). Final pathology revealed Gleason 3 + 4 = 7 in 12 patients, 4 + 3 = 7 in 10 patients, and 4 + 4 = 8 in 2 patients. A strong correlation (ρ: +0.75, p < 0.001) between tpMRGB and RP results was observed, with Gleason scores concordant in 17 cases (71%). 16 of the 24 patients underwent prior TRUS biopsies. Subsequent tpMRGB revealed Gleason upgrading in 88% of cases, which was concordant with RP Gleason scores in 69% of cases (ρ: +0.75, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Final Gleason scores diagnosed by tpMRGB at 3-T correlate strongly with final RP surgical pathology. This may facilitate prostate cancer diagnosis, particularly in patients with negative or low-grade TRUS biopsy results in whom clinically significant cancer is suspected or detected on mpMRI.

Performance of a fast and high-resolution multi-echo spin-echo sequence for prostate T2 mapping across multiple systems

PURPOSE

To evaluate the performance of a multi-echo spin-echo sequence with k-t undersampling scheme (k-t T₂ ) in prostate cancer.

METHODS

Phantom experiments were performed at five systems to estimate the bias, short-term repeatability, and reproducibility across all systems expressed with the within-subject coefficient of variation (wCV). Monthly measurements were performed on two systems for long-term repeatability estimation. To evaluate clinical repeatability, two T₂ maps (voxel size 0.8 × 0.8 × 3 mm³ ; 5 min) were acquired at separate visits on one system for 13 prostate cancer patients. Repeatability was assessed per patient in relation to spatial resolution. T₂ values were compared for tumor, peripheral zone, and transition zone.

RESULTS

Phantom measurements showed a small bias (median = -0.9 ms) and good short-term repeatability (median wCV = 0.5%). Long-term repeatability was 0.9 and 1.1% and reproducibility between systems was 1.7%. The median bias observed in patients was -1.1 ms. At voxel level, the median wCV was 15%, dropping to 4% for structures of 0.5 cm³ . The median tumor T₂ values (79 ms) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in the peripheral zone (149 ms), but overlapped with the transition zone (91 ms).

CONCLUSIONS

Reproducible T₂ mapping of the prostate is feasible with good spatial resolution in a clinically reasonable scan time, allowing reliable measurement of T₂ in structures as small as 0.5 cm³ . Magn Reson Med 79:1586-1594, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia after prostatic arterial embolization in a canine model: A 3T multiparametric MRI and whole-mount step-section pathology correlated longitudinal study

PURPOSE

To explore the morphological and functional characteristics of prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) in a canine model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with 3T multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and whole-mount step-section pathology correlation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight adult male beagle dogs with hormone-induced BPH underwent 3T mp-MRI before and 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE, with subsequent whole-mount step-section pathologic assessment. Images were acquired using T₁ -weighted images (T₁ WI), T₂ WI, 3D-SPACE, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), T₂ -mapping, and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) sequences. Variance analysis was performed to assess statistical differences in prostatic volume (PV), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and T₂ values. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to correlate ADC, T₂ , and PV.

RESULTS

The PV decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE from (25.88 ± 7.09) cm³ to (6.48 ± 2.08) cm³ , (6.48 ± 3.39) cm³ , (6.20 ± 2.88) cm³ . The ADC values sequentially decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE from (1497.06 ± 222.72) × 10^-6 mm² /s to (1056.00 ± 189.46) × 10^-6 mm² /s, (950.48 ± 77.85) × 10^-6 mm² /s, (980.98 ± 107.78) × 10^-6 mm² /s. The T₂ values decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE were (83.74 ± 5.29) msec, (68.72 ± 5.66) msec, (53.96 ± 15.04) msec, (49.81 ± 13.34) msec, respectively. ADC and T₂ values were positively correlated with PV (r = 0.823 and 0.744, respectively). Microhemorrhages and hemosiderin were found on SWI after PAE.

CONCLUSION

3T mp-MRI may facilitate noninvasive assessment of morphological and functional changes of BPH after PAE.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1220-1229.

Development of a Combined MR Fingerprinting and Diffusion Examination for Prostate Cancer

Purpose To develop and evaluate an examination consisting of magnetic resonance (MR) fingerprinting-based T1, T2, and standard apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping for multiparametric characterization of prostate disease. Materials and Methods This institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study of prospectively collected data included 140 patients suspected of having prostate cancer. T1 and T2 mapping was performed with fast imaging with steady-state precession-based MR fingerprinting with ADC mapping. Regions of interest were drawn by two independent readers in peripheral zone lesions and normal-appearing peripheral zone (NPZ) tissue identified on clinical images. T1, T2, and ADC were recorded for each region. Histopathologic correlation was based on systematic transrectal biopsy or cognitively targeted biopsy results, if available. Generalized estimating equations logistic regression was used to assess T1, T2, and ADC in the differentiation of (a) cancer versus NPZ, (b) cancer versus prostatitis, (c) prostatitis versus NPZ, and (d) high- or intermediate-grade tumors versus low-grade tumors. Analysis was performed for all lesions and repeated in a targeted biopsy subset. Discriminating ability was evaluated by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results In this study, 109 lesions were analyzed, including 39 with cognitively targeted sampling. T1, T2, and ADC from cancer (mean, 1628 msec ± 344, 73 msec ± 27, and 0.773 × 10^-3 mm²/sec ± 0.331, respectively) were significantly lower than those from NPZ (mean, 2247 msec ± 450, 169 msec ± 61, and 1.711 × 10^-3 mm²/sec ± 0.269) (P < .0001 for each) and together produced the best separation between these groups (AUC = 0.99). ADC and T2 together produced the highest AUC of 0.83 for separating high- or intermediate-grade tumors from low-grade cancers. T1, T2, and ADC in prostatitis (mean, 1707 msec ± 377, 79 msec ± 37, and 0.911 × 10^-3 mm²/sec ± 0.239) were significantly lower than those in NPZ (P < .0005 for each). Interreader agreement was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient greater than 0.75 for both T1 and T2 measurements. Conclusion This study describes the development of a rapid MR fingerprinting- and diffusion-based examination for quantitative characterization of prostatic tissue. ^© RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Identifying radiation-induced survivorship syndromes affecting bowel health in a cohort of gynecological cancer survivors

Background

During radiotherapy unwanted radiation to normal tissue surrounding the tumor triggers survivorship diseases; we lack a nosology for radiation-induced survivorship diseases that decrease bowel health and we do not know which symptoms are related to which diseases.

Methods

Gynecological-cancer survivors were followed-up two to 15 years after having undergone radiotherapy; they reported in a postal questionnaire the frequency of 28 different symptoms related to bowel health. Population-based controls gave the same information. With a modified factor analysis, we determined the optimal number of factors, factor loadings for each symptom, factor-specific factor-loading cutoffs and factor scores.

Results

Altogether data from 623 survivors and 344 population-based controls were analyzed. Six factors best explain the correlation structure of the symptoms; for five of these a statistically significant difference (P< 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test) was found between survivors and controls concerning factor score quantiles. Taken together these five factors explain 42 percent of the variance of the symptoms. We interpreted these five factors as radiation-induced syndromes that may reflect distinct survivorship diseases. We obtained the following frequencies, defined as survivors having a factor loading above the 95 percent percentile of the controls, urgency syndrome (190 of 623, 30 percent), leakage syndrome (164 of 623, 26 percent), excessive gas discharge (93 of 623, 15 percent), excessive mucus discharge (102 of 623, 16 percent) and blood discharge (63 of 623, 10 percent).

Conclusion

Late effects of radiotherapy include five syndromes affecting bowel health; studying them and identifying the underlying survivorship diseases, instead of the approximately 30 long-term symptoms they produce, will simplify the search for prevention, alleviation and elimination.

Role of Multiparametric MR Imaging in Malignancies of the Urogenital Tract

Multiparametric MR imaging (mpMRI) combine different sequences that, properly tailored, can provide qualitative and quantitative information about the tumor microenvironment beyond traditional tumor size measures and/or morphologic assessments. This article focuses on mpMRI in the evaluation of urogenital tract malignancies by first reviewing technical aspects and then discussing its potential clinical role. This includes insight into histologic subtyping and grading of renal cell carcinoma and assessment of tumor response to targeted therapies. The clinical utility of mpMRI in the staging and grading of ureteral and bladder tumors is presented. Finally, the evolving role of mpMRI in prostate cancer is discussed.

Validation of T1 and T2 algorithms for quantitative MRI: performance by a vendor-independent software

Background

Determination of the relaxation time constants T1 and T2 with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used for both research and clinical practice. Recently, groups have been formed within the Society of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance to address issues with relaxometry. However, so far they have avoided specific recommendations on methodology due to lack of consensus and current evolving research. Standardised widely available software may simplify this process.

The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate vendor-independent T1 and T2 mapping modules and implement those in the versatile and widespread software Segment, freely available for research and FDA approved for clinical applications.

Results

The T1 and T2 mapping modules were developed and validated in phantoms at 1.5 T and 3 T with reference standard values calculated from reference pulse sequences using the Nelder-Mead Simplex optimisation method. The proposed modules support current commonly available MRI pulse sequences and both 2- and 3-parameter curve fitting. Images acquired in patients using three major vendors showed vendor-independence. Bias and variability showed high agreement with T1 and T2 reference standards for T1 (range 214–1752 ms) and T2 (range 45–338 ms), respectively.

Conclusions

The developed and validated T1 and T2 mapping and quantification modules generated relaxation maps from current commonly used MRI sequences and multiple signal models. Patient applications showed usability for three major vendors.

Computer-aided Detection of Prostate Cancer with MRI: Technology and Applications

One in six men will develop prostate cancer in his lifetime. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of the disease can improve cancer survival and reduce treatment costs. Recently, imaging of prostate cancer has greatly advanced since the introduction of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI). Mp-MRI consists of T2-weighted sequences combined with functional sequences including dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging. Because of the big data and variations in imaging sequences, detection can be affected by multiple factors such as observer variability and visibility and complexity of the lesions. To improve quantitative assessment of the disease, various computer-aided detection systems have been designed to help radiologists in their clinical practice. This review paper presents an overview of literatures on computer-aided detection of prostate cancer with mp-MRI, which include the technology and its applications. The aim of the survey is threefold: an introduction for those new to the field, an overview for those working in the field, and a reference for those searching for literature on a specific application.

Multiparametric prostate MRI: focus on T2-weighted imaging and role in staging of prostate cancer

Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) represents a growing modality for the non-invasive evaluation of prostate cancer (PCa) and is increasingly being used for patients with persistently elevated PSA and prior negative biopsies, for monitoring patients in active surveillance protocols, for preoperative characterization of cancer for surgical planning, and in planning for MRI-targeted biopsy. The focus of this work is twofold. First, we review the key role of T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) in mpMRI, specifically outlining how it is used for anatomic evaluation of the prostate, detection of clinically significant PCa, assessment of extraprostatic extension (EPE), and mimics of PCa on this sequence. We will also discuss optimal technical acquisition parameters for this sequence and recent technical advancements in T2WI. Second, we will delineate the role that mpMRI plays in the staging of PCa and describe the implications of the information that mpMRI can provide in determining the most appropriate management plan for the patient with PCa.