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Drinovac Vlah V, Bach-Rojecky L. Mirror-Image Pain Update: Complex Interactions Between Central and Peripheral Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04102-x. [PMID: 38602655 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The appearance of contralateral effects after unilateral injury has been shown in various experimental pain models, as well as in clinics. They consist of a diversity of phenomena in contralateral peripheral nerves, sensory ganglia, or spinal cord: from structural changes and altered gene or protein expression to functional consequences such as the development of mirror-image pain (MP). Although MP is a well-documented phenomenon, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the induction and maintenance of mirror-like spread of pain is still an unresolved challenge. MP has generally been explained by central sensitization mechanisms leading to facilitation of pain impulse transfer through neural connections between the two sides of the central nervous system. On the contrary, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) was usually regarded unlikely to evoke such a symmetrical phenomenon. However, recent findings provided evidence that events in the PNS could play a significant role in MP induction. This manuscript provides an updated and comprehensive synthesis of the MP phenomenon and summarizes the available data on the mechanisms. A more detailed focus is placed on reported evidence for peripheral mechanisms behind the MP phenomenon, which were not reviewed up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Višnja Drinovac Vlah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Domagojeva 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bach-Rojecky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Domagojeva 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sanchez JE, Noor S, Sun MS, Zimmerly J, Pasmay A, Sanchez JJ, Vanderwall AG, Haynes MK, Sklar LA, Escalona PR, Milligan ED. The FDA-approved compound, pramipexole and the clinical-stage investigational drug, dexpramipexole, reverse chronic allodynia from sciatic nerve damage in mice, and alter IL-1β and IL-10 expression from immune cell culture. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137419. [PMID: 37558176 PMCID: PMC10552878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
During the onset of neuropathic pain from a variety of etiologies, nociceptors become hypersensitized, releasing neurotransmitters and other factors from centrally-projecting nerve terminals within the dorsal spinal cord. Consequently, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) in the spinal cord are activated and mediate the release of proinflammatory cytokines that act to enhance pain transmission and sensitize mechanical non-nociceptive fibers which ultimately results in light touch hypersensitivity, clinically observed as allodynia. Pramipexole, a D2/D3 preferring agonist, is FDA-approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and demonstrates efficacy in animal models of inflammatory pain. The clinical-stage investigational drug, R(+) enantiomer of pramipexole, dexpramipexole, is virtually devoid of D2/D3 agonist actions and is efficacious in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The current experiments focus on the application of a mouse model of sciatic nerve neuropathy, chronic constriction injury (CCI), that leads to allodynia and is previously characterized to generate spinal glial activation with consequent release IL-1β. We hypothesized that both pramipexole and dexpramipexole reverse CCI-induced chronic neuropathy in mice, and in human monocyte cell culture studies (THP-1 cells), pramipexole prevents IL-1β production. Additionally, we hypothesized that in rat primary splenocyte culture, dexpramixole increases mRNA for the anti-inflammatory and pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). Results show that following intravenous pramipexole or dexpramipexole, a profound decrease in allodynia was observed by 1 hr, with allodynia returning 24 hr post-injection. Pramipexole significantly blunted IL-1β protein production from stimulated human monocytes and dexpramipexole induced elevated IL-10 mRNA expression from rat splenocytes. The data support that clinically-approved compounds like pramipexole and dexpramipexole support their application as anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate chronic neuropathy, and provide a blueprint for future, multifaceted approaches for opioid-independent neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - S Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - M S Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - J Zimmerly
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - A Pasmay
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - J J Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - A G Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - M K Haynes
- Center for Molecular Discovery (CMD) Innovation, Discovery and Training Complex (IDTC), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - L A Sklar
- Center for Molecular Discovery (CMD) Innovation, Discovery and Training Complex (IDTC), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - P R Escalona
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque NM 87108, USA
| | - E D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Ma Q, Su D, Huo J, Yin G, Dong D, Duan K, Cheng H, Xu H, Ma J, Liu D, Mou B, Peng J, Cheng L. Microglial Depletion does not Affect the Laterality of Mechanical Allodynia in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1229-1245. [PMID: 36637789 PMCID: PMC10387012 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-01017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical allodynia (MA), including punctate and dynamic forms, is a common and debilitating symptom suffered by millions of chronic pain patients. Some peripheral injuries result in the development of bilateral MA, while most injuries usually led to unilateral MA. To date, the control of such laterality remains poorly understood. Here, to study the role of microglia in the control of MA laterality, we used genetic strategies to deplete microglia and tested both dynamic and punctate forms of MA in mice. Surprisingly, the depletion of central microglia did not prevent the induction of bilateral dynamic and punctate MA. Moreover, in dorsal root ganglion-dorsal root-sagittal spinal cord slice preparations we recorded the low-threshold Aβ-fiber stimulation-evoked inputs and outputs of superficial dorsal horn neurons. Consistent with behavioral results, microglial depletion did not prevent the opening of bilateral gates for Aβ pathways in the superficial dorsal horn. This study challenges the role of microglia in the control of MA laterality in mice. Future studies are needed to further understand whether the role of microglia in the control of MA laterality is etiology-or species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dongmei Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiantao Huo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangjuan Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaifang Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huiling Xu
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Mou
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jiyun Peng
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Longzhen Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Department of Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Huang CN, Chen YM, Xiao XY, Zhou HL, Zhu J, Qin HM, Jiang X, Li Z, Zhuang T, Zhang GS. Pregabalin can interact synergistically with Kv7 channel openers to exert antinociception in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175870. [PMID: 37353189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common public health problem and remains an unmet medical need. Currently available analgesics usually have limited efficacy for the treatment of chronic pain, including neuropathic pain and persistent inflammatory pain, or they are accompanied by many adverse side effects. The voltage-gated calcium channel blocker (pregabalin) and potassium channel openers (flupirtine and retigabine) have been widely used for the management of chronic pain, but their effectiveness in combination is unclear. In this research, we evaluated the antinociceptive effects of pregabalin in combination with flupirtine or retigabine in carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain and paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice using the von Frey test. Isobolographic analysis indicated that pregabalin exerted synergistic antinociceptive effects when combined with flupirtine or retigabine in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effects of pregabalin, flupirtine/retigabine, and their combinations were significantly attenuated by the Kv7 channel blocker XE991. The favored dose ratio between pregabalin and flupirtine/retigabine in combinations was also investigated. Finally, we evaluated the motor coordination of their combinations using the rotarod test, and the outcomes underpinned their safety. Collectively, our results support the potential use of pregabalin in combination with flupirtine or retigabine to alleviate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yan-Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xin-Yi Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zongzheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
| | - Gui-Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Rathmell JP. Kristin Schreiber, M.D., Ph.D., a Recipient of the 2022 James E. Cottrell, M.D., Presidential Scholar Award. Anesthesiology 2022; 137:399-402. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li QY, Chen SX, Liu JY, Yao PW, Duan YW, Li YY, Zang Y. Neuroinflammation in the anterior cingulate cortex: the potential supraspinal mechanism underlying the mirror-image pain following motor fiber injury. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:162. [PMID: 35725625 PMCID: PMC9210588 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerve inflammation or lesion can affect contralateral healthy structures, and thus result in mirror-image pain. Supraspinal structures play important roles in the occurrence of mirror pain. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a first-order cortical region that responds to painful stimuli. In the present study, we systematically investigate and compare the neuroimmune changes in the bilateral ACC region using unilateral- (spared nerve injury, SNI) and mirror-(L5 ventral root transection, L5-VRT) pain models, aiming to explore the potential supraspinal neuroimmune mechanism underlying the mirror-image pain. Methods The up-and-down method with von Frey hairs was used to measure the mechanical allodynia. Viral injections for the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) were used to modulate ACC glutamatergic neurons. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blotting, protein microarray were used to detect the regulation of inflammatory signaling. Results Increased expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and chemokine CX3CL1 in ACC induced by unilateral nerve injury were observed on the contralateral side in the SNI group but on the bilateral side in the L5-VRT group, representing a stronger immune response to L5-VRT surgery. In remote ACC, both SNI and L5-VRT induced robust bilateral increase in the protein level of Nav1.6 (SCN8A), a major voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) that regulates neuronal activity in the mammalian nervous system. However, the L5-VRT-induced Nav1.6 response occurred at PO 3d, earlier than the SNI-induced one, 7 days after surgery. Modulating ACC glutamatergic neurons via DREADD-Gq or DREADD-Gi greatly changed the ACC CX3CL1 levels and the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold. Neutralization of endogenous ACC CX3CL1 by contralateral anti-CX3CL1 antibody attenuated the induction and the maintenance of mechanical allodynia and eliminated the upregulation of CX3CL1, TNF-α and Nav1.6 protein levels in ACC induced by SNI. Furthermore, contralateral ACC anti-CX3CL1 also inhibited the expression of ipsilateral spinal c-Fos, Iba1, CD11b, TNF-α and IL-6. Conclusions The descending facilitation function mediated by CX3CL1 and its downstream cascade may play a pivotal role, leading to enhanced pain sensitization and even mirror-image pain. Strategies that target chemokine-mediated ACC hyperexcitability may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02525-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yun Li
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Xia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yu Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wen Yao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Duan
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yong Li
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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McCarson KE, Fehrenbacher JC. Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan- or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-Induced Edema and Hypersensitivity in the Rat. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e202. [PMID: 34314105 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of inflammation are used to assess the production of inflammatory mediators at sites of inflammation, the processing of pain sensation at CNS sites, the anti-inflammatory properties of agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the efficacy of putative analgesic compounds in reversing cutaneous hypersensitivity. Detailed in this article are methods to elicit and measure carrageenan- and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced cutaneous inflammation. Due to possible differences between the dorsal root sensory system and the trigeminal sensory system, injections into either the footpad or vibrissal pad are described. In this manner, cutaneous inflammation can be assessed in tissue innervated by the lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons (footpad) or by the trigeminal ganglion neurons (vibrissal pad). © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E McCarson
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (KIDDRC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Abbaszadeh F, Afhami M, Saghaei E, Naseri K, Hassanpour-ezatti M, Jorjani M, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRAN, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, IRAN, Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sex influence on sensory responses following spinothalamic tract injury in rats. Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 1:0-0. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.27.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Abstract
In rheumatology, chronic pain most often sets in after a musculoskeletal injury. Its persistence is not always due to the progression of the initial injury, but in some cases to the onset of central sensitization. Much scientific data suggests that this central sensitization is caused by multiple complex interactions between the nervous system and immune system. Afferent nerve fibers carrying pain information are responsible for peripheral sensitization partly linked to inflammation molecules. These afferent fibers release neurotransmitters in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn of the spinal cord, capable of activating microglia, which are the local immune cells. The activated microglia will produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and neuropeptides capable of interacting with the second-order neuron, but also segmental and descending inhibitory neurons. This is referred to as neuroinflammation, which will amplify the hypersensitivity of second-order neurons, otherwise called central sensitization. This neuroinflammation will be able to reach the higher brain structures, which are involved in pain modulation and the emotional and cognitive aspects of pain. The aim of this update is to describe the pathophysiology of chronic pain, incorporating the latest scientific data on neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vergne-Salle
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU de Dupuytren 2, 16, rue Bernard-Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France.
| | - Philippe Bertin
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU de Dupuytren 2, 16, rue Bernard-Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
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Yamazaki M, Tsurumaki T, Yamada Y, Maeda T, Seo K. Rapid elevation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in the bilateral trigeminal ganglia by unilateral transection of the mental nerve in mice. Neuroreport 2021; 32:659-65. [PMID: 33814543 DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous spinal nerve injury studies have reported brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA upregulation in either the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or both the contralateral and ipsilateral DRG neurons from early period after peripheral nerve injury. This BDNF elevation induces hyperalgesia in the injured and/or uninjured sites, but this detailed mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the BDNF mRNA expression in bilateral DRG neurons caused by unilateral nerve injury and to explore the possible mechanisms by which nitric oxide (NO) mediates BDNF production in the DRG, resulting in contralateral hyperalgesia. METHODS Early changes in BDNF mRNA expression in the bilateral trigeminal ganglia, within 1 day after mental nerve transection, were examined. Additionally, the effects on BDNF production of the NO synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were investigated in the bilateral trigeminal ganglia. The relationship between injured neurons and BDNF production in the trigeminal ganglia was then assessed using immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing methods. RESULTS Reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrated that unilateral transection of the mental nerve induced a rapid elevation of BDNF mRNA expression, which was inhibited by the intracerebroventricular administration of L-NAME prior to nerve transection. This effect was observed in both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides to the nerve transection. BDNF immunostaining combined with FluoroGold retrograde tracing revealed two types of BDNF-reactive neurons, FluoroGold-labelled and non-FluoroGold-labelled neurons, in the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the trigeminal ganglia. BDNF-positive cells were also observed in the trigeminal ganglia of other trigeminal nerve branches. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral nerve injury upregulates BDNF production in the bilateral trigeminal ganglia by NO-mediated and/or indirect activation of afferent neurons, resulting in contralateral hyperalgesia.
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Daniliv ОD, Stetsuk YV, Boruta NV, Lukiantseva GV, Shepitko VI. MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION IN ACUTE ASEPTIC INFLAMMATION AT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EXPERIMENT. WOMAB 2021; 17:207. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2021-2-76-207-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Drinovac Vlah V, Bach-Rojecky L. What have we learned about antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin type A from mirror-image pain models? Toxicon 2020; 185:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ho IHT, Chan MTV, Wu WKK, Liu X. Spinal microglia-neuron interactions in chronic pain. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1575-1592. [PMID: 32573822 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0520-695r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current deficiency in our understanding of acute-to-chronic pain transition remains a hurdle for developing effective treatments against chronic pain. Whereas neurocentric mechanisms alone are insufficient to provide satisfactory explanation for such transition, neuro-immune crosstalk has attracted attention in recent pain research. In contrast to brain microglia, spinal microglia are activated immediately in various pain states. The fast-responsive enrichment and activation of spinal microglia among different pain conditions have highlighted the crucial role of neuroinflammation caused by microglia-neuron crosstalk in pain initiation. Recent studies have revealed spinal microglia-neuron interactions are also involved in chronic pain maintenance, albeit, with different anatomic distribution, cellular and molecular mechanisms, and biologic functions. Delineating the exact temporal discrepancies of spinal microglia distribution and functions along acute-to-chronic pain transition may provide additional mechanistic insights for drug development to prevent deterioration of acute pain into the chronic state. This narrative review summerizes the longitudinal alterations of spinal microglia-neuron interactions in the initiation of pain hypersensitivity, acute-to-chronic pain progression, and chronic pain maintenance, followed by an overview of current clinical translation of preclinical studies on spinal microglia. This review highlights the crucial role of the interaction between spinal microglia and neighboring neurons in the initiation and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity, in relation to the release of cytokines, chemokines, and neuroactive substances, as well as the modulation of synaptic plasticity. Further exploration of the uncharted functions of spinal microglia-neuron crosstalk may lead to the design of novel drugs for preventing acute-to-chronic pain transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idy H T Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
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Winters BL, Jeong HJ, Vaughan CW. Inflammation induces developmentally regulated sumatriptan inhibition of spinal synaptic transmission. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3730-3743. [PMID: 32352556 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While triptans are used to treat migraine, there is evidence that they also reduce inflammation-induced pain at the spinal level. The cellular mechanisms underlying this spinal enhancement are unknown. We examined whether inflammation alters sumatriptan modulation of synaptic transmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Three to four days following intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or saline, whole cell recordings of evoked glutamatergic EPSCs were made from lumbar lamina I-II dorsal horn neurons in rat spinal slices KEY RESULTS: In 2- to 3-week-old animals, sumatriptan reduced the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and this was greater in slices from CFA, compared to saline-injected rats. In CFA-injected animals, sumatriptan increased the paired pulse ratio of evoked EPSCs and reduced the rate of spontaneous miniature EPSCs. The 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D agonists CP9 3129 and PNU109291 both inhibited evoked EPSCs in CFA but not saline-injected rats. By contrast, the 5-HT1A agonist R(+)-8-OH-DPAT inhibited evoked EPSCs in saline but not CFA-injected rats. In CFA-injected rats, the sumatriptan-induced inhibition of evoked EPSCs was reduced by the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D antagonists NAS181 and BRL-15572. Intriguingly, the difference in sumatriptan inhibition between CFA and saline-injected animals was only observed in animals less than 4 weeks old. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate that inflammation induces a developmentally regulated 5-HT1B/1D presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmission into the rat superficial dorsal horn. Thus, triptans could potentially act as spinal analgesic agents for inflammatory pain in the juvenile setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony L Winters
- Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hyo-Jin Jeong
- Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher W Vaughan
- Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Kayaoglu G, Ekici M, Altunkaynak B. Mechanical Allodynia in Healthy Teeth Adjacent and Contralateral to Endodontically Diseased Teeth: A Clinical Study. J Endod 2020; 46:611-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Morita M, Watanabe S, Oyama M, Iwai T, Tanabe M. Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Spinal Cord and Dorsal Root Ganglia During Inflammatory Pain: Early and Late Changes in Expression Patterns of Glycosyltransferase Genes. Neuroscience 2020; 428:217-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nent E, Nozaki C, Schmöle AC, Otte D, Zimmer A. CB2 receptor deletion on myeloid cells enhanced mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7468. [PMID: 31097758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain can develop after nerve injury, leading to a chronic condition with spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia. Pain is typically restricted to the side of the injured nerve, but may occasionally spread to the contralateral side, a condition that is often referred to as mirror-image pain. Mechanisms leading to mirror-image pain are not completely understood, but cannabinoid CB2 receptors have been implicated. In this study, we use genetic mouse models to address the question if CB2 receptors on neurons or on microglia/macrophages are involved. First, we show that a GFP reporter protein under control of the CB2 promoter is induced upon partial sciatic nerve ligation in spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and highest in sciatic nerve macrophages, but not in neurons. Mice which lack CB2 receptors specifically on myeloid cells (microglia, macrophages) developed a mirror-image allodynia [treatment F1,48 = 45.69, p < 0.0001] similar to constitutive CB2 receptor knockout mice [treatment F1,70 = 92.41, p < 0.0001]. Such a phenotype was not observed after the deletion of CB2 from neurons [treatment F1,70 = 0.1315, p = 0.7180]. This behavioral pain phenotype was accompanied by an increased staining of microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, as evidenced by an enhanced Iba 1 expression [CB2KO, p = 0.0175; CB2-LysM, p = 0.0425]. Similarly, myeloid-selective knockouts showed an increased expression of the leptin receptor in the injured ipsilateral sciatic nerve, thus further supporting the notion that leptin signaling contributes to the increased neuropathic pain responses of CB2 receptor knockout mice. We conclude that CB2 receptors on microglia and macrophages, but not on neurons, modulate neuropathic pain responses.
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Bai F, Ma Y, Guo H, Li Y, Xu F, Zhang M, Dong H, Deng J, Xiong L. Spinal Cord Glycine Transporter 2 Mediates Bilateral ST35 Acupoints Sensitization in Rats with Knee Osteoarthritis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019:7493286. [PMID: 30881475 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7493286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of “acupoint sensitization” refers to the functional status of acupoint switches from silent to active under pathological conditions. In clinic, acupoint sensitization provides important guidance for acupoints selection in different diseases. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear. We generated a model of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the left knee of rats. The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and the total number of mast cells as well as mast cell degranulation rate (MCDR) of acupoint tissue were used to test whether the acupoints were sensitized. The results showed that KOA resulted in a reduced mechanical threshold and elevated total number of mast cell as well as mast cell degranulation rate at bilateral ST35 (Dubi) but not GB37 (Guangming) or nonacupoint area. The acupoint sensitization was accompanied by upregulation of glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) and reduction of extracellular glycine levels in the bilateral dorsal horns of the spinal cord at L3-5. Selective inhibition of GlyT2 or intrathecal administration of glycine attenuated ST35 acupoint sensitization. The sensitization of bilateral ST35 was blocked after intraspinal GlyT2 short hairpin (sh) RNA (GlyT2-shRNA) microinjection to specifically downregulate GlyT2 expression in the left side (ipsilateral) L3-5 spinal cord dorsal horn before MIA injection. Moreover, electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at ST35 ameliorated articular pathological lesions and improved KOA-related pain behaviors. GlyT2-shRNA injection reversed EA-induced pain relief but not EA-induced reduction of joint lesions. Overall, this study demonstrated that spinal GlyT2, especially elevated GlyT2 expression in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord, is a crucial mediator of ST35 acupoint sensitization in KOA rats.
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Liang Y, Qiu Y, Du J, Liu J, Fang J, Zhu J, Fang J. Inhibition of Spinal Microglia and Astrocytes Contributes to the Anti-Allodynic Effect of Electroacupuncture in Neuropathic Pain Induced by Spinal Nerve Ligation. Acupunct Med 2018; 34:40-7. [DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective Besides neurons, activated microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been used widely to treat various chronic pain diseases, however, the underlying mechanisms of EA are still not fully understood. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, including an untreated healthy Control group (n=14), a True-spinal nerve ligation (SNL) group that underwent SNL and remained untreated (n=25), a True-SNL+EA group that underwent SNL followed by EA treatment (n=25), and a Sham-SNL group that underwent sham surgery and remained untreated (n=15). SNL was performed unilaterally at L5 and EA was applied to ST36 and BL60 bilaterally once per day. Paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) were measured ipsilaterally at baseline and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after ligation. Activation of microglia and astrocytes in the SCDH were examined bilaterally by immunofluorescence staining, and concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin (IL-6) were measured in the ipsilateral SCDH by ELISA. Results SNL significantly decreased PWTs and activated glial cells in the superficial laminae of the ipsilateral SCDH. In rats with SNL, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity peaked at 7 days and was maintained until 14 days post-ligation, while anti-integrin alphaM (OX-42) immunoreactivity peaked at 3 days and declined gradually. EA significantly alleviated SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, EA reduced microglial activation (OX-42 positive ratios) in the lumbar SCDH at 3 days post-ligation and suppressed astrocyte activation (GFAP positive ratios) at all time points observed. Conclusions EA stimulation alleviates SNL-induced neuropathic pain, at least in part through inhibition of spinal glial activation. Moreover, inhibition of spinal microglia and astrocyte activation may contribute to the immediate effects and maintenance of EA analgesia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Qiu
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junying Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfan Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Chen SX, Wang SK, Yao PW, Liao GJ, Na XD, Li YY, Zeng WA, Liu XG, Zang Y. Early CALP2 expression and microglial activation are potential inducers of spinal IL-6 up-regulation and bilateral pain following motor nerve injury. J Neurochem 2018; 145:154-169. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xia Chen
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Anesthesiology; Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative, Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Shao-Kun Wang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Pei-Wen Yao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Guang-Jie Liao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao-Dong Na
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Pathophysiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yong-Yong Li
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wei-an Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology; Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative, Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ying Zang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
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Chen S, Liao G, Yao P, Wang S, Li Y, Zeng W, Liu X, Zang Y. Calpain-2 Regulates TNF-α Expression Associated with Neuropathic Pain Following Motor Nerve Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 376:142-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li X, Shaqura M, Mohamed D, Beyer A, Yamada S, Mousa SA, Schäfer M. Pro- versus Antinociceptive Nongenomic Effects of Neuronal Mineralocorticoid versus Glucocorticoid Receptors during Rat Hind Paw Inflammation. Anesthesiology 2018; 128:796-809. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In naive rats, corticosteroids activate neuronal membrane–bound glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in spinal cord and periphery to modulate nociceptive behavior by nongenomic mechanisms. Here we investigated inflammation-induced changes in neuronal versus glial glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and their ligand-mediated nongenomic impact on mechanical nociception in rats.
Methods
In Wistar rats (n = 5 to 7/group) with Freund’s complete adjuvant hind paw inflammation, we examined glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in spinal cord and peripheral sensory neurons versus glial using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and radioligand binding. Moreover, we explored the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors protecting enzyme 11-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 as well as the nociceptive behavioral changes after glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors agonist or antagonist application.
Results
Hind paw inflammation resulted in significant upregulation of glucocorticoid receptors in nociceptive neurons of spinal cord (60%) and dorsal root ganglia (15%) as well as mineralocorticoid receptors, while corticosteroid plasma concentrations remained unchanged. Mineralocorticoid (83 ± 16 fmol/mg) but not glucocorticoid (104 ± 20 fmol/mg) membrane binding sites increased twofold in dorsal root ganglia concomitant with upregulated 11-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (43%). Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in spinal microglia and astrocytes was small. Importantly, glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist canrenoate-K rapidly and dose-dependently attenuated nociceptive behavior. Isobolographic analysis of the combination of both drugs showed subadditive but not synergistic or additive effects.
Conclusions
The enhanced mechanical sensitivity of inflamed hind paws accompanied with corticosteroid receptor upregulation in spinal and peripheral sensory neurons was attenuated immediately after glucocorticoid receptor agonist and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist administration, suggesting acute nongenomic effects consistent with detected membrane-bound corticosteroid receptors.
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Choi H, Roh D, Yoon S, Choi S, Kwon S, Kang S, Moon J, Han H, Beitz AJ, Lee J. Differential involvement of ipsilateral and contralateral spinal cord astrocyte D-serine in carrageenan-induced mirror-image pain: role of σ1 receptors and astrocyte gap junctions. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:558-572. [PMID: 29172248 PMCID: PMC5773966 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although we have recently demonstrated that spinal astrocyte gap junctions mediate the development of mirror-image pain (MIP), it is still unclear which astrocyte-derived factor is responsible for the development of MIP and how its production is controlled. In the present study, we focused on the role of ipsilateral versus contralateral D-serine in the development of MIP and investigated the possible involvement of σ1 receptors and gap junctions in astrocyte D-serine production. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Following carrageenan injection, mechanical allodynia was tested at various time points to examine the effect of individual drugs. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed to clarify the expression levels of spinal D-serine, serine racemase, σ1 receptors and connexin 43. KEY RESULTS The expression of ipsilateral D-serine was up-regulated during the early phase of inflammation, while contralateral D-serine increased during the later phase of inflammation. The pharmacological inhibition of D-serine during the early phase blocked the development of both ipsilateral and contralateral mechanical allodynia. However, the inhibition of D-serine during the later phase of inflammation blocked contralateral, but not ipsilateral mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, the inhibition of σ1 receptors during the earlier phase of inflammation inhibited the increase in ipsilateral D-serine. Conversely, the blockade of astrocyte gap junctions suppressed the up-regulation of contralateral D-serine during the later phase of inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Spinal astrocyte D-serine plays an important role in the development of mirror-image pain. Furthermore, σ1 receptors and astrocyte gap junction signalling mediate ipsilateral and contralateral D-serine production respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon‐Seong Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Dae‐Hyun Roh
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of DentistryKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seo‐Yeon Yoon
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sheu‐Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Suk‐Yun Kang
- KM Fundamental Research DivisionKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Ji‐Young Moon
- Animal Protection & Welfare DivisionAnimal and Plant Quarantine AgencyGimcheonKorea
| | - Ho‐Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Jang‐Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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Su YS, Mei HR, Wang CH, Sun WH. Peripheral 5-HT 3 mediates mirror-image pain by a cross-talk with acid-sensing ion channel 3. Neuropharmacology 2017; 130:92-104. [PMID: 29196182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mirror-image pain (MIP), which occurs along with complex regional pain syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic migraine, is characterized by increased pain sensitivity of healthy body regions other than the actual injured or inflamed sites. A high level of peripheral inflammation may activate central or peripheral glia, triggering mirror-image pain. However, which receptors mediate inflammatory signals to contribute glial activation remains unclear. Intraplantarly injecting mice with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or acidic buffer (proton) caused only unilateral hyperalgesia, but co-injection of 5-HT/acid induced bilateral hyperalgesia (MIP). Blocking 5-HT3 or acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) abolished satellite glial activation, inhibiting MIP. Interestingly, intraplantar administration of a 5-HT3 agonist induced MIP, and 5-HT3-mediated MIP can be reversed by a 5-HT3 antagonist or an ASIC3 blocker. Similar results were found using a ASIC3 agonist. Furthermore, 5-HT3 was observed to co-localize with ASIC3 in DRG neurons; 5-HT3 activation-induced an increase in intracellular calcium that was inhibited by an ASIC3 blocker and vice versa. A cross-talk between 5-HT3 and ASIC3 mediates satellite glial activation, thereby triggering mirror-image pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeu-Shiuan Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan city, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Ruei Mei
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan city, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan city, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Hsin Sun
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan city, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan city, Taiwan.
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Gallo A, Leerink M, Michot B, Ahmed E, Forget P, Mouraux A, Hermans E, Deumens R. Bilateral tactile hypersensitivity and neuroimmune responses after spared nerve injury in mice lacking vasoactive intestinal peptide. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Choi H, Roh D, Yoon S, Kwon S, Choi S, Kang S, Moon J, Han H, Kim H, Beitz AJ, Lee J. The role of spinal interleukin-1β and astrocyte connexin 43 in the development of mirror-image pain in an inflammatory pain model. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bagdas D, Wilkerson JL, Kulkarni A, Toma W, AlSharari S, Gul Z, Lichtman AH, Papke RL, Thakur GA, Damaj MI. The α7 nicotinic receptor dual allosteric agonist and positive allosteric modulator GAT107 reverses nociception in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2506-20. [PMID: 27243753 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Orthosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the α7 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) represent novel therapeutic approaches for pain modulation. Moreover, compounds with dual function as allosteric agonists and PAMs, known as ago-PAMs, add further regulation of receptor function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Initial studies examined the α7 ago-PAM, GAT107, in the formalin, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), LPS inflammatory pain models, the chronic constriction injury neuropathic pain model and the tail flick and hot plate acute thermal nociceptive assays. Additional studies examined the locus of action of GAT107 and immunohistochemical markers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the CFA model. KEY RESULTS Complementary pharmacological and genetic approaches confirmed that the dose-dependent antinociceptive effects of GAT107 were mediated through α7 nAChR. However, GAT107 was inactive in the tail flick and hot plate assays. In addition, GAT107 blocked conditioned place aversion elicited by acetic acid injection. Furthermore, intrathecal, but not intraplantar, injections of GAT107 reversed nociception in the CFA model, suggesting a spinal component of action. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed an increase in the expression of astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein and phosphorylated p38MAPK within the spinal cords of mice treated with CFA, which was attenuated by intrathecal GAT107 treatment. Importantly, GAT107 did not elicit motor impairment and continued to produce antinociceptive effects after subchronic administration in both phases of the formalin test. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, these results provide the first proof of principle that α7 ago-PAMs represent an effective pharmacological strategy for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Abhijit Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wisam Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shakir AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zulfiye Gul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Roger L Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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McIntyre MK, Clifford JL, Maani CV, Burmeister DM. Progress of clinical practice on the management of burn-associated pain: Lessons from animal models. Burns 2016; 42:1161-72. [PMID: 26906668 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioid-based analgesics provide the mainstay for attenuating burn pain, but they have a myriad of side effects including respiratory depression, nausea, impaired gastrointestinal motility, sedation, dependence, physiologic tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. To test and develop novel analgesics, validated burn-relevant animal models of pain are indispensable. Herein we review such animal models, which are mostly limited to rodent models of burn-induced, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. The latter two are pain syndromes that provide insight into the pain caused by systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and direct injury to nerves (e.g., after severe burn), respectively. To date, no single animal model optimally mimics the complex pathophysiology and pain that a human burn patient experiences. No currently available burn-pain model examines effects of pharmacological intervention on wound healing. As cornerstones of pain and wound healing, pro-inflammatory mediators may be utilized for insight into both processes. Moreover, common clinical concerns such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction remain unaddressed. For development of analgesics, these aberrations can significantly alter the potential efficacy and/or adverse effects of a prescribed analgesic following burn trauma. We therefore suggest that a multi-model strategy would be the most clinically relevant when evaluating novel analgesics for use in burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K McIntyre
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT1:Bldg 3610, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
| | - John L Clifford
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT1:Bldg 3610, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
| | - Christopher V Maani
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia and Operative Services, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium (SAUSHEC) Anesthesia Residency Program, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
| | - David M Burmeister
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT1:Bldg 3610, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
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Choi HS, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Moon JY, Choi SR, Kwon SG, Kang SY, Han HJ, Kim HW, Beitz AJ, Oh SB, Lee JH. Microglial interleukin-1β in the ipsilateral dorsal horn inhibits the development of mirror-image contralateral mechanical allodynia through astrocyte activation in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Pain 2015; 156:1046-59. [PMID: 25749305 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Damage on one side of the body can also result in pain on the contralateral unaffected side, called mirror-image pain (MIP). Currently, the mechanisms responsible for the development of MIP are unknown. In this study, we investigated the involvement of spinal microglia and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the development of MIP using a peripheral inflammatory pain model. After unilateral carrageenan injection, mechanical allodynia (MA) in both hind paws and the expression levels of spinal Iba-1, IL-1β, and GFAP were evaluated. Ipsilateral MA was induced beginning at 3 hours after carrageenan injection, whereas contralateral MA showed a delayed onset occurring 5 days after injection. A single intrathecal (i.t.) injection of minocycline, a tetracycline derivative that displays selective inhibition of microglial activation, or an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on the day of carrageenan injection caused an early temporary induction of contralateral MA, whereas repeated i.t. treatment with these drugs from days 0 to 3 resulted in a long-lasting contralateral MA, which was evident in its advanced development. We further showed that IL-1β was localized to microglia and that minocycline inhibited the carrageenan-induced increases in spinal Iba-1 and IL-1β expression. Conversely, minocycline or IL-1ra pretreatment increased GFAP expression as compared with that of control rats. However, i.t. pretreatment with fluorocitrate, an astrocyte inhibitor, restored minocycline- or IL-1ra-induced contralateral MA. These results suggest that spinal IL-1β derived from activated microglia temporarily suppresses astrocyte activation, which can ultimately prevent the development of contralateral MA under inflammatory conditions. These findings imply that microglial IL-1β plays an important role in regulating the induction of inflammatory MIP.
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McCarson KE. Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan‐ or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)–Induced Edema and Hypersensitivity in the Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:5.4.1-5.4.9. [DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0504s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E. McCarson
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (KIDDRC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas
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31
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Canlas J, Holt P, Carroll A, Rix S, Ryan P, Davies L, Matusica D, Pitson SM, Jessup CF, Gibbins IL, Haberberger RV. Sphingosine kinase 2-deficiency mediated changes in spinal pain processing. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:29. [PMID: 26283908 PMCID: PMC4522551 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most burdensome health issues facing the planet (as costly as diabetes and cancer combined), and in desperate need for new diagnostic targets leading to better therapies. The bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors have recently been shown to modulate nociceptive signaling at the level of peripheral nociceptors and central neurons. However, the exact role of S1P generating enzymes, in particular sphingosine kinase 2 (Sphk2), in nociception remains unknown. We found that both sphingosine kinases, Sphk1 and Sphk2, were expressed in spinal cord (SC) with higher levels of Sphk2 mRNA compared to Sphk1. All three Sphk2 mRNA-isoforms were present with the Sphk2.1 mRNA showing the highest relative expression. Mice deficient in Sphk2 (Sphk2−/−) showed in contrast to mice deficient in Sphk1 (Sphk1−/−) substantially lower spinal S1P levels compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. In the formalin model of acute peripheral inflammatory pain, Sphk2−/− mice showed facilitation of nociceptive transmission during the late response, whereas responses to early acute pain, and the number of c-Fos immunoreactive dorsal horn neurons were not different between Sphk2−/− and wild-type mice. Chronic peripheral inflammation (CPI) caused a bilateral increase in mechanical sensitivity in Sphk2−/− mice. Additionally, CPI increased the relative mRNA expression of P2X4 receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the ipsilateral SC of wild-type but not Sphk2−/− mice. Similarly, Sphk2−/− mice showed in contrast to wild-type no CPI-dependent increase in areas of the dorsal horn immunoreactive for the microglia marker Iba-1 and the astrocyte marker Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Our results suggest that the tightly regulated cell signaling enzyme Sphk2 may be a key component for facilitation of nociceptive circuits in the CNS leading to central sensitization and pain memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jastrow Canlas
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Phillip Holt
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alexander Carroll
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shane Rix
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Ryan
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dusan Matusica
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claire F Jessup
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian L Gibbins
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rainer V Haberberger
- Pain and Pulmonary Neurobiology, Anatomy and Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Abdelaziz DM, Stone LS, Komarova SV. Localized experimental bone metastasis drives osteolysis and sensory hypersensitivity at distant non-tumor-bearing sites. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015. [PMID: 26208488 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer metastasis to bone suffer from inadequate pain relief. Animal models provide increased understanding of cancer-induced bone and sensory alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate the measures of pain at distant non-tumor-bearing sites in animals with localized bone metastasis. Immunocompetent BALB/c mice are injected intra-tibially with murine mammary carcinoma cells (4T1) or saline, and the sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in the contralateral paw was examined. In addition to previously demonstrated development of osteolysis and hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in the cancer-injected tibia, these animals exhibited an increase in sensory hypersensitivity in the contralateral limb. No bone lesions were evident on radiographs of the contralateral limbs. Histomorphometry detected decreased bone volume per tissue volume and increased osteoclast number in the contralateral tibia and vertebral bones of cancer-bearing animals. Neuroplasticity was examined by immunofluorescence for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in sensory neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar spinal cords. CGRP-immunoreactivity and GFAP-immunoreactivity were significantly elevated both ipsilateral and contralateral in tumor-bearing animals. The anti-inflammatory and osteolysis-targeting drug rapamycin reduced hypersensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli, attenuated GFAP over-expression, and lowered osteoclast number. The osteoclast-targeting drug pamidronate reduced sensitivity to cold and protected against bone loss. Localized bone cancer drives hypersensitivity, bone remodeling, and sensory neuron plasticity at sites distant from the primary tumor area. Drugs targeting these mechanisms may be useful in the treatment of pain distant from the primary tumor site.
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O'Callaghan JP, Kelly KA, Locker AR, Miller DB, Lasley SM. Corticosterone primes the neuroinflammatory response to DFP in mice: potential animal model of Gulf War Illness. J Neurochem 2015; 133:708-21. [PMID: 25753028 PMCID: PMC4722811 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi‐symptom disorder with features characteristic of persistent sickness behavior. Among conditions encountered in the Gulf War (GW) theater were physiological stressors (e.g., heat/cold/physical activity/sleep deprivation), prophylactic treatment with the reversible AChE inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), the insect repellent, N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET), and potentially the nerve agent, sarin. Prior exposure to the anti‐inflammatory glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT), at levels associated with high physiological stress, can paradoxically prime the CNS to produce a robust proinflammatory response to neurotoxicants and systemic inflammation; such neuroinflammatory effects can be associated with sickness behavior. Here, we examined whether CORT primed the CNS to mount neuroinflammatory responses to GW exposures as a potential model of GWI. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with chronic (14 days) PB/ DEET, subchronic (7–14 days) CORT, and acute exposure (day 15) to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a sarin surrogate and irreversible AChE inhibitor. DFP alone caused marked brain‐wide neuroinflammation assessed by qPCR of tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL6, chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2, IL‐1β, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M. Pre‐treatment with high physiological levels of CORT greatly augmented (up to 300‐fold) the neuroinflammatory responses to DFP. Anti‐inflammatory pre‐treatment with minocycline suppressed many proinflammatory responses to CORT+DFP. Our findings are suggestive of a possible critical, yet unrecognized interaction between the stressor/environment of the GW theater and agent exposure(s) unique to this war. Such exposures may in fact prime the CNS to amplify future neuroinflammatory responses to pathogens, injury, or toxicity. Such occurrences could potentially result in the prolonged episodes of sickness behavior observed in GWI.
Gulf War (GW) veterans were exposed to stressors, prophylactic medicines and, potentially, nerve agents in theater. Subsequent development of GW Illness, a persistent multi‐symptom disorder with features characteristic of sickness behavior, may be caused by priming of the CNS resulting in exaggerated neuroinflammatory responses to pathogens/insults. Nerve agent, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), produced a neuroinflammatory response that was exacerbated by pre‐treatment with levels of corticosterone simulating heightened stressor conditions. While prophylactic treatments reduced DFP‐induced neuroinflammation, this effect was negated when those treatments were combined with corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Watanabe M, Ueda T, Shibata Y, Kumamoto N, Ugawa S. The role of TRPV1 channels in carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Neuroreport 2015; 26:173-8. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zang Y, Chen SX, Liao GJ, Zhu HQ, Wei XH, Cui Y, Na XD, Pang RP, Xin WJ, Zhou LJ, Liu XG. Calpain-2 contributes to neuropathic pain following motor nerve injury via up-regulating interleukin-6 in DRG neurons. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:37-47. [PMID: 25150005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor nerve injury by L5 ventral root transection (L5-VRT) initiates interleukin-6 (IL-6) up-regulation in primary afferent system contributing to neuropathic pain. However, the early upstream regulatory mechanisms of IL-6 after L5-VRT are still unknown. Here, we monitored both the activity of calpain, a calcium-dependent protease suggested as one of the earliest mediators for cytokine regulation, and the expression of IL-6 in bilateral L4-L6 dorsal root ganglias (DRGs) soon after L5-VRT. We found that the protein level of calpain-2 in DRGs, but not calpain-1 was increased transiently in the first 10 min(-1)h ipsilaterally and 20 min(-1)h contralaterally after L5-VRT, long before mechanical allodynia was initiated (5-15 h ipsilaterally and 15 h(-1)d contralaterally). The early activation of calpain evaluated by the generation of spectrin breakdown products (SBDP) correlated well with IL-6 up-regulation in bilateral DRGs. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that almost all the calpain-2 positive neurons expressed IL-6, indicating an association between calpain-2 and IL-6. Inhibition of calpain by pre-treatment with MDL28170 (25mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the rat mechanical allodynia and prevented the early up-regulation of IL-6 following L5-VRT. Addition of exogenous calpain-2 onto the surface of left L5 DRG triggered a temporal allodynia and increased IL-6 in bilateral DRGs simultaneously. Taken together, the early increase of calpain-2 in L5-VRT rats might be responsible for the induction of allodynia via up-regulating IL-6 in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Shao-Xia Chen
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guang-Jie Liao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Pathology, The Red Cross Hospital of Yulin, 1 Jinwang Rd., Yulin 537000, China
| | - He-Quan Zhu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xu-Hong Wei
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Na
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rui-Ping Pang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen-Jun Xin
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Xue C, Xie L, Li X, Cai J, Gu Z, Wang K. Analgesic mechanism of electroacupuncture in a rat L5 spinal nerve ligation model. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:987-991. [PMID: 25667665 PMCID: PMC4316988 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of neuropathological pain. A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely the spinal nerve ligation (SNL), electroacupuncture (SNL + EA) and normal control groups, with 20 rats in each group. The up-down method was used to determine the bipedal 50% mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). The ultrastructure of the injured-side L5 nerve root (n=6) was observed by electron microscopy. The mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 4 (P2X4) in the spinal cord (n=14) were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The postoperative PWT of the injured-side hindpaw in the SNL group at each time point was lower than that in the control group (P<0.01); there were differences of statistical significance between the PWT values of the SNL + EA and SNL groups on postoperative days 14 and 21 (P<0.05). Postoperatively, the PWT of the hindpaw on the uninjured-side was significantly lower in the SNL group when compared with that of the control group on days 10, 14 and 21 (P<0.05). Following the EA treatment, axonal demyelination was reduced and vascular proliferation was observed within the visual field. In addition, following the EA treatment, BDNF expression levels in the spinal dorsal horn increased (P<0.05), while the expression of P2X4 was not different from that in the SNL group. EA exerted an analgesic effect on the SNL model in a time-dependent manner, and improved the blood supply to the nerve root. Following the EA treatment, the expression of P2X4 did not change significantly compared with that in the SNL group, whereas the spinal secretion of BDNF increased. However, the exact mechanism requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Xue
- Pain Management Center, Shanghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xie
- Pain Management Center, Shanghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Pain Management Center, Shanghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jiashan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiashan, Zhejiang 314100, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Pain Management Center, Shanghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- Pain Management Center, Shanghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
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Cairns BE, Arendt-Nielsen L, Sacerdote P. Perspectives in Pain Research 2014: Neuroinflammation and glial cell activation: The cause of transition from acute to chronic pain? Scand J Pain 2015; 6:3-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
It is unknown why an acute pain condition under various circumstances can transition into a chronic pain condition.
There has been a shift towards neuroinflammation and hence glial cell activations specifically in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord as a mechanism possibly driving the transition to chronic pain. This has led to a focus on non-neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous system. Besides infiltrating macrophages, Schwann cells and satellite glial cells release cytokines and therefore important mechanisms in the maintenance of pain. Activated Schwann cells, satellite glial cells, microglia, and astrocytes may contribute to pain sensitivity by releasing cytokines leading to altered neuronal function in the direction of sensitisation.
Aims of this perspective paper
1) Highlight the complex but important recent achievement in the area of neuroinflammation and pain at spinal cord level and in the dorsal root ganglion.
2) Encourage further research which hopefully may provide better understanding of new key elements driving the transition from acute to chronic pain.
Recent results in the area of neuroinflammation and pain
Following a sciatic nerve injury, local macrophages, and Schwann cells trigger an immune response immediately followed by recruitment of blood-derived immune cells. Schwann cells, active resident, and infiltrating macrophages release proinflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to axonal damage and also stimulate spontaneous nociceptor activity. This results in activation of satellite glial cells leading to an immune response in the dorsal root ganglia driven by macrophages, lymphocytes and satellite cells. The anterograde signalling progresses centrally to activate spinal microglia with possible up regulation of glial-derived proinflammatory/pronociceptive mediators.
An important aspect is extrasegmental spreading sensitisation where bilateral elevations in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 are found in dorsal root ganglion in neuropathic models. Similarly in inflammatory pain models, bilateral up regulation occurs for TNF-α, IL-1 β, and p38 MAPK. Bilateral alterations in cytokine levels in the DRG and spinal cord may underlie the spread of pain to the uninjured side.
An important aspect is how the opioids may interact with immune cells as opioid receptors are expressed by peripheral immune cells and thus can induce immune signaling changes. Furthermore, opioids may stimulate microglia cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1.
Conclusions
The present perspective paper indicates that neuroinflammation and the associated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in dorsal root ganglion and at the spinal cord contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. Neuroinflammatory changes have not only been identified in the spinal cord and brainstem, but more recently, in the sensory ganglia and in the nerves as well. The glial cell activation may be responsible for contralateral spreading and possible widespread sensitisation.
Implications
Communication between glia and neurons is proposed to be a critical component of neuroinflammatory changes that may lead to chronic pain. Sensory ganglia neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells but how communication between the cells contributes to altered pain sensitivity is still unknown. Better understanding may lead to new possibilities for (1) preventing development of chronic pain and (2) better pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , 2405 Wesbrook Mall , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6T 1Z3
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7D3, 9220 Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7D3, 9220 Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze farmacologiche e biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano , Italy
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Huang SH, Wu SH, Chang KP, Cheng KI, Lee SS, Kwan AL, Yeh JL, Tsai HP, Lin SD, Lai CS. Autologous fat grafting alleviates burn-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133:1396-405. [PMID: 24867722 DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of neuropathic pain after burn injury is a critical clinical issue. Autologous fat grafting has been shown to alleviate neuropathic pain in certain cases, but has not been shown to alleviate the pain associated with burn-induced scars. The authors assessed the effectiveness of autologous fat grafting for the management of pain in burn-induced scars. METHODS One paw of the experimental rats received a third-degree burn using a heated metal block. Neuropathic pain in the affected paw was assessed based on behavioral responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. A graft (0.4 ml of autologous fat or a sham graft) was administered by injection to the burn scar and sham-burned paw. The animals were killed 4 weeks after the fat graft treatments; Masson trichrome stain of hind-paw skin and expression of phosphorylated p38 and OX42 in the dorsal horns of the spinal cords were examined. RESULT The third-degree burns were completely healed at 4 weeks. Burn-induced scarring caused mechanical allodynia and increased the expression of phosphorylated p38 and OX42 in spinal cord dorsal horn microglial cells. Autologous fat grafting significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia (p < 0.05), and immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of phosphorylated p38 and OX42 was significantly lower in spinal cord dorsal horn microglial cells 4 weeks after fat grafting (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Autologous fat grafting is used daily in clinical practice. It is an effective treatment for the relief of burn-induced mechanical allodynia in rats. Further investigation of the clinical use of autologous fat grafting in burn patients is warranted.
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Lin JH, Chiang YH, Chen CC. Lumbar radiculopathy and its neurobiological basis. World J Anesthesiol 2014; 3:162-173. [DOI: 10.5313/wja.v3.i2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumbar radiculopathy, a group of diseases in which the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or dorsal roots are adversely affected by herniated discs or spinal stenosis, are clinically characterized by spontaneous and evoked types of pain. The pain is underpinned by various distinct pathophysiological mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, the diagnosis of lumbar radiculopathy is still unsatisfactory, because the association of the pain with the neurobiological basis of radiculopathy is largely unknown. Several animal models used to explore the underlying neurobiological basis of lumbar radiculopathy could be classified as mechanical, chemical, or both based on the component of injury. Mechanical injury elevates the intraneural pressure, reduces blood flow, and eventually establishes ischemia in the dorsal root and the DRG. Ischemia may induce ischemic pain and cause nerve damage or death, and the subsequent nerve damage or death may induce neuropathic pain. Chemical injury predominately induces inflammation surrounding the dorsal roots or DRG and consequent inflammatory mediators cause inflammatory pain. Furthermore, DRG neurons sensitized by inflammatory mediators are hypersensitive to innocuous mechanical force (stretch or compression) and responsible for mechanical allodynia in radiculopathy. As well, central sensitization in the spinal cord may play an important role in pain generation in lumbar radiculopathy. Increasing knowledge of pain-generating mechanisms and their translation into clinical symptoms and signs might allow for dissecting the mechanisms that operate in each patient. With precise clinical phenotypic characterization of lumbar radiculopathy and its connection to a specific underlying mechanism, we should be able to design optimal treatments for individuals. This review discusses the present knowledge of lumbar radiculopathy and proposes a novel mechanism-based classification.
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Martínez-Rojas VA, Barragán-Iglesias P, Rocha-González HI, Murbartián J, Granados-Soto V. Role of TRPV1 and ASIC3 in formalin-induced secondary allodynia and hyperalgesia. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:964-71. [PMID: 25443722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study we determined the role of transient receptor potential V1 channel (TRPV1) and acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) in chronic nociception. METHODS 1% formalin was used to produce long-lasting secondary allodynia and hyperalgesia in rats. Western blot was used to determine TRPV1 and ASIC3 expression in dorsal root ganglia. RESULTS Peripheral ipsilateral, but not contralateral, pre-treatment (-10min) with the TRPV1 receptor antagonists capsazepine (0.03-0.3μM/paw) and A-784168 (0.01-1μM/paw) prevented 1% formalin-induced secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral and contralateral paws. Likewise, peripheral ipsilateral, but not contralateral, pre-treatment with the non-selective and selective ASIC3 blocker benzamil (0.1-10μM/paw) and APETx2 (0.02-2μM/paw), respectively, prevented 1% formalin-induced secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in both paws. Peripheral ipsilateral post-treatment (day 6 after formalin injection) with capsazepine (0.03-0.3μM/paw) and A-784168 (0.01-1μM/paw) reversed 1% formalin-induced secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in both paws. In addition, peripheral ipsilateral post-treatment with benzamil (0.1-10μM/paw) and APETx2 (0.02-2μM/paw), respectively, reversed 1% formalin-induced secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in both paws. TRPV1 and ASIC3 proteins were expressed in dorsal root ganglion in normal conditions, and 1% formalin injection increased expression of both proteins in this location at 1 and 6 days compared to naive rats. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that TRPV1 and ASIC3 participate in the development and maintenance of long-lasting secondary allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by formalin in rats. The use of TRPV1 and ASIC3 antagonists by peripheral administration could prove useful to treat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Martínez-Rojas
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Paulino Barragán-Iglesias
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Héctor I Rocha-González
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Janet Murbartián
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., México, D.F., Mexico.
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Dengler EC, Alberti LA, Bowman BN, Kerwin AA, Wilkerson JL, Moezzi DR, Limanovich E, Wallace JA, Milligan ED. Improvement of spinal non-viral IL-10 gene delivery by D-mannose as a transgene adjuvant to control chronic neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:92. [PMID: 24884664 PMCID: PMC4046049 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peri-spinal subarachnoid (intrathecal; i.t.) injection of non-viral naked plasmid DNA encoding the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 (pDNA-IL-10) suppresses chronic neuropathic pain in animal models. However, two sequential i.t. pDNA injections are required within a discrete 5 to 72-hour period for prolonged efficacy. Previous reports identified phagocytic immune cells present in the peri-spinal milieu surrounding the i.t injection site that may play a role in transgene uptake resulting in subsequent IL-10 transgene expression. METHODS In the present study, we aimed to examine whether factors known to induce pro-phagocytic anti-inflammatory properties of immune cells improve i.t. IL-10 transgene uptake using reduced naked pDNA-IL-10 doses previously determined ineffective. Both the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and the hexose sugar, D-mannose, were factors examined that could optimize i.t. pDNA-IL-10 uptake leading to enduring suppression of neuropathic pain as assessed by light touch sensitivity of the rat hindpaw (allodynia). RESULTS Compared to dexamethasone, i.t. mannose pretreatment significantly and dose-dependently prolonged pDNA-IL-10 pain suppressive effects, reduced spinal IL-1β and enhanced spinal and dorsal root ganglia IL-10 immunoreactivity. Macrophages exposed to D-mannose revealed reduced proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitric oxide, and increased IL-10 protein release, while IL-4 revealed no improvement in transgene uptake. Separately, D-mannose dramatically increased pDNA-derived IL-10 protein release in culture supernatants. Lastly, a single i.t. co-injection of mannose with a 25-fold lower pDNA-IL-10 dose produced prolonged pain suppression in neuropathic rats. CONCLUSIONS Peri-spinal treatment with D-mannose may optimize naked pDNA-IL-10 transgene uptake for suppression of allodynia, and is a novel approach to tune spinal immune cells toward pro-phagocytic phenotype for improved non-viral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, UNM School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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Cheng C, Cheng J, Chen C, Lien C, Chu D, Wang S, Tsaur M. Mirror-image pain is mediated by nerve growth factor produced from tumor necrosis factor alpha-activated satellite glia after peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2014; 155:906-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Godínez-Chaparro B, López-Santillán FJ, Argüelles CF, Villalón CM, Granados-Soto V. Role of 5-HT1B/1D receptors in the reduction of formalin-induced nociception and secondary allodynia/hyperalgesia produced by antimigraine drugs in rats. Life Sci 2013; 92:1046-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vega-avelaira D, Ballesteros J, López-garcía J. Inflammation-induced hyperalgesia and spinal microglia reactivity in neonatal rats: The role of microglia in inflammatory pain in young rats. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1180-8. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Linnman C, Becerra L, Borsook D. Inflaming the brain: CRPS a model disease to understand neuroimmune interactions in chronic pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:547-63. [PMID: 23188523 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We review current concepts in CRPS from a neuroimaging perspective and point out topics and potential mechanisms that are suitable to be investigated in the next step towards understanding the pathophysiology of CRPS. We have outlined functional aspects of the syndrome, from initiating lesion via inflammatory mechanisms to CNS change and associated sickness behavior, with current evidence for up-regulation of immunological factors in CRPS, neuroimaging of systemic inflammation, and neuroimaging findings in CRPS. The initiation, maintenances and CNS targets implicated in CRPS and in the neuro-inflammatory reflex are discussed in terms of CRPS symptoms and recent preclinical studies. Potential avenues for investigating CRPS with PET and fMRI are described, along with roles of inflammation, treatment and behavior in CRPS. It is our hope that this outline will provoke discussion and promote further empirical studies on the interactions between central and peripheral inflammatory pathways manifest in CRPS.
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Chu YX, Zhang YQ, Zhao ZQ. Involvement of microglia and interleukin-18 in the induction of long-term potentiation of spinal nociceptive responses induced by tetanic sciatic stimulation. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:49-60. [PMID: 22233889 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the potential roles of spinal microglia and downstream molecules in the induction of spinal long-term potentiation (LTP) and mechanical allodynia by tetanic stimulation of the sciatic nerve (TSS). METHODS Spinal LTP was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by tetanic stimulation of the sciatic nerve (0.5 ms, 100 Hz, 40 V, 10 trains of 2-s duration at 10-s intervals). Mechanical allodynia was determined using von Frey hairs. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to detect changes in glial expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-18 receptor (IL-18R). RESULTS TSS induced LTP of C-fiber-evoked field potentials in the spinal cord. Intrathecal administration of the microglial inhibitor minocycline (200 μg/20 μL) 1 h before TSS completely blocked the induction of spinal LTP. Furthermore, after intrathecal injection of minocycline (200 μg/20 μL) by lumbar puncture 1 h before TSS, administration of minocycline for 7 consecutive days (once per day) partly inhibited bilateral allodynia. Immunohistochemistry showed that minocycline inhibited the sequential activation of microglia and astrocytes, and IL-18 was predominantly colocalized with the microglial marker Iba-1 in the spinal superficial dorsal horn. Western blot revealed that repeated intrathecal injection of minocycline significantly inhibited the increased expression of IL-18 and IL-18Rs in microglia induced by TSS. CONCLUSION The IL-18 signaling pathway in microglia is involved in TSS-induced spinal LTP and mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Chu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Fehrenbacher JC, Vasko MR, Duarte DB. Models of inflammation: Carrageenan- or complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced edema and hypersensitivity in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit5.4. [PMID: 22382999 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0504s56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of inflammation are used to assess the production of inflammatory mediators at sites of inflammation, the anti-inflammatory properties of agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the efficacy of putative analgesic compounds in reversing cutaneous hypersensitivity. This unit details methods to elicit and measure carrageenan- and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced cutaneous inflammation. Due to possible differences between the dorsal root sensory system and the trigeminal sensory system, injections of either the footpad or vibrissal pad are described. In this manner, cutaneous inflammation can be assessed in tissue innervated by the lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons (footpad) and by the trigeminal ganglion neurons (vibrissal pad).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Wilkerson JL, Gentry KR, Dengler EC, Wallace JA, Kerwin AA, Armijo LM, Kuhn MN, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Intrathecal cannabilactone CB(2)R agonist, AM1710, controls pathological pain and restores basal cytokine levels. Pain 2012; 153:1091-1106. [PMID: 22425445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal glial and proinflammatory cytokine actions are strongly implicated in pathological pain. Spinal administration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 abolishes pathological pain and suppresses proinflammatory IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Drugs that bind the cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB(2)R) expressed on spinal glia reduce mechanical hypersensitivity. To better understand the CB(2)R-related anti-inflammatory profile of key anatomical nociceptive regions, we assessed mechanical hypersensitivity and protein profiles following intrathecal application of the cannabilactone CB(2)R agonist, AM1710, in 2 animal models; unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI), and spinal application of human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120), a model of peri-spinal immune activation. In CCI animals, lumbar dorsal spinal cord and corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of IL-10, IL-1β, phosphorylated p38-mitogen-activated-kinase (p-p38MAPK), a pathway associated with proinflammatory cytokine production, glial cell markers, and degradative endocannabinoid enzymes, including monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). AM1710 reversed bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity. CCI revealed decreased IL-10 expression in dorsal spinal cord and DRG, while AM1710 resulted in increased IL-10, comparable to controls. Adjacent DRG and spinal sections revealed increased IL-1β, p-p38MAPK, glial markers, and/or MAGL expression, while AM1710 suppressed all but spinal p-p38MAPK and microglial activation. In spinal gp120 animals, AM1710 prevented bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity. For comparison to immunohistochemistry, IL-1β and TNF-α protein quantification from lumbar spinal and DRG homogenates was determined, and revealed increased DRG IL-1β protein levels from gp120, that was robustly prevented by AM1710 pretreatment. Cannabilactone CB(2)R agonists are emerging as anti-inflammatory agents with pain therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wilkerson JL, Gentry KR, Dengler EC, Wallace JA, Kerwin AA, Kuhn MN, Zvonok AM, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Immunofluorescent spectral analysis reveals the intrathecal cannabinoid agonist, AM1241, produces spinal anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in neuropathic rats exhibiting relief from allodynia. Brain Behav 2012; 2:155-77. [PMID: 22574283 PMCID: PMC3345359 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During pathological pain, the actions of the endocannabinoid system, including the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB(2)R), leads to effective anti-allodynia and modifies a variety of spinal microglial and astrocyte responses. Here, following spinal administration of the CB(2)R compound, AM1241, we examined immunoreactive alterations in markers for activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) as well as degradative endocannabinoid enzymes, and markers for altered glial responses in neuropathic rats. In these studies, the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were examined. AM1241 produced profound anti-allodynia with corresponding immunoreactive levels of p38 mitogen-activated kinase, IL-1β, IL-10, the endocannabinoid enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, and astrocyte activation markers that were similar to nonneuropathic controls. In contrast, spinal AM1241 did not suppress the increased microglial responses observed in neuropathic rats. The differences in fluorescent markers were determined within discrete anatomical regions by applying spectral analysis methods, which virtually eliminated nonspecific signal during the quantification of specific immunofluorescent intensity. These data reveal expression profiles that support the actions of intrathecal AM1241 control pathological pain through anti-inflammatory mechanisms by modulating critical glial factors, and additionally decrease expression levels of endocannabinoid degradative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L. Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Katherine R. Gentry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Ellen C. Dengler
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - James A. Wallace
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Audra A. Kerwin
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Megan N. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Alexander M. Zvonok
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ganesh A. Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Zhang F, Feng X, Dong R, Wang H, Liu J, Li W, Xu J, Yu B. Effects of clonidine on bilateral pain behaviors and inflammatory response in rats under the state of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:254-9. [PMID: 22037228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of clonidine on bilateral pain behaviors and inflammatory responses in neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL), and to better understand whether the antinociception of clonidine was related to α(2)-adrenoceptor mechanisms. Rats were divided randomly into five groups: sham-operation with saline, i.p.; PSNL with clonidine (0.2mg/kg) or saline, i.p.; PSNL with yohimbine (2mg/kg) followed by clonidine (0.2mg/kg), i.p.; and PSNL with naloxone (0.3mg/kg) followed by clonidine (0.2mg/kg), i.p. On post-operative days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21, both ipsilateral and contralateral pain behaviors were measured. In rats receiving antagonists, bilateral behavioral changes were measured on day 14. Bilateral paw pressure threshold and paw withdrawal latencies were measured, and the extent of glial activation was dertermined by measuring macrophage antigen complex-1 (Mac-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Additionally, the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined. PSNL induced bilateral behavioral hyperalgesia, with the ipsilateral level displaying a higher extent of behavior changes than the contralateral side. In addition, the glial activation markers and cytokine production were augmented bilaterally. Clonidine caused significant attenuation of bilateral mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, accompanied by inhibition of glial activation and the expression of cytokines. The effects of clonidine were blocked by the α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine and partially reversed by the μ-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. These data suggest that the bilateral antinoceptive effects of clonidine might mediate through immunomodulation by acting on α(2)-adrenoceptor in rats undergoing neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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