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Shi H, Liu Y, Ding A, Wang W, Sun Y. Induced defense strategies of plants against Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1059799. [PMID: 36778883 PMCID: PMC9910360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1059799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to Ralstonia solanacearum infestation through two layers of immune system (PTI and ETI). This process involves the production of plant-induced resistance. Strategies for inducing resistance in plants include the formation of tyloses, gels, and callose and changes in the content of cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and suberin in response to pathogen infestation. When R. solanacearum secrete cell wall degrading enzymes, plants also sense the status of cell wall fragments through the cell wall integrity (CWI) system, which activates deep-seated defense responses. In addition, plants also fight against R. solanacearum infestation by regulating the distribution of metabolic networks to increase the production of resistant metabolites and reduce the production of metabolites that are easily exploited by R. solanacearum. We review the strategies used by plants to induce resistance in response to R. solanacearum infestation. In particular, we highlight the importance of plant-induced physical and chemical defenses as well as cell wall defenses in the fight against R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China,The Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Yong Liu, ; Anming Ding, ; Weifeng Wang,
| | - Anming Ding
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Yong Liu, ; Anming Ding, ; Weifeng Wang,
| | - Weifeng Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Yong Liu, ; Anming Ding, ; Weifeng Wang,
| | - Yuhe Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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da Silva LL, Morgan T, Garcia EA, Rosa RO, de Oliveira Mendes TA, de Queiroz MV. Pectinolytic arsenal of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and other fungi with different lifestyles. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1857-1871. [PMID: 35766136 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify and analyze genes that encode pectinases in the genome of the fungus C. lindemuthianum, evaluate the expression of these genes, and compare putative pectinases found in C. lindemuthianum with pectinases produced by other fungi and oomycetes with different lifestyles. METHODS AND RESULTS Genes encoding pectinases in the genome of C. lindemuthianum were identified and analyzed. The expression of these genes was analyzed. Pectinases from C. lindemuthianum were compared with pectinases from other fungi that have different lifestyles, and the pectinase activity in some of these fungi was quantified. Fifty-eight genes encoding pectinases were identified in C. lindemuthianum. At least six types of enzymes involved in pectin degradation were identified, with pectate lyases and polygalacturonases being the most abundant. Twenty-seven genes encoding pectinases were differentially expressed at some point in C. lindemuthianum during their interactions with their host. For each type of pectinase, there were at least three isoenzyme groups. The number of pectinases present in fungi with different lifestyles seemed to be related more to the lifestyle than to the taxonomic relationship between them. Only phytopathogenic fungi showed pectate lyase activity. CONCLUSIONS The collective results demonstrate the pectinolytic arsenal of C. lindemuthianum, with many and diverse genes encoding pectinases more than that found in other phytopathogens, which suggests that at least part of these pectinases must be important for the pathogenicity of the fungus C. lindemuthianum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Knowledge of these pectinases could further the understanding of the importance of this broad pectinolytic arsenal in the common bean infection, and could be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Túlio Morgan
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediones Amaro Garcia
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Rafael Oliveira Rosa
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
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Wang Z, Wan L, Zhang X, Xin Q, Song Y, Hong D, Sun Y, Yang G. Interaction between Brassica napus polygalacturonase inhibition proteins and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum polygalacturonase: implications for rapeseed resistance to fungal infection. Planta 2021; 253:34. [PMID: 33459878 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BnPGIPs interacted with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum PGs to improve rapeseed SSR resistance at different levels; the BnPGIP-overexpression lines did not affect plant morphology or seed quality traits. Plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play a crucial role in plant defence against phytopathogenic fungi by inhibiting fungal polygalacturonase (PG) activity. We overexpressed BnPGIP2, BnPGIP5, and BnPGIP10 genes in an inbred line 7492 of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Compared with 7492WT, the overexpression of BnPGIP2 lines significantly increased Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance in both seedlings and adult plants. BnPGIP5 overexpression lines exhibited decreased S. sclerotiorum disease symptoms in seedlings only, whereas BnPGIP10 overexpression lines did not improve Sclerotinia resistance for seedlings or adult plants. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of S. sclerotiorum PG1, SsPG3, SsPG5, and SsPG6 genes in overexpressing BnPGIP lines showed that these pathogenic genes in the Sclerotinia resistance transgenic lines exhibited low expression in stem tissues. Split-luciferase complementation experiments confirmed the following: BnPGIP2 interacts with SsPG1 and SsPG6 but not with SsPG3 or SsPG5; BnPGIP5 interacts with SsPG3 and SsPG6 but not with SsPG1 or SsPG5; and BnPGIP10 interacts with SsPG1 but not SsPG3, SsPG5, or SsPG6. Leaf crude protein extracts from BnPGIP2 and BnPGIP5 transgenic lines displayed high inhibitory activity against the SsPG crude protein. BnPGIP-overexpression lines with Sclerotinia resistance displayed a lower accumulation of H2O2 and higher expression of the H2O2-removing gene BnAPX (ascorbate peroxidase) than 7492WT, as well as elevated expression of defence response genes including jasmonic acid/ethylene and salicylic acid pathways after S. sclerotiorum infection. The plants overexpressing BnPGIP exhibited no difference in either agronomic traits or grain yield from 7492WT. This study provides potential target genes for developing S. sclerotiorum resistance in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanrong Wang
- Institute of Crops, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Wan
- Institute of Crops, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yixian Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dengfeng Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Institute of Crops, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Guangsheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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Mahmood K, Orabi J, Kristensen PS, Sarup P, Jørgensen LN, Jahoor A. De novo transcriptome assembly, functional annotation, and expression profiling of rye (Secale cereale L.) hybrids inoculated with ergot (Claviceps purpurea). Sci Rep 2020; 10:13475. [PMID: 32778722 PMCID: PMC7417550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rye is used as food, feed, and for bioenergy production and remain an essential grain crop for cool temperate zones in marginal soils. Ergot is known to cause severe problems in cross-pollinated rye by contamination of harvested grains. The molecular response of the underlying mechanisms of this disease is still poorly understood due to the complex infection pattern. RNA sequencing can provide astonishing details about the transcriptional landscape, hence we employed a transcriptomic approach to identify genes in the underlying mechanism of ergot infection in rye. In this study, we generated de novo assemblies from twelve biological samples of two rye hybrids with identified contrasting phenotypic responses to ergot infection. The final transcriptome of ergot susceptible (DH372) and moderately ergot resistant (Helltop) hybrids contain 208,690 and 192,116 contigs, respectively. By applying the BUSCO pipeline, we confirmed that these transcriptome assemblies contain more than 90% of gene representation of the available orthologue groups at Virdiplantae odb10. We employed a de novo assembled and the draft reference genome of rye to count the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two hybrids with and without inoculation. The gene expression comparisons revealed that 228 genes were linked to ergot infection in both hybrids. The genome ontology enrichment analysis of DEGs associated them with metabolic processes, hydrolase activity, pectinesterase activity, cell wall modification, pollen development and pollen wall assembly. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis of DEGs linked them to cell wall modification and pectinesterase activity. These results suggest that a combination of different pathways, particularly cell wall modification and pectinesterase activity contribute to the underlying mechanism that might lead to resistance against ergot in rye. Our results may pave the way to select genetic material to improve resistance against ergot through better understanding of the mechanism of ergot infection at molecular level. Furthermore, the sequence data and de novo assemblies are valuable as scientific resources for future studies in rye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmood
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark. .,Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Jihad Orabi
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lise Nistrup Jørgensen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ahmed Jahoor
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark.,Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
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Wu T, Peng C, Li B, Wu W, Kong L, Li F, Chu Z, Liu F, Ding X. OsPGIP1-Mediated Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak in Rice is Beyond Responsive to the Polygalacturonase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. Rice (N Y) 2019; 12:90. [PMID: 31832906 PMCID: PMC6908543 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) have been shown to recognize fungal polygalacturonases (PGs), which initiate innate immunity in various plant species. Notably, the connection between rice OsPGIPs and PGs in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS), remains unclear. Here, we show that OsPGIP1 was strongly induced after inoculating rice with the Xoc strain RS105. Furthermore, OsPGIP1-overexpressing (OV) and RNA interference (RNAi) rice lines increased and decreased, respectively, the resistance of rice to RS105, indicating that OsPGIP1 contributes to BLS resistance. Subsequently, we generated the unique PG mutant RS105Δpg, the virulence of which is attenuated compared to that of RS105. Surprisingly, the lesion lengths caused by RS105Δpg were similar to those caused by RS105 in the OV lines compared with wild-type ZH11 with reduced Xoc susceptibility. However, the lesion lengths caused by RS105Δpg were still significantly shorter in the OV lines than in ZH11, implying that OsPGIP1-mediated BLS resistance could respond to other virulence factors in addition to PGs. To explore the OsPGIP1-mediated resistance, RNA-seq analysis were performed and showed that many plant cell wall-associated genes and several MYB transcription factor genes were specifically expressed or more highly induced in the OV lines compared to ZH11 postinoculation with RS105. Consistent with the expression of the differentially expressed genes, the OV plants accumulated a higher content of jasmonic acid (JA) than ZH11 postinoculation with RS105, suggesting that the OsPGIP1-mediated resistance to BLS is mainly dependent on the plant cell wall-associated immunity and the JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chune Peng
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lingguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops Research Institute, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Gadaleta A, Colasuonno P, Giove SL, Blanco A, Giancaspro A. Map-based cloning of QFhb.mgb-2A identifies a WAK2 gene responsible for Fusarium Head Blight resistance in wheat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6929. [PMID: 31061411 PMCID: PMC6502796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most threating pathogen of wheat, responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) which annually leads to yield losses, grain quality decay and accumulation of harmful mycotoxins in kernels. Host resistance represents the most effective approach to limit disease damages; however, only a limited number of resistant loci have currently been detected in durum genotypes. In this work we report the map-based cloning of a FHB-QTL on 2A chromosome of durum wheat, introgressed from a resistant line derived from the Chinese wheat cv. Sumai-3. A marker enrichment of the QTL region was carried out leading to the inclusion of 27 new SNPs respect to the previous map. A wall-associated receptor-like kinase (WAK2) gene was identified in the region and sequenced, in the resistant parent (RP) one gene was predicted accounting for a genomic sequence of 5,613 structured into 6 exons, whereas two adjacent genes were predicted on the same DNA plus strand of the susceptible parent (SP).t The involvement of WAK2 gene in FHB resistance mechanism was assessed by gene expression comparison between resistant and susceptible wheat lines, and disease symptoms evaluation in 3 TILLING mutants for WAK protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Lucia Giove
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
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Giancaspro A, Lionetti V, Giove SL, Zito D, Fabri E, Reem N, Zabotina OA, De Angelis E, Monaci L, Bellincampi D, Gadaleta A. Cell wall features transferred from common into durum wheat to improve Fusarium Head Blight resistance. Plant Sci 2018; 274:121-128. [PMID: 30080595 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat is naturally more susceptible to Fusarium graminerum infection in comparison to common wheat. The improvement of durum wheat resistance against F. graminearum is a challenge due to the lack of resistance sources in its gene pool. FHB-resistance factors were introduced in durum wheat by generating recombinant inbred lines (RILs), obtained by crossing the hexaploid resistant accession 02-5B-318 with the susceptible durum wheat cv. Saragolla. In this work we explored the possible contribution of cell wall (CW) in RILs with improved FHB resistance. We thoroughly studied CW components, mycotoxins content and the expression of related genes in different RILs selected for their extremely high and low resistance to FHB. Differences were found in resistant and susceptible lines in the degree of pectin methylesterification and in deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation after fungal infection. Genes involved in biochemical modification of CW structure (WheatPme-1, Glu-1) and mycotoxins accumulation (ns-LTP-1) were analyzed as putative candidates for FHB resistance. Our results indicate that durum wheat plants with cell wall structure and gene response acquired from common wheat displayed an increased resistance to FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania L Giove
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Zito
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fabri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nathan Reem
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Elisabetta De Angelis
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Food Sciences-Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Linda Monaci
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Food Sciences-Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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Wang Z, Wan L, Xin Q, Chen Y, Zhang X, Dong F, Hong D, Yang G. Overexpression of OsPGIP2 confers Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance in Brassica napus through increased activation of defense mechanisms. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:3141-3155. [PMID: 29648614 PMCID: PMC5972623 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is the most serious disease affecting the yield of the agriculturally and economically important crop Brassica napus (rapeseed). In this study, Oryza sativa polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein 2 (OsPGIP2) was found to effectively enhanced rapeseed immunity against S. sclerotiorum infection. Leaf extracts of B. napus plants overexpressing OsPGIP2 showed enhanced S. sclerotiorum resistance by delaying pathogen infection. The constitutive expression of OsPGIP2 in rapeseed plants provided a rapid and effective defense response, which included the production of reactive oxygen species, interactions with S. sclerotiorum polygalacturonases (SsPG3 and SsPG6), and effects on the expression of defense genes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the pathogen induced many differentially expressed genes associated with pathogen recognition, redox homeostasis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, hormone signaling pathways, pathogen-/defense-related genes, and cell wall-related genes. The overexpression of OsPGIP2 also led to constitutively increased cell wall cellulose and hemicellulose contents in stems without compromising seed quality. The results demonstrate that OsPGIP2 plays a major role in rapeseed defense mechanisms, and we propose a model for OsPGIP2-conferred resistance to S. sclerotiorum in these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanrong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Crop, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ye Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Faming Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dengfeng Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guangsheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Kahlon JG, Jacobsen HJ, Chatterton S, Hassan F, Bowness R, Hall LM. Lack of efficacy of transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) stably expressing antifungal genes against Fusarium spp. in three years of confined field trials. GM Crops Food 2018; 9:90-108. [PMID: 29590003 PMCID: PMC6277066 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2018.1445471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium root rot is a major pea disease in Canada and only partial tolerance exists in germplasm. Transgenic technologies may hold promise but the economic benefits of genetically modified (GM) pea will need to surpass the regulatory costs, time and labor involved in bringing a GM crop to market. European pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars expressing four antifungal genes, 1-3 β glucanase (G), endochitinase (C) (belonging to PR proteins family), polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) (P) and stilbene synthase (V) have been transformed for disease tolerance and showed disease tolerance under laboratory conditions. Transgenic lines with four antifungal genes inserted either individually or stacked through crossing were tested for their efficacy against Fusarium root rot (Fusarium avenaceum) in confined trials over three years (2013 to 2015) in comparison with two parental German lines and three Canadian lines. Superior emergence, higher fresh weight or lower disease ratings above and below ground, of transgenic lines in presence of disease inoculum were not observed consistently in the three years of field experiments when compared to the parental and Canadian lines in the presence of disease inoculum. No indication of an advantage of stacked genes over single genes was observed. Most transgenic lines had lower relative gene expression in the roots than in the leaves in greenhouse trials suggesting a possible explanation for poor tolerance to Fusarium root rot. Field trials are necessary to verify the agronomic performance and ecological relevance of the promising effects detected under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Gill Kahlon
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hans-Jörg Jacobsen
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Syama Chatterton
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Fathi Hassan
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robyne Bowness
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Linda M. Hall
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Zafra A, Carmona R, Traverso JA, Hancock JT, Goldman MHS, Claros MG, Hiscock SJ, Alche JD. Identification and Functional Annotation of Genes Differentially Expressed in the Reproductive Tissues of the Olive Tree ( Olea europaea L.) through the Generation of Subtractive Libraries. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1576. [PMID: 28955364 PMCID: PMC5601413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree is a crop of high socio-economical importance in the Mediterranean area. Sexual reproduction in this plant is an essential process, which determines the yield. Successful fertilization is mainly favored and sometimes needed of the presence of pollen grains from a different cultivar as the olive seizes a self-incompatibility system allegedly determined of the sporophytic type. The purpose of the present study was to identify key gene products involved in the function of olive pollen and pistil, in order to help elucidate the events and signaling processes, which happen during the courtship, pollen grain germination, and fertilization in olive. The use of subtractive SSH libraries constructed using, on the one hand one specific stage of the pistil development with germinating pollen grains, and on the other hand mature pollen grains may help to reveal the specific transcripts involved in the cited events. Such libraries have also been created by subtracting vegetative mRNAs (from leaves), in order to identify reproductive sequences only. A variety of transcripts have been identified in the mature pollen grains and in the pistil at the receptive stage. Among them, those related to defense, transport and oxidative metabolism are highlighted mainly in the pistil libraries where transcripts related to stress, and response to biotic and abiotic stimulus have a prominent position. Extensive lists containing information as regard to the specific transcripts determined for each stage and tissue are provided, as well as functional classifications of these gene products. Such lists were faced up to two recent datasets obtained in olive after transcriptomic and genomic approaches. The sequences and the differential expression level of the SSH-transcripts identified here, highly matched the transcriptomic information. Moreover, the unique presence of a representative number of these transcripts has been validated by means of qPCR approaches. The construction of SSH libraries using pistil and pollen, considering the high interaction between male-female counterparts, allowed the identification of transcripts with important roles in stigma physiology. The functions of many of the transcripts obtained are intimately related, and most of them are of pivotal importance in defense, pollen-stigma interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adoración Zafra
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Rosario Carmona
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - José A. Traverso
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - John T. Hancock
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of EnglandBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria H. S. Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Gonzalo Claros
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Simon J. Hiscock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juan D. Alche
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan D. Alche
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11
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Zega A, D'Ovidio R. Genome-wide characterization of pectin methyl esterase genes reveals members differentially expressed in tolerant and susceptible wheats in response to Fusarium graminearum. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 108:1-11. [PMID: 27393991 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methyl esterase (PME) genes code for enzymes that are involved in structural modifications of the plant cell wall during plant growth and development. They are also involved in plant-pathogen interaction. PME genes belong to a multigene family and in this study we report the first comprehensive analysis of the PME gene family in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Like in other species, the members of the TaPME family are dispersed throughout the genome and their encoded products retain the typical structural features of PMEs. qRT-PCR analysis showed variation in the expression pattern of TaPME genes in different tissues and revealed that these genes are mainly expressed in flowering spikes. In our attempt to identify putative TaPME genes involved in wheat defense, we revealed a strong variation in the expression of the TaPME following Fusarium graminearum infection, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB). Particularly interesting was the finding that the expression profile of some PME genes was markedly different between the FHB-resistant wheat cultivar Sumai3 and the FHB-susceptible cultivar Bobwhite, suggesting a possible involvement of these PME genes in FHB resistance. Moreover, the expression analysis of the TaPME genes during F. graminearum progression within the spike revealed those genes that responded more promptly to pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zega
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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12
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Tundo S, Kalunke R, Janni M, Volpi C, Lionetti V, Bellincampi D, Favaron F, D'Ovidio R. Pyramiding PvPGIP2 and TAXI-III But Not PvPGIP2 and PMEI Enhances Resistance Against Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:629-639. [PMID: 27366923 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-16-0089-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant protein inhibitors counteract the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) secreted by pathogens to breach the plant cell-wall barrier. Transgenic plants expressing a single protein inhibitor restrict pathogen infections. However, since pathogens secrete a number of CWDEs at the onset of infection, we combined more inhibitors in a single wheat genotype to reinforce further the cell-wall barrier. We combined polygalacturonase (PG) inhibiting protein (PGIP) and pectin methyl esterase inhibitor (PMEI), both controlling the activity of PG, one of the first CWDEs secreted during infection. We also pyramided PGIP and TAXI-III, a xylanase inhibitor that controls the activity of xylanases, key factors for the degradation of xylan, a main component of cereal cell wall. We demonstrated that the pyramiding of PGIP and PMEI did not contribute to any further improvement of disease resistance. However, the presence of both pectinase inhibitors ensured a broader spectrum of disease resistance. Conversely, the PGIP and TAXI-III combination contributed to further improvement of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance, probably because these inhibitors target the activity of different types of CWDEs, i.e., PGs and xylanases. Worth mentioning, the reduction of FHB symptoms is accompanied by a reduction of deoxynivalenol accumulation with a foreseen great benefit to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Raviraj Kalunke
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Michela Janni
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Chiara Volpi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- 2 Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- 2 Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 3 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
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13
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Giancaspro A, Giove SL, Zito D, Blanco A, Gadaleta A. Mapping QTLs for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in an Interspecific Wheat Population. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1381. [PMID: 27746787 PMCID: PMC5040704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (scab) is one of the most widespread and damaging diseases of wheat, causing grain yield and quality losses and production of harmful mycotoxins. Development of resistant varieties is hampered by lack of effective resistance sources in the tetraploid wheat primary gene pool. Here we dissected the genetic basis of resistance in a new durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population obtained by crossing an hexaploid resistant line and a durum susceptible cultivar. A total of 135 RILs were used for constituting a genetic linkage map and mapping loci for head blight incidence, severity, and disease-related plant morphological traits (plant height, spike compactness, and awn length). The new genetic map accounted for 4,366 single nucleotide polymorphism markers assembled in 52 linkage groups covering a total length of 4,227.37 cM. Major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for scab incidence and severity were mapped on chromosomes 2AS, 3AL, and 2AS, 2BS, 4BL, respectively. Plant height loci were identified on 3A, 3B, and 4B, while major QTL for ear compactness were found on 4A, 5A, 5B, 6A, and 7A. In this work, resistance to Fusarium was transferred from hexaploid to durum wheat, and correlations between the disease and morphological traits were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unit of “Genetics and Plant Biotechnology”, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Stefania L. Giove
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unit of “Genetics and Plant Biotechnology”, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Daniela Zito
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - A. Blanco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unit of “Genetics and Plant Biotechnology”, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Agata Gadaleta,
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14
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Giancaspro A, Giove SL, Zito D, Blanco A, Gadaleta A. Mapping QTLs for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in an Interspecific Wheat Population. Front Plant Sci 2016. [PMID: 27746787 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.0138124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (scab) is one of the most widespread and damaging diseases of wheat, causing grain yield and quality losses and production of harmful mycotoxins. Development of resistant varieties is hampered by lack of effective resistance sources in the tetraploid wheat primary gene pool. Here we dissected the genetic basis of resistance in a new durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population obtained by crossing an hexaploid resistant line and a durum susceptible cultivar. A total of 135 RILs were used for constituting a genetic linkage map and mapping loci for head blight incidence, severity, and disease-related plant morphological traits (plant height, spike compactness, and awn length). The new genetic map accounted for 4,366 single nucleotide polymorphism markers assembled in 52 linkage groups covering a total length of 4,227.37 cM. Major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for scab incidence and severity were mapped on chromosomes 2AS, 3AL, and 2AS, 2BS, 4BL, respectively. Plant height loci were identified on 3A, 3B, and 4B, while major QTL for ear compactness were found on 4A, 5A, 5B, 6A, and 7A. In this work, resistance to Fusarium was transferred from hexaploid to durum wheat, and correlations between the disease and morphological traits were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unit of "Genetics and Plant Biotechnology", University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania L Giove
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unit of "Genetics and Plant Biotechnology", University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Zito
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - A Blanco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unit of "Genetics and Plant Biotechnology", University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
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15
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Lionetti V, Giancaspro A, Fabri E, Giove SL, Reem N, Zabotina OA, Blanco A, Gadaleta A, Bellincampi D. Cell wall traits as potential resources to improve resistance of durum wheat against Fusarium graminearum. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:6. [PMID: 25597920 PMCID: PMC4298115 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum, one of the causal agents of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB, scab), leads to severe losses in grain yield and quality due to the production of mycotoxins which are harmful to human and livestock. Different traits for FHB resistance in wheat were identified for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) while the sources of FHB resistance in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. Durum), one of the cereals most susceptible to F. graminearum infection, have not been found. New lines of evidence indicate that content and composition of cell wall polymers affect the susceptibility of the wall to degrading enzymes produced by pathogens during infection and can play a role in the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. The objective of our research is to identify potential cell wall biochemical traits linked to Fusariosis resistance to be transferred from a resistant common wheat to a susceptible durum wheat line. RESULTS A detailed analysis of cell wall composition in spikes isolated from a highly resistant common wheat accession "02-5B-318", a breeding line derived from the FHB-resistant Chinese cv. Sumai-3 and a high susceptible durum wheat cv. Saragolla was performed. Significant differences in lignin monolignols composition, arabinoxylan (AX) substitutions and pectin methylesterification were found between resistant and susceptible plants. We isolated and characterized a pectin methylesterase gene WheatPME1, which we found being down regulated in the FHB-resistant line and induced by fungal infection in the susceptible wheat. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate cell wall traits differing between the FHB sensitive and resistant wheat genotypes, possibly related to FHB-resistance, and identify the line 02-5B-318R as a potential resource of such traits. Evidence suggests that WheatPME1 is involved in wheat response to F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- />Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelica Giancaspro
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fabri
- />Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania L Giove
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nathan Reem
- />Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- />Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Antonio Blanco
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- />Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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16
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Kalunke RM, Tundo S, Benedetti M, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G, D'Ovidio R. An update on polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), a leucine-rich repeat protein that protects crop plants against pathogens. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:146. [PMID: 25852708 PMCID: PMC4367531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are cell wall proteins that inhibit the pectin-depolymerizing activity of polygalacturonases secreted by microbial pathogens and insects. These ubiquitous inhibitors have a leucine-rich repeat structure that is strongly conserved in monocot and dicot plants. Previous reviews have summarized the importance of PGIP in plant defense and the structural basis of PG-PGIP interaction; here we update the current knowledge about PGIPs with the recent findings on the composition and evolution of pgip gene families, with a special emphasis on legume and cereal crops. We also update the information about the inhibition properties of single pgip gene products against microbial PGs and the results, including field tests, showing the capacity of PGIP to protect crop plants against fungal, oomycetes and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj M. Kalunke
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università della TusciaViterbo, Italy
| | - Silvio Tundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università della TusciaViterbo, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
- Giulia De Lorenzo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università della TusciaViterbo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Renato D'Ovidio, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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