1
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Yang M, Ma Y, Song X, Miao J, Yan L. Integrative chemical and multiomics analyses of tetracycline removal mechanisms in Pseudomonas sp. DX-21. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134123. [PMID: 38554508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Tetracycline (TC), widely found in various environments, poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. While efficient biodegradation removes TC, the mechanisms underlying this process have not been elucidated. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying TC biosorption and transfer within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of strain DX-21 and its biodegradation process using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, molecular docking, and multiomics. Under TC stress, DX-21 increased TC biosorption by secreting more extracellular polysaccharides and proteins, particularly the latter, mitigating toxicity. Moreover, specialized transporter proteins with increased binding capacity facilitated TC movement from the EPS to the cell membrane and within the cell. Transcriptomic and untargeted metabolomic analyses revealed that the presence of TC led to the differential expression of 306 genes and significant alterations in 37 metabolites. Notably, genes related to key enzymes, such as electron transport, peroxidase, and oxidoreductase, exhibited significant differential expression. DX-21 combated and degraded TC by regulating metabolism, altering cell membrane permeability, enhancing oxidative defense, and enhancing energy availability. Furthermore, integrative omics analyses indicated that DX-21 degrades TC via various enzymes, reallocating resources from other biosynthetic pathways. These results advance the understanding of the metabolic responses and regulatory mechanisms of DX-21 in response to TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Yang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xu Song
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingwen Miao
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lilong Yan
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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2
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Murray AJ, Humpston CS, Wilson M, Rogers JC, Zia Ul Haq Katshu M, Liddle PF, Upthegrove R. Measurement of brain glutathione with magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in Schizophrenia-Spectrum disorders - A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:3-12. [PMID: 37769980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress may contribute to declining course and poor outcomes in psychosis. However, in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy studies yield disparate results due to clinical stage, sample demographics, neuroanatomical focus, sample size, and acquisition method variations. We investigated glutathione in brain regions from participants with psychosis, and the relation of glutathione to clinical features and spectroscopy protocols. Meta-analysis comprised 21 studies. Glutathione levels did not differ between total psychosis patients (N = 639) and controls (N = 704) in the Medial Prefrontal region (k = 21, d = -0.09, CI = -0.28 to 0.10, p = 0.37). Patients with stable schizophrenia exhibited a small but significant glutathione reduction compared to controls (k = 14, d = -0.20, CI = -0.40 to -0.00, p = 0.05). Meta-regression showed older studies had greater glutathione reductions, possibly reflecting greater accuracy related to spectroscopy advancements in more recent studies. No significant effects of methodological variables, such as voxel size or echo time were found. Reduced glutathione in patients with stable established schizophrenia may provide novel targets for precision medicine. Standardizing MRS acquisition methods in future studies may help address discrepancies in glutathione levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Murray
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Clara S Humpston
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F Liddle
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Nagabooshanam S, Kumar A, Ramamoorthy S, Saravanan N, Sundaramurthy A. Rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of oxidized form of glutathione in whole blood samples using Bi-metallic nanocomposites. Chemosphere 2024; 346:140517. [PMID: 37879374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile one-pot synthesis of bimetallic nickel-gold (Ni-Au) nanocomposite for ultra-sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) by electrochemical deposition on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The electrodeposition of Ni-Au nanocomposite on FTO was confirmed by various characterization techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilized for the electrochemical characterization of glutathione reductase (GR)/Ni-Au/FTO working electrode at each stage of modification. The GR enzyme immobilized on the Ni-Au/FTO working electrode via glutaraldehyde cross-linking exhibited excellent selectivity against GSSG in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The immobilized GR enzyme breaks down the GSSG to reduced glutathione (GSH) and converting NADPH to NADP+ whereby generating an electron for the electrochemical sensing of GSSG. The synergistic behavior of bimetals and good electro-catalytic property of the fabricated sensor provided a broad linear detection range from 1 fM to 1 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.8 fM, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 20.41 fM and sensitivity of 0.024 mA/μM/cm2. The interference with other molecules such as dopamine, glycine, ascorbic acid, uric acid and glucose was found to be negligible due to the better selectivity of GR enzyme towards GSSG. The shelf-life and response time of the fabricated electrode was found to be 30 days and 32 s, respectively. The real sample analysis of GSSG in whole blood samples showed average recovery percentage from 95 to 101% which matched well with the standard calibration plot of the fabricated sensor with relative standard deviation (RSD) below 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Nagabooshanam
- Biomaterials Research Laboratory (BMRL), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Akash Kumar
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sharmiladevi Ramamoorthy
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nishakavya Saravanan
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy
- Biomaterials Research Laboratory (BMRL), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
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4
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RAE, Stark CEL. Meta-analysis and open-source database for in vivo brain Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in health and disease. Anal Biochem 2023; 676:115227. [PMID: 37423487 PMCID: PMC10561665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa L Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn H Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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5
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RA, Stark C. Meta-analysis and Open-source Database for In Vivo Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Health and Disease. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.10.528046. [PMID: 37205343 PMCID: PMC10187197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proton ( 1 H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo . Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T 2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Alyssa L. Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jocelyn H. Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Craig Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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6
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Gamarra-Morales Y, Herrera-Quintana L, Molina-López J, Vázquez-Lorente H, Machado-Casas JF, Castaño-Pérez J, Pérez-Villares JM, Planells E. Response to Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Nutrients 2023; 15:2235. [PMID: 37405379 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Administering N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could counteract the effect of free radicals, improving the clinical evolution of patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). This study aimed to investigate the clinical and biochemical effects of administering NAC to critically ill patients with COVID-19. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on ICU patients (n = 140) with COVID-19 and divided into two groups: patients treated with NAC (NAC-treated group) and patients without NAC treatment (control group). NAC was administered as a continuous infusion with a loading dose and a maintenance dose during the study period (from admission until the third day of ICU stay). NAC-treated patients showed higher PaO2/FiO2 (p ≤ 0.014) after 3 days in ICU than their control group counterparts. Moreover, C-reactive protein (p ≤ 0.001), D-dimer (p ≤ 0.042), and lactate dehydrogenase (p ≤ 0.001) levels decreased on the third day in NAC-treated patients. Glutathione concentrations decreased in both NAC-treated (p ≤ 0.004) and control (p ≤ 0.047) groups after 3 days in ICU; whereas glutathione peroxidase did not change during the ICU stay. The administration of NAC manages to improve the clinical and analytical response of seriously ill patients with COVID-19 compared to the control group. NAC is able to stop the decrease in glutathione concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - José Castaño-Pérez
- Intensive Care Unit, Virgen de las Nieves Hospital, Fuerzas Armadas Avenue, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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7
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Yang YS, Maddock RJ, Zhang H, Lee J, Hellemann G, Marder SR, Green MF. N-Acetylcysteine effects on glutathione and glutamate in schizophrenia: A preliminary MRS study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 325:111515. [PMID: 35839558 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a commonly used antioxidant that may have beneficial effects for schizophrenia. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled preliminary study, 40 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomized to receive 2400 mg NAC daily or placebo over eight weeks to examine the effects of NAC on prefrontal magnetic resonance spectroscopy levels of glutathione and glutamate. Secondary outcomes included negative symptoms, cognition, and plasma glutathione levels. We found that NAC treatment was associated with increased glutathione (statistically significant) and decreased glutamate (trend-level) compared with placebo in medial prefrontal cortex but not dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We also observed a baseline association between medial prefrontal cortex levels of glutathione and plasma reduced / oxidized glutathione ratios. No treatment effects on symptoms or cognition were observed. Taken together, these findings indicate that treatment with N-acetylcysteine may increase medial prefrontal cortical levels of glutathione after eight weeks of treatment. These changes in cortical levels of glutathione may serve as an early biomarker of later clinical change and may underlie the cognitive and symptomatic improvements reported in longer-term treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S Yang
- VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Huailin Zhang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Gerhard Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Stephen R Marder
- VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Michael F Green
- VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
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8
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Deckler E, Ferland M, Brazis S, Mayer MR, Carlson M, Kantrowitz JT. Challenges and Strategies for the Recruitment of Patients With Schizophrenia in a Research Setting. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:924-932. [PMID: 36037521 PMCID: PMC9452184 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With numerous potentially novel targets and pharmacodynamic biomarkers for schizophrenia entering late-stage testing, the next decade will bring an urgent need for well-conducted clinical trials. A critically important step for the successful execution of clinical research trials is timely and appropriate recruitment of participants. Patients with schizophrenia can be especially challenging to recruit because of the disability inherent in psychotic spectrum disorders. Research on how best to recruit for clinical trials is understudied. Clearly defining a model for recruitment procedures would be valuable for researchers and, by extension, the patient populations that may benefit from the insight gained by future clinical research. METHODS This article aims to offer suggestions for recruitment based on years of experience at the Columbia Schizophrenia Research Clinic (CSRC), a hub for clinical trials focusing on the etiology and treatment of various psychotic disorders. RESULTS The present report provides practical, step-by-step recommendations for implementing the highly effective CSRC recruitment model, including the benefits of 2 recruitment initiatives that were instituted in 2018: hiring a dedicated recruiter and targeted chart reviews at affiliated clinics. Other topics discussed include our umbrella protocol and database, advertising, and tips for collaborating with external sites. CONCLUSIONS Despite ongoing complications from coronavirus disease 2019, these strategies have been successful, increasing the rate of both consents and study enrollments by approximately 40% and enabling the CSRC to conduct multiple studies simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marlene Carlson
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA,Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua T Kantrowitz
- Correspondence: Joshua Kantrowitz MD, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032 ()
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9
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Yamasaki T, Okada M, Hiraishi A, Mori W, Zhang Y, Fujinaga M, Wakizaka H, Kurihara Y, Nengaki N, Zhang MR. Upregulation of Striatal Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 1 (mGluR1) in Rats with Excessive Glutamate Release Induced by N-Acetylcysteine. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:26-35. [PMID: 34981453 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in expression of metabotropic glutamate (Glu) receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1), a key molecule involved in neuroexcitetoxicity, during excessive Glu release in the brain by PET imaging. An animal model of excessive Glu release in the brain was produced by intraperitoneally implanting an Alzet osmotic pump containing N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an activator of the cysteine/Glu antiporter, into the abdomen of rats. Basal Glu concentration in the brain was measured by microdialysis, which showed that basal Glu concentration in NAC-treated rats (0.31 µM) was higher than that in saline-treated rats (0.17 µM) at day 7 after the implantation of the osmotic pump. Similarly, PET studies with [11C]ITDM, a useful radioligand for mGluR1 imaging exhibited that the striatal binding potential (BPND) of [11C]ITDM for mGluR1 in PET assessments was increased in NAC-treated animals at day 7 after implantation (2.30) compared with before implantation (1.92). The dynamic changes in striatal BPND during the experimental period were highly correlated with basal Glu concentration. In conclusion, density of mGluR1 is rapidly upregulated by increases in basal Glu concentration, suggesting that mGluR1 might to be a potential biomarker of abnormal conditions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Maki Okada
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuto Hiraishi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurihara
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0032, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd, 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0032, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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10
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Nakahara T, Tsugawa S, Noda Y, Ueno F, Honda S, Kinjo M, Segawa H, Hondo N, Mori Y, Watanabe H, Nakahara K, Yoshida K, Wada M, Tarumi R, Iwata Y, Plitman E, Moriguchi S, de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Uchida H, Mimura M, Graff-Guerrero A, Nakajima S. Glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolite levels in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:744-57. [PMID: 34584230 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) hypotheses of schizophrenia were proposed in the 1980s. However, current findings on those metabolite levels in schizophrenia have been inconsistent, and the relationship between their abnormalities and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains unclear. To summarize the nature of the alterations of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in schizophrenia, we conducted meta-analyses of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies examining these metabolite levels. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Original studies that compared four metabolite levels (Glu, glutamine [Gln], Glx [Glu+Gln], and GABA), as measured by 1H-MRS, between individuals at high risk for psychosis, patients with first-episode psychosis, or patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls (HC) were included. A random-effects model was used to calculate the effect sizes for group differences in these metabolite levels of 18 regions of interest between the whole group or schizophrenia group and HC. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed based on the status of antipsychotic treatment, illness stage, treatment resistance, and magnetic field strength. RESULTS One-hundred-thirty-four studies met the eligibility criteria, totaling 7993 participants with SZ-spectrum disorders and 8744 HC. 14 out of 18 ROIs had enough numbers of studies to examine the group difference in the metabolite levels. In the whole group, Glx levels in the basal ganglia (g = 0.32; 95% CIs: 0.18-0.45) were elevated. Subgroup analyses showed elevated Glx levels in the hippocampus (g = 0.47; 95% CIs: 0.21-0.73) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (g = 0.25; 95% CIs: 0.05-0.44) in unmedicated patients than HC. GABA levels in the MCC were decreased in the first-episode psychosis group compared with HC (g = -0.40; 95% CIs: -0.62 to -0.17). Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) group had elevated Glx and Glu levels in the MCC (Glx: g = 0.7; 95% CIs: 0.38-1.01; Glu: g = 0.63; 95% CIs: 0.31-0.94) while MCC Glu levels were decreased in the patient group except TRS (g = -0.17; 95% CIs: -0.33 to -0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increased glutamatergic metabolite levels and reduced GABA levels indicate that the disruption of excitatory/inhibitory balance may be related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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11
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Dixon BJ, Kumar J, Danielmeier C. Frontal neural metabolite changes in schizophrenia and their association with cognitive control: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:224-47. [PMID: 34864431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GABA levels are decreased in medial frontal brain areas of schizophrenia patients. Glutamate levels are lower in medial and lateral frontal areas in chronic patients. Working memory performance is associated with frontal GABA and Glu. Prediction errors are associated Glu and medial frontal GABA. Processing speed correlates with medial frontal GABA levels.
A large proportion of patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in cognitive control functions including working memory, processing speed and inhibitory control, which have been associated with frontal brain areas. In this systematic review, we investigated differences between chronic schizophrenia patients, first-episode (FEP) patients and healthy control groups in the neurometabolite levels of GABA, glutamate, glutamine and Glx in frontal brain areas. Additionally, we reviewed correlations between cognitive control functions or negative symptoms and these neurometabolite levels. Several studies reported decreased GABA or glutamate concentrations in frontal lobe areas, particularly in chronic schizophrenia patients, while the results were mixed for FEP patients. Working memory performance and prediction errors have been associated with frontal GABA and glutamate levels, and processing speed with frontomedial GABA levels in chronic patients. The relationship between metabolites and negative symptom severity was somewhat inconsistent. Future studies should take the participants' age, medication status or responsivity, disease stage and precise anatomical location of the voxel into account when comparing neurometabolite levels between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.
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12
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Palaniyappan L, Park MTM, Jeon P, Limongi R, Yang K, Sawa A, Théberge J. Is There a Glutathione Centered Redox Dysregulation Subtype of Schizophrenia? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1703. [PMID: 34829575 PMCID: PMC8615159 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia continues to be an illness with poor outcome. Most mechanistic changes occur many years before the first episode of schizophrenia; these are not reversible after the illness onset. A developmental mechanism that is still modifiable in adult life may center on intracortical glutathione (GSH). A large body of pre-clinical data has suggested the possibility of notable GSH-deficit in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, studies of intracortical GSH are not conclusive in this regard. In this review, we highlight the recent ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies linking GSH to critical outcome measures across various stages of schizophrenia. We discuss the methodological steps required to conclusively establish or refute the persistence of GSH-deficit subtype and clarify the role of the central antioxidant system in disrupting the brain structure and connectivity in the early stages of schizophrenia. We propose in-vivo GSH quantification for patient selection in forthcoming antioxidant trials in psychosis. This review offers directions for a promising non-dopaminergic early intervention approach in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.T.M.P.); (J.T.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Min Tae M. Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.T.M.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Peter Jeon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Roberto Limongi
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.Y.); (A.S.)
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.Y.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.T.M.P.); (J.T.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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13
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Bottino F, Lucignani M, Napolitano A, Dellepiane F, Visconti E, Rossi Espagnet MC, Pasquini L. In Vivo Brain GSH: MRS Methods and Clinical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091407. [PMID: 34573039 PMCID: PMC8468877 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant implicated in several physiological functions, including the oxidation−reduction reaction balance and brain antioxidant defense against endogenous and exogenous toxic agents. Altered brain GSH levels may reflect inflammatory processes associated with several neurologic disorders. An accurate and reliable estimation of cerebral GSH concentrations could give a clear and thorough understanding of its metabolism within the brain, thus providing a valuable benchmark for clinical applications. In this context, we aimed to provide an overview of the different magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technologies introduced for in vivo human brain GSH quantification both in healthy control (HC) volunteers and in subjects affected by different neurological disorders (e.g., brain tumors, and psychiatric and degenerative disorders). Additionally, we aimed to provide an exhaustive list of normal GSH concentrations within different brain areas. The definition of standard reference values for different brain areas could lead to a better interpretation of the altered GSH levels recorded in subjects with neurological disorders, with insights into the possible role of GSH as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bottino
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Martina Lucignani
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Antonio Napolitano
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-333-3214614
| | - Francesco Dellepiane
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.R.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Emiliano Visconti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Surgery and Trauma Department, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi Espagnet
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.R.E.); (L.P.)
- Neuroradiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.R.E.); (L.P.)
- Neuroradiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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14
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Coughlin JM, Yang K, Marsman A, Pradhan S, Wang M, Ward RE, Bonekamp S, Ambinder EB, Higgs CP, Kim PK, Edwards JA, Varvaris M, Wang H, Posporelis S, Ma S, Tsujimura T, Edden RAE, Pomper MG, Sedlak TW, Fournier M, Schretlen DJ, Cascella NG, Barker PB, Sawa A. A multimodal approach to studying the relationship between peripheral glutathione, brain glutamate, and cognition in health and in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3502-11. [PMID: 33077854 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ) is suggested by studies of peripheral tissue. Nonetheless, it is unclear how such biological changes are linked to relevant, pathological neurochemistry, and brain function. We designed a multi-faceted study by combining biochemistry, neuroimaging, and neuropsychology to test how peripheral changes in a key marker for oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH), may associate with central neurochemicals or neuropsychological performance in health and in SZ. GSH in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) was acquired as a secondary 3T 1H-MRS outcome using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. Fifty healthy controls and 46 patients with SZ were studied cross-sectionally, and analyses were adjusted for effects of confounding variables. We observed lower peripheral total GSH in SZ compared to controls in extracellular (plasma) and intracellular (lymphoblast) pools. Total GSH levels in plasma positively correlated with composite neuropsychological performance across the total population and within patients. Total plasma GSH levels were also positively correlated with the levels of Glx in the dACC across the total population, as well as within each individual group (controls, patients). Furthermore, the levels of dACC Glx and dACC GSH positively correlated with composite neuropsychological performance in the patient group. Exploring the relationship between systemic oxidative stress (in particular GSH), central glutamate, and cognition in SZ will benefit further from assessment of patients with more varied neuropsychological performance.
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15
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Matthews DC, Mao X, Dowd K, Tsakanikas D, Jiang CS, Meuser C, Andrews RD, Lukic AS, Lee J, Hampilos N, Shafiian N, Sano M, David Mozley P, Fillit H, McEwen BS, Shungu DC, Pereira AC. Riluzole, a glutamate modulator, slows cerebral glucose metabolism decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2021; 144:3742-3755. [PMID: 34145880 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glutamatergic neural circuits has been implicated in a cycle of toxicity, believed among the neurobiological underpinning of Alzheimer's disease. Previously, we reported preclinical evidence that the glutamate modulator riluzole, which is FDA-approved for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, has potential benefits on cognition, structural and molecular markers of aging and Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate in a pilot clinical trial, using neuroimaging biomarkers, the potential efficacy and safety of riluzole in patients with Alzheimer's disease as compared to placebo. A 6-month phase 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted at two sites. Participants consisted of males and females, 50 to 95 years of age, with a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease, and Mini-Mental State Examination between 19 and 27. Ninety-four participants were screened, fifty subjects that met inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to receive 50 mg riluzole (n = 26) or placebo (n = 24) twice a day. Twenty-two riluzole-treated and 20 placebo participants completed the study. Primary endpoints were baseline to 6 months changes in a) cerebral glucose metabolism as measured with fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in pre-specified regions of interest (hippocampus, posterior cingulate, precuneus, lateral temporal, inferior parietal, frontal) and b) changes in posterior cingulate levels of the neuronal viability marker N-acetylaspartate as measured with in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Secondary outcome measures were neuropsychological testing for correlation with neuroimaging biomarkers and in vivo measures of glutamate in posterior cingulate measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a potential marker of target engagement. Measures of cerebral glucose metabolism, a well-established Alzheimer's disease biomarker and predictor of disease progression, declined significantly less in several pre-specified regions of interest with the most robust effect in posterior cingulate, and effects in precuneus, lateral temporal, right hippocampus and frontal cortex in riluzole-treated subjects in comparison to placebo group. No group effect was found in measures of N-acetylaspartate levels. A positive correlation was observed between cognitive measures and regional cerebral glucose metabolism. A group by visit interaction was observed in glutamate levels in posterior cingulate, potentially suggesting engagement of glutamatergic system by riluzole. In vivo glutamate levels positively correlated with cognitive performance. These findings support our main primary hypothesis that cerebral glucose metabolism would be better preserved in the riluzole treated group than in the placebo group and investigations in future larger and longer studies to test riluzole as a potential novel therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021 USA
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Meuser
- Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | | | - Ana S Lukic
- ADM Diagnostics Inc., Northbrook, IL, 60062 USA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021 USA
| | - Nicholas Hampilos
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021 USA
| | - Neeva Shafiian
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - P David Mozley
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021 USA
| | - Howard Fillit
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, New York, NY, 10019 USA
| | | | - Dikoma C Shungu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021 USA
| | - Ana C Pereira
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065 USA.,Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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16
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol, and plays crucial roles in the antioxidant defense system and the maintenance of redox homeostasis in neurons. GSH depletion in the brain is a common finding in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, and can cause neurodegeneration prior to disease onset. Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), a sodium-dependent glutamate/cysteine transporter that is selectively present in neurons, plays a central role in the regulation of neuronal GSH production. The expression of EAAC1 is posttranslationally controlled by the glutamate transporter-associated protein 3–18 (GTRAP3-18) or miR-96-5p in neurons. The regulatory mechanism of neuronal GSH production mediated by EAAC1 may be a new target in therapeutic strategies for these neurodegenerative diseases. This review describes the regulatory mechanism of neuronal GSH production and its potential therapeutic application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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17
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Abstract
RATIONALE Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a cross-species neuroimaging technique that can measure concentrations of several brain metabolites, including glutamate and GABA. This non-invasive method has promise in developing centrally acting drugs, as it can be performed repeatedly within-subjects and be used to translate findings from the preclinical to clinical laboratory using the same imaging biomarker. OBJECTIVES This review focuses on the utility of single-voxel 1H-MRS in developing novel glutamatergic or GABAergic drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders and includes research performed in rodent models, healthy volunteers and patient cohorts. RESULTS Overall, these studies indicate that 1H-MRS is able to detect the predicted pharmacological effects of glutamatergic or GABAergic drugs on voxel glutamate or GABA concentrations, although there is a shortage of studies examining dose-related effects. Clinical studies have applied 1H-MRS to better understand drug therapeutic mechanisms, including the glutamatergic effects of ketamine in depression and of acamprosate in alcohol dependence. There is an emerging interest in identifying patient subgroups with 'high' or 'low' brain regional 1H-MRS glutamate levels for more targeted drug development, which may require ancillary biomarkers to improve the accuracy of subgroup discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Considerations for future research include the sensitivity of single-voxel 1H-MRS in detecting drug effects, inter-site measurement reliability and the interpretation of drug-induced changes in 1H-MRS metabolites relative to the known pharmacological molecular mechanisms. On-going technological development, in single-voxel 1H-MRS and in related complementary techniques, will further support applications within CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
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18
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Yolland CO, Hanratty D, Neill E, Rossell SL, Berk M, Dean OM, Castle DJ, Tan EJ, Phillipou A, Harris AW, Barreiros AR, Hansen A, Siskind D. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2020; 54:453-466. [PMID: 31826654 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419893439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is accumulating evidence that adjunctive treatment with N-acetylcysteine may be effective for schizophrenia. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis examining the efficacy of randomised control trials investigating N-acetylcysteine as an adjunct treatment for schizophrenia and the first to investigate cognition as an outcome. METHODS We systematically reviewed Medline, EmCare, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL Complete, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database and the Cochrane Clinical Trials online registry for randomised control trials of N-acetylcysteine for schizophrenia. We undertook pairwise meta-analyses of N-acetylcysteine vs placebo for psychosis symptoms and cognition. RESULTS Seven studies, including n = 220 receiving N-acetylcysteine and n = 220 receiving placebo, met inclusion criteria for the pairwise meta-analyses. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative and total scores were significantly improved in the N-acetylcysteine group after 24 weeks of treatment. The cognitive domain of working memory improved with N-acetylcysteine supplementation. CONCLUSION Evidence supports the notion that N-acetylcysteine may be a useful adjunct to standard treatment for the improvement of schizophrenia symptoms, as well as the cognitive domain of working memory. Treatment effects were observed at the later time point (⩾24 weeks), suggesting that longer interventions are required for the success of N-acetylcysteine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Ob Yolland
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Donal Hanratty
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica Neill
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Castle
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric J Tan
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Phillipou
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Wf Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Rita Barreiros
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abigail Hansen
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Mobile Intensive Rehabilitation Team, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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19
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Kathuria A, Lopez-Lengowski K, Watmuff B, McPhie D, Cohen BM, Karmacharya R. Synaptic deficits in iPSC-derived cortical interneurons in schizophrenia are mediated by NLGN2 and rescued by N-acetylcysteine. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:321. [PMID: 31780643 PMCID: PMC6882825 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human postmortem studies suggest a major role for abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Cortical interneurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of schizophrenia subjects showed significantly lower levels of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), replicating findings from multiple postmortem studies, as well as reduced levels of synaptic proteins gehpyrin and NLGN2. Co-cultures of the interneurons with excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons from schizophrenia iPSCs showed reduced synaptic puncta density and lower action potential frequency. NLGN2 overexpression in schizophrenia neurons rescued synaptic puncta deficits while NLGN2 knockdown in healthy neurons resulted in reduced synaptic puncta density. Schizophrenia interneurons also had significantly smaller nuclear area, suggesting an innate oxidative stressed state. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine increased the nuclear area in schizophrenia interneurons, increased NLGN2 expression and rescued synaptic deficits. These results implicate specific deficiencies in the synaptic machinery in cortical interneurons as critical regulators of synaptic connections in schizophrenia and point to a nexus between oxidative stress and NLGN2 expression in mediating synaptic deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kathuria
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kara Lopez-Lengowski
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Bradley Watmuff
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Donna McPhie
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA. .,Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Reyes-Madrigal F, León-Ortiz P, Mao X, Mora-Durán R, Shungu DC, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Striatal Glutathione in First-episode Psychosis Patients Measured In Vivo with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:207-213. [PMID: 31499481 PMCID: PMC10624128 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficits of brain glutathione (GSH), the most abundant and primary antioxidant in living tissue, and associated redox imbalance are postulated to be implicated in schizophrenia. This pilot clinical study compared the levels of striatal GSH, measured in vivo with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 3T, in 10 drug-naïve, first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients with those in 9 matched healthy control subjects. The results revealed a significant GSH deficit in FEP patients (0.92 ± 0.24 × 10-3) compared to the healthy control group (1.10 ± 0.10 × 10-3) (U = 25.00, p = 0.02), as well as a positive correlation between GSH levels and the Positive Symptoms subscale of the PANSS in the FEP group (ρ = 0.96; p <0.001). These preliminary findings suggest a possible role of striatal oxidative stress in early-stage psychosis that warrants further scrutiny and confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo León-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Enseñanza, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Mora-Durán
- Departamento de Urgencias, Hospital Fray Bernardino Álvarez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Dikoma C Shungu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México.
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